List of emperors of the Qing dynasty (original) (raw)
- Імператори династії Цін (uk)
- Čchingští císaři z rodu Aisin Gioro vládli v letech 1636–1911 Mandžusku a od roku 1644 i Číně. K moci pozvedl rod Aisin Gioro – dynastii Čching – koncem 16. století Nurhači, původně náčelník jednoho z džürčenských kmenů. Nurhači sjednotil Džürčeny a roku 1616 se prohlásil za chána říše (pozdní) Ťin. Jeho nástupce Chung Tchaj-ťi po deseti letech vlády přejmenoval roku 1636 svůj národ na Mandžuy a sám se stal císařem říše Čching. Roku 1644 čchingská vojska dobyla severní Čínu na dynastii Ming. Dobývání Číny se však protáhlo až do konce 60. let 17. století. Včetně Chung Tchaj-ťi vládlo čchingské říši 275 let celkem 11 císařů. Sídlili v Zakázaném městě, komplexu paláců a budov v Pekingu o rozloze 72 ha. Roku 1912 se poslední čchingský císař Pchu-i vzdal vlády, byl mu však ponechán titul císaře a nadále žil v Zakázaném městě. Pokus o jeho opětné odsazení na trůn roku 1917 byl neúpěšný a v listopadu 1924 byl Pchu-i za Zakázaného města vyhnán a titulu císaře zbaven. (cs)
- La dynastie Qing est fondée par Nurhachi en 1616. Elle règne sur la Chine à partir de 1644 et jusqu'à l'abdication de son douzième souverain, Puyi, en 1912. * Portail du monde chinois * Portail de la monarchie (fr)
- The Qing dynasty (1636–1912) was a Manchu-led imperial Chinese dynasty and the last orthodox dynasty of China. It was officially founded in 1636 in what is now Northeast China, but only succeeded the Ming dynasty in China proper in 1644. The Qing dynasty collapsed when the imperial clan (surnamed Aisin Gioro) abdicated in February 1912, a few months after a military uprising had started the Xinhai Revolution that led to the foundation of the Republic of China. Nurhaci (1559–1626), khan of the Jurchens, founded the Later Jin dynasty in 1616 in reference to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115–1234) that had once ruled over northern China. His son and successor Hong Taiji (1592–1643) renamed his people "Manchu" in 1635 and changed the name of Nurhaci's state from "Great Jin" to "Great Qing" in 1636. Hong Taiji was the real founder of Qing imperial institutions. He was the first to adopt the title of "emperor" (huangdi) and founded an Imperial Ancestral Temple in the Qing capital Mukden in 1636. After the Qing captured Beijing in 1644 and appropriated the Ming Ancestral Temple, from 1648 on, Nurhaci was worshiped there as "Taizu" (太祖), a temple name usually accorded to dynastic founders. Like their Ming (1368–1644) predecessors—but unlike the emperors of earlier dynasties like the Han, Tang, and Song—Qing emperors used only one era name ("Shunzhi", "Qianlong", "Guangxu", etc.) for their entire reign, and are most commonly known by that name. Starting with Nurhaci, there were thirteen Qing rulers. Following the capture of Beijing in 1644, the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1643–1661) became the first of the eleven Qing sovereigns to rule over China proper. At 61 years, the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722) was the longest, though his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), would have reigned even longer if he had not purposely ceded the throne to the Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796–1820) in order not to reign longer than his grandfather. Qing emperors succeeded each other from father to son until the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–1875), the 11th Qing ruler, died childless in 1875. The last two emperors were chosen by Empress Dowager Cixi from other branches of the imperial clan. (en)
