List of Roman army unit types (original) (raw)
Això és una llista dels tipus d'unitats i rangs de l'exèrcit Romà des de la República Romana fins a l'Imperi Romà tardà. La distinció entre rang i tipus d'unitat no sembla que hagi estat tan precisa com en un exèrcit de dia modern, en el qual un soldat té un grau, un sou, la descripció de les seves funcions, i una unitat assignada. Per exemple, els hastats en un primer moment, portaven una hasta i se situaven en segona línia a la batalla, i després van portar javelines i lluitaven a primera línia.
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| dbo:abstract | Això és una llista dels tipus d'unitats i rangs de l'exèrcit Romà des de la República Romana fins a l'Imperi Romà tardà. La distinció entre rang i tipus d'unitat no sembla que hagi estat tan precisa com en un exèrcit de dia modern, en el qual un soldat té un grau, un sou, la descripció de les seves funcions, i una unitat assignada. Per exemple, els hastats en un primer moment, portaven una hasta i se situaven en segona línia a la batalla, i després van portar javelines i lluitaven a primera línia. (ca) Die Dienstgrade und Truppengattungen in der römischen Armee werden, soweit bekannt, aufgelistet. Der Zeitraum umfasst die Republik, die Kaiserzeit sowie die Spätantike. (de) This is a list of Roman army units and bureaucrats. * Accensus – Light infantry men in the armies of the early Roman Republic, made up of the poorest men of the army. * Actuarius – A military who served food. * Adiutor – A camp or headquarters adjutant or assistant. * Aeneator – Military musician such as a bugler. * Agrimensor – A surveyor (a type of immunes). * – Supposedly a light infantry unit of legionaries who were used for protection of marching columns and to provide security to legions. * Aquilifer – Bearer of the legionary eagle. * Ala – a military formation composed of conscripts from the Italian military allies. * Alaris – A cavalryman serving in an ala. * Auxilia – were introduced as non-citizen troops attached to the citizen legions by Augustus after his reorganisation of the Imperial Roman army from 30 BC. * Architecti – An engineer or artillery constructor. * – A soldier tasked with the administration and supply of weapons and equipment. A quartermaster. * Ballistarius – An artillery operator (a type of immunes). * Beneficiarius – A soldier performing an extraordinary task such as military policing or a special assignment. * Bucellarii – were formations of escort troops. * Bucinator – A trumpeter or bugler. * Cacula – Servant or slave of a soldier. * – A medical orderly. * – A soldier discharged for wounds or other medical reasons. * Celeres - A royal guard created by Romulus to guard the King of Rome. * Centurion – Officer rank, generally one per 80 soldiers, in charge of a centuria. * – A medic. * Cohors amicorum – Military staff company functioning as suite and bodyguard of a high Roman official. * Comes – commanders of comitatenses. * Comes stabuli – A office responsible for the horses and pack animals. * Comitatenses – units of the field armies of the late empire. They were the soldiers that replaced the legionaries. * Cornicen – A bugler. * – A trainer, subdivisions for everything from weapons to horn blowing. * Draconarius – Bearer of a cavalry standard. * Decurion – Leader of a troop of cavalry (14-30 men). Often confused with decanus. * Decanus – Leader of a contubernium (a legionary tent group of 8 men). * Discens – Miles in training for an immunis position. * Duplarius – A soldier issued double pay, such as an Optio or a minor cavalry officer as part of a Turma * Dux – A general in charge of two or more legions. In the Third Century AD, an officer with a regional command transcending provincial boundaries, responsible directly to the emperor alone, usually appointed on a temporary basis in a grave emergency. In the fourth century AD, an officer in charge of a section of the frontier answering to the Magister Militum. * Duumviri navales – Two men elected to equip and repair the Roman navy. * Equites singulares Augusti – Elite cavalry unit tasked to guard the Roman Emperors. Usually commanded by a tribunus of praetorian rank. * Evocatus – A soldier who had served out his time and obtained his discharge (missio), but had voluntarily enlisted again at the invitation of the consul or other commander. * Evocatus Augusti – Praetorian Guard who had served out his time and obtained his discharge (missio), but had voluntarily enlisted again. * Equites – Roman cavalry * Foederati – For groups of "barbarian" mercenaries of various sizes who were typically allowed to settle within the empire. * Frumentarii – Officials of the Roman Empire during the 2nd and 3rd era. Often used as a Secret Service, mostly operating in uniform. * Hastatus – The youngest of the heavy infantry in the pre-Marian armies, who were less well-equipped than the older Principes and Triarii. These formed the first line of battle in front of the Principes. * – A centurion commanding a manipulus or centuria of hastati. A high-ranking officer within a manipulus or centuria. * – A deputy to the hastatus prior * Hastiliarius – A weapons instructor. * Imaginifer – A standard-bearer carrying the imago – the standard which bore a likeness of the emperor, and, at later dates, his family. * Immunes – Soldiers who were "immune" from combat duty and fatigues through having a more specialist role within the army. * Katepano – A Byzantine military rank or military official. * Laeti – was a term used in the late empire to denote communities of foreigners permitted to settle on, and granted land in, imperial territory on condition that they provide recruits for the Roman military. * Legatus legionis – A legion commander of senatorial rank; literally the "deputy" of the emperor, who was the titular commander-in-chief. * Limitanei – A unit of frontier districts. * Legatus pro praetore – Provincial governor of senatorial rank with multiple legions under his command. * Legionary – The heavy infantry that was the basic military force of the ancient Roman army in the period of the late Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire. * Magister militum - High ranked commander in the late Roman Empire. Equivalent of a general. * Medicus – Physician or combat medic. Specializations included surgery (medicus vulnerarius), ophthalmology (medicus ocularius), and also veterinary (medicus veterinarius). At least some held rank equivalent to a centurion. * Megas doux – Commander-in-chief of the Byzantine navy. * Miles or Miles Gregarius – The basic private level foot soldier. * Numerus – A unit of barbarian allies not integrated into the regular army structure. Later, a unit of border forces. * Numerus Batavorum – was a personal, imperial guards unit for the Roman emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (30 BC – AD 68) composed of Germanic soldiers. * Optio – One per century as second-in-command to the centurion. Could also fill several other specialized roles on an ad hoc basis. * Palatini – were elite units of the late army. * – The infantry of the early army of the Roman kingdom. The majority of the army in this period. * – A term referring to any infantryman in the Roman Empire. * – Senior centurion of a cohort. * – Deputy to the pilus prior. * Praefectus Castrorum – Camp prefect, third-in-command of the legion, also responsible for maintaining the camp, equipment, and supplies. Usually a former primus pilus. * - Commander of a cohort. * – Equestrian officer given the command of a legion in the absence of a senatorial legatus. After the removal of senators from military command, the title of a legionary commander. ("...agens vice legati, dropped in later Third Century") * Praetorians – A special force of bodyguards used by Roman Emperors. * Praetorian prefect – Commander of the Praetorians. * Primicerius – was a rank junior to the tribunus and senior to the senator. * – The commanding officer of each centuria in the first cohort with the exception of the first centuria of the cohort. * Primus Pilus (literally 'first file' ) – The centurion commanding the first cohort and the senior centurion of the entire Legion. * Princeps – Pre-Marian soldier, initially equipped with the Hasta spear, but later with the pilum, these men formed the second line of battle behind the Hastati in the pre-Marian armies. They were also chieftains in Briton like Dumnorix of the Regneses (he was killed by Gaius