- Dinasti Qing pada awalnya bernama "Dinasti Jin Akhir". Berdiri pada tahun 1616 oleh Nu'erhachi, pemimpin suku Manchu dari klan Aisin-Gioro. Tahun 1636, Huang Taiji mengganti nama dinastinya menjadi Qing, nama yang terus dipakai hingga keruntuhannya tahun 1912. Secara resmi, Dinasti Qing menggantikan Dinasti Ming tahun 1644 ketika masa pemerintahan Kaisar Shunzhi. Maka, secara politis Kaisar Shunzhi adalah kaisar pertama dari dinasti ini yang menguasai seluruh daratan Tiongkok. Dinasti ini mempunyai 12 kaisar bila dihitung dari Nu'erhachi, 10 orang terakhir yang berkuasa setelah suku Manchu menduduki daratan Tiongkok. Dinasti Qing digulingkan dalam Revolusi Xinhai tahun 1911, tetapi kaisar terakhir belum secara resmi turun tahta hingga terbentuknya Republik Tiongkok pada awal 1912 dan dia tetap memegang gelarnya hingga tahun 1924. (in)
- Lista över Qingdynastins kejsare avser de tolv kejsare som regerade den manchuriska Qingdynastin (1616–1911). Qingdynastin grundades 1616 som Jindynastin av Nurhaci, en manchu av klanen Aisin-gioro, men bytte namn till Qingdynastin 1636. Qing erövrade den kinesiska Mingdynastin 1644 vid Slaget om Shanhaiguan vilket gör Shunzhi-kejsaren till den förste från Qingdynastin som kunde kalla sig kejsare över Kina. Qingdynastin föll under Xinhairevolutionen 1911 och efterföljdes av Republiken Kina, även om den siste kejsaren abdikerade först i början av 1912. Sedan Mingdynastin användes ofta regentperiodsnamnen som benämning för de olika kejsarna, exempelvis Qianlong för kejsare Gaozong, och Kangxi för kejsar Shengzu. Undantaget Qianlong och den sista kejsaren Puyi regerade samtliga av Qingdynastins kejsare fram till sin död. Qianlong abdikerade efter drygt 60 år på tronen. Detta för att inte regera längre än sin farfar Kangxi, och på så sätt visa sin respekt mot sin företrädare. Kejsar Kangxi regerade i nästan 62 år, vilket är längst regeringstid för samtliga kejsare i den kinesiska historien. Fem av Qingdynastins kejsare (Shunzhi, Kangxi, Tongzhi, Guangxu och Puyi) tillträdde redan som barn, varav Puyi var yngst när han tillträdde kejsartronen strax innan han blev tre år. (sv)
- 自太宗文皇帝皇太極於1636年5月15日改後金國號為大清起,至1912年2月12日隆裕皇太后代表宣統皇帝溥儀頒佈退位詔書止,國祚276年,國姓為愛新覺羅氏。清朝共經歷11位皇帝,另有4位建州女真領袖及1位後金國大汗被追贈為大清皇帝;多爾袞則於死後被世祖章皇帝福臨追尊為成宗義皇帝,但兩個月後即以其獨斷專行及迫害肅親王豪格等罪而被剝奪。 在11位生前合法在位的大清皇帝中,聖祖仁皇帝玄燁在位達61年,是中國歷史上在位時間最長的皇帝;但高宗純皇帝弘曆禪位後仍以太上皇身分「訓政」,為實際掌權時間最長的皇帝。高宗純皇帝於嘉慶4年(1799)駕崩,享年89歲,為中國史上最長壽的皇帝。宣統皇帝溥儀則是當中在位時間最短的皇帝,僅在位3年。 後金國及大清初期由諸王貝勒組成的議政王大臣會議推選確立即汗位帝位的人選;聖祖仁皇帝玄燁則曾立胤礽為皇太子,但經歷九子奪嫡後最終與其父世祖章皇帝福臨一樣以遺詔傳位。世宗憲皇帝胤禛發明了秘密建儲制,將寫有繼位人選的遺詔放入乾清宮正大光明匾額後的密匣之内。高宗純皇帝弘曆因曾宣告不敢超過聖祖仁皇帝玄燁在位六十年的記錄,故生前就禪位於仁宗睿皇帝顒琰,无须遗诏。後由於文宗顯皇帝奕詝僅有一子倖存、穆宗毅皇帝載淳及以後的皇帝均無子,秘密建儲制最終名存實亡。 列表中在位時間均以登極大典起計算,努爾哈赤與皇太極二人則以登汗位之日起計算。 (zh)
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- Імператори династії Цін (uk)
- La dynastie Qing est fondée par Nurhachi en 1616. Elle règne sur la Chine à partir de 1644 et jusqu'à l'abdication de son douzième souverain, Puyi, en 1912. * Portail du monde chinois * Portail de la monarchie (fr)