Salvius Liberalis' soldiers). * Princeps Prior – A centurion commanding a century of principes. * – A deputy to the princeps prior. * Principales – A group of ranks, including aquilifer, signifer, optio, and tesserarius. Similar to modern NCOs (Non-commissioned officers). * Protectores Augusti Nostri (a.k.a. Protectores Divini Lateris) – Honorific title for senior officers singled out for their loyalty to the Emperor and soldierly qualities. The protectores were an order of honor rather than a military unit. The order first appeared in the mid-200s AD. * – An interrogator or torturer. * – A soldier kept in service after serving required term. * Rorarii – The final line, or reserve, in the ancient pre-Marius Roman army. These were removed even before the Marian reforms, as the Triarii provided a very sturdy anchor. * Sagittarii – Archers, including horse-riding auxiliary archers recruited mainly in North Africa, Balkans, and later the Eastern Empire. * – A soldier enjoying special service conditions or hired as a mercenary. * Scholae – was used in the late Roman Empire to signify a unit of Imperial Guards. * Scholae Palatinae – An elite troop of soldiers created by the Emperor Constantine the Great to provide personal protection of the Emperor and his immediate family. * – An artilleryman operating a scorpio artillery piece. * Sesquiplicarii – A soldier issued one-and-a-half times pay, such as a Tesserarius or a minor cavalry officer as part of a Turma * Signifer – Standard bearer of the Roman Legion. * Simplares - A soldier paid standard pay; a regular legionaire or somebody paid the equivalent * Socii – Troops from allied states in the pre-Marian army before the Social War (91–88 BC) * Speculatores and Exploratores – The scouts and reconnaissance element of the Roman army. * Supernumerarii – Supernumerary soldiers who served to fill the places of those who were killed or disabled by their wounds. Also used for the cavalry contingent of a legion during the Principate, who despite being included on the cohort lists, camped separate to the infantry. * Strategos - General and military governor of a theme in the Byzantine Empire. * Stratelates – A Greek translation for the rank of magister militum that was used in the late Roman and Byzantine armies. * Stratopedarches – A term originally used to refer to a Roman camp prefect, it was later used for a Roman or Byzantine general or a Byzantine commander-in-chief. * – A standard-bearer for the guard cavalry. * Tesserarius – Guard commander, one per centuria. * Tirones – A basic trainee. * Torquati - A soldier issued with a golden collar in reward for bravery or valor. Depending on circumstances, they may also be rewarded with double pay, making them Torquato * Triarii – Spearmen of the pre-Marian armies, equipped with the Hasta, who formed the third line of battle behind the Principes. * Tribuni angusticlavii – Military tribune of equestrian rank, five of whom were assigned to each legion. * Tribunus militum - Officer in the Roman army who ranked below the legate but above the centurion. * Tribunus militum laticlavius – Military tribune of senatorial rank. Second in command of a legion. Appointments to this rank seem to have ceased during the sole reign of Gallienus as part of a policy of excluding senators from military commands. * – A trumpeter. * Urbanae – A special police force of Rome, created to counterbalance the Praetorians. * Velites – A class of light infantry in the army of the Roman Republic. * Venator – A hunter (a type of immunes). * Vexillarius – Bearer of a vexillum (standard). * Vigiles – were the firefighters and police. (en) Au VIIIe siècle avant notre ère, Romulus crée l'armée romaine en s'inspirant de la phalange grecque. À l'époque les effectifs étaient de 3000 fantassins (pedites) et 300 cavaliers (equites). Environ 1000 fantassins et 100 cavaliers pour chacune des 3 tribus. C'est ce qu'on appelle la "légion de phalanges". L'armée était déployée sur le champ de bataille en 3 lignes, chacune commandée par un tribun militaire. La cavalerie, composant la garde personnelle du roi, placée sur les flancs, était commandée par le tribun celeres. Ce sont les premiers grades qui furent créés dans l'armée romaine. Selon Plutarque, une fois les Romains et les Sabins réunis, Romulus fit doubler les effectifs de l'armée. (fr) 马略改革（公元前107年）之前，军团结构如下： * （Contubernium）——又译“小队”。罗马军队士兵的最小组织单位。它由八名军团战士组成，其领导者是一名叫“”（Decanus）的军官。在行进时，军团的士兵通常是按小组（8人并肩）行进的，而在帝国的军团中，十个小组组成一个百人队。 * （Maniplulus）——又译“中队”。小队在马略改革前是罗马军团的一个次级单位，由120人组成（“后备兵”的小队则是60人）。 * （Legio）——马略改革前的军队中军团由60个步兵小队（Maniplulus）和10个骑兵支队（Turma / Turmae）组成。在公元前250年，将会有四个军团，两个由各自的执政官（Consul）指挥，这两个罗马军团将会有两个额外的、兵力与结构相仿的联盟军团陪伴。每一个罗马军团都会有一个联盟军团。 * （Turma）——马略改革前的军队中的一个骑兵单位，通常由30名骑手组成。 伴随着马略改革，军团组织变得如下标准化： * （Contubernium）——又译“小队”。罗马军队士兵的最小组织单位。它由八名军团战士组成，其领导者是一名叫“”（Decanus）的非委任的军官。十个小组组成一个百人队。 * 百人队（Centuria / Centuriae）——一支百人队由80人组成，其指挥者是“百夫长”（Centurio）及其“百夫长副手”（Optio）。六个百人队组成一个大队（Cohort）。 * 大队（Cohors / Cohortes）——一支大队由480人组成。大队中的六个百人队中的等级最高的百夫长指挥整个大队。 * 第一大队（Cohors Prima）——第一大队是一支兵力翻番的大队（由五个兵力翻番的百人队组成），其人数达到800人（含军官）。第一大队中的第一百人队的百夫长，叫“首列百夫长”（Primus Pilus）。他指挥这支第一大队并且还是其军团的最高百夫长。 * 军团 (帝国)（Legio）——一支军团由九支大队与一支第一大队组成。军团总指挥官是“”（Legatus Legionis），其助理是“”（Praefectus Castrorum）及其他高级军官们。 * （Vexillatio / Vexillationes）——这些是临时任务队，为了某一个特殊目的，而由一个或多个从军团分遣出的百人队组成。布旗队由司令官指派的一名军官指挥。布旗队携带军团的“布旗”（Vexillum / Vexilla）。 简单地说，各单位编制基本如下： * 10个小组组成一个百人队； * 2个百人队组成一个小队； * 3个（马略改革前则是4个）小队组成一个大队； * 10个大队组成一个军团。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | Això és una llista dels tipus d'unitats i rangs de l'exèrcit Romà des de la República Romana fins a l'Imperi Romà tardà. La distinció entre rang i tipus d'unitat no sembla que hagi estat tan precisa com en un exèrcit de dia modern, en el qual un soldat té un grau, un sou, la descripció de les seves funcions, i una unitat assignada. Per exemple, els hastats en un primer moment, portaven una hasta i se situaven en segona línia a la batalla, i després van portar javelines i lluitaven a primera línia. (ca) Die Dienstgrade und Truppengattungen in der römischen Armee werden, soweit bekannt, aufgelistet. Der Zeitraum umfasst die Republik, die Kaiserzeit sowie die Spätantike. (de) Au VIIIe siècle avant notre ère, Romulus crée l'armée romaine en s'inspirant de la phalange grecque. À l'époque les effectifs étaient de 3000 fantassins (pedites) et 300 cavaliers (equites). Environ 1000 fantassins et 100 cavaliers pour chacune des 3 tribus. C'est ce qu'on appelle la "légion de phalanges". L'armée était déployée sur le champ de bataille en 3 lignes, chacune commandée par un tribun militaire. La cavalerie, composant la garde personnelle du roi, placée sur les flancs, était commandée par le tribun celeres. Ce sont les premiers grades qui furent créés dans l'armée romaine. Selon Plutarque, une fois les Romains et les Sabins réunis, Romulus fit doubler les effectifs de l'armée. (fr) This is a list of Roman army units and bureaucrats. * Accensus – Light infantry men in the armies of the early Roman Republic, made up of the poorest men of the army. * Actuarius – A military who served food. * Adiutor – A camp or headquarters adjutant or assistant. * Aeneator – Military musician such as a bugler. * Agrimensor – A surveyor (a type of immunes). * – Supposedly a light infantry unit of legionaries who were used for protection of marching columns and to provide security to legions. * Aquilifer – Bearer of the legionary eagle. * Ala – a military formation composed of conscripts from the Italian military allies. * Alaris – A cavalryman serving in an ala. * Auxilia – were introduced as non-citizen troops attached to the citizen legions by Augustus after his reorganisat (en) 马略改革（公元前107年）之前，军团结构如下： * （Contubernium）——又译“小队”。罗马军队士兵的最小组织单位。它由八名军团战士组成，其领导者是一名叫“”（Decanus）的军官。在行进时，军团的士兵通常是按小组（8人并肩）行进的，而在帝国的军团中，十个小组组成一个百人队。 * （Maniplulus）——又译“中队”。小队在马略改革前是罗马军团的一个次级单位，由120人组成（“后备兵”的小队则是60人）。 * （Legio）——马略改革前的军队中军团由60个步兵小队（Maniplulus）和10个骑兵支队（Turma / Turmae）组成。在公元前250年，将会有四个军团，两个由各自的执政官（Consul）指挥，这两个罗马军团将会有两个额外的、兵力与结构相仿的联盟军团陪伴。每一个罗马军团都会有一个联盟军团。 * （Turma）——马略改革前的军队中的一个骑兵单位，通常由30名骑手组成。 伴随着马略改革，军团组织变得如下标准化： 简单地说，各单位编制基本如下： * 10个小组组成一个百人队； * 2个百人队组成一个小队； * 3个（马略改革前则是4个）小队组成一个大队； * 10个大队组成一个军团。 (zh) |
| rdfs:label | Llista d'unitats de l'exèrcit romà (ca) Liste der Dienstgrade und Truppengattungen in der römischen Armee (de) Grades de l'armée romaine (fr) List of Roman army unit types (en) 古罗马陆军单位类型列表 (zh) |
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