- 自太宗文皇帝皇太極於1636年5月15日改後金國號為大清起,至1912年2月12日隆裕皇太后代表宣統皇帝溥儀頒佈退位詔書止,國祚276年,國姓為愛新覺羅氏。清朝共經歷11位皇帝,另有4位建州女真領袖及1位後金國大汗被追贈為大清皇帝;多爾袞則於死後被世祖章皇帝福臨追尊為成宗義皇帝,但兩個月後即以其獨斷專行及迫害肅親王豪格等罪而被剝奪。 在11位生前合法在位的大清皇帝中,聖祖仁皇帝玄燁在位達61年,是中國歷史上在位時間最長的皇帝;但高宗純皇帝弘曆禪位後仍以太上皇身分「訓政」,為實際掌權時間最長的皇帝。高宗純皇帝於嘉慶4年(1799)駕崩,享年89歲,為中國史上最長壽的皇帝。宣統皇帝溥儀則是當中在位時間最短的皇帝,僅在位3年。 後金國及大清初期由諸王貝勒組成的議政王大臣會議推選確立即汗位帝位的人選;聖祖仁皇帝玄燁則曾立胤礽為皇太子,但經歷九子奪嫡後最終與其父世祖章皇帝福臨一樣以遺詔傳位。世宗憲皇帝胤禛發明了秘密建儲制,將寫有繼位人選的遺詔放入乾清宮正大光明匾額後的密匣之内。高宗純皇帝弘曆因曾宣告不敢超過聖祖仁皇帝玄燁在位六十年的記錄,故生前就禪位於仁宗睿皇帝顒琰,无须遗诏。後由於文宗顯皇帝奕詝僅有一子倖存、穆宗毅皇帝載淳及以後的皇帝均無子,秘密建儲制最終名存實亡。 列表中在位時間均以登極大典起計算,努爾哈赤與皇太極二人則以登汗位之日起計算。 (zh)
- Čchingští císaři z rodu Aisin Gioro vládli v letech 1636–1911 Mandžusku a od roku 1644 i Číně. K moci pozvedl rod Aisin Gioro – dynastii Čching – koncem 16. století Nurhači, původně náčelník jednoho z džürčenských kmenů. Nurhači sjednotil Džürčeny a roku 1616 se prohlásil za chána říše (pozdní) Ťin. Jeho nástupce Chung Tchaj-ťi po deseti letech vlády přejmenoval roku 1636 svůj národ na Mandžuy a sám se stal císařem říše Čching. Roku 1644 čchingská vojska dobyla severní Čínu na dynastii Ming. Dobývání Číny se však protáhlo až do konce 60. let 17. století. (cs)
- The Qing dynasty (1636–1912) was a Manchu-led imperial Chinese dynasty and the last orthodox dynasty of China. It was officially founded in 1636 in what is now Northeast China, but only succeeded the Ming dynasty in China proper in 1644. The Qing dynasty collapsed when the imperial clan (surnamed Aisin Gioro) abdicated in February 1912, a few months after a military uprising had started the Xinhai Revolution that led to the foundation of the Republic of China. (en)
- Dinasti Qing pada awalnya bernama "Dinasti Jin Akhir". Berdiri pada tahun 1616 oleh Nu'erhachi, pemimpin suku Manchu dari klan Aisin-Gioro. Tahun 1636, Huang Taiji mengganti nama dinastinya menjadi Qing, nama yang terus dipakai hingga keruntuhannya tahun 1912. Secara resmi, Dinasti Qing menggantikan Dinasti Ming tahun 1644 ketika masa pemerintahan Kaisar Shunzhi. Maka, secara politis Kaisar Shunzhi adalah kaisar pertama dari dinasti ini yang menguasai seluruh daratan Tiongkok. Dinasti ini mempunyai 12 kaisar bila dihitung dari Nu'erhachi, 10 orang terakhir yang berkuasa setelah suku Manchu menduduki daratan Tiongkok. Dinasti Qing digulingkan dalam Revolusi Xinhai tahun 1911, tetapi kaisar terakhir belum secara resmi turun tahta hingga terbentuknya Republik Tiongkok pada awal 1912 dan dia t (in)
- Lista över Qingdynastins kejsare avser de tolv kejsare som regerade den manchuriska Qingdynastin (1616–1911). Qingdynastin grundades 1616 som Jindynastin av Nurhaci, en manchu av klanen Aisin-gioro, men bytte namn till Qingdynastin 1636. Qing erövrade den kinesiska Mingdynastin 1644 vid Slaget om Shanhaiguan vilket gör Shunzhi-kejsaren till den förste från Qingdynastin som kunde kalla sig kejsare över Kina. Qingdynastin föll under Xinhairevolutionen 1911 och efterföljdes av Republiken Kina, även om den siste kejsaren abdikerade först i början av 1912. Sedan Mingdynastin användes ofta regentperiodsnamnen som benämning för de olika kejsarna, exempelvis Qianlong för kejsare Gaozong, och Kangxi för kejsar Shengzu. (sv)
- Seznam čchingských císařů (cs)
- Kaiser der Qing-Dynastie (de)
- Daftar Kaisar Dinasti Qing (in)
- Liste des empereurs de la dynastie Qing (fr)
- List of emperors of the Qing dynasty (en)
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- Lista över Qingdynastins kejsare (sv)
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- 清朝君主列表 (zh)
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