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Als Lychgate, Lych-gate oder Lych Gate [ˈlɪtʃgeɪt], alternative Schreibung: Lich-, wird im englischen Sprachraum und besonders auf den Britischen Inseln ein überdachtes Friedhofstor bezeichnet, in dem vor Beginn des Trauergottesdienstes die Totenbahre aufgestellt werden konnte. Lychgates sind vor allem auf Großbritannien und Irland verbreitet, sie sind aber auch in anderen Regionen mit kultureller Verbindung zu den Britischen Inseln (z. B. Kanada, Vereinigte Staaten, Australien) anzutreffen. Das Wort lychgate, ein Kompositum aus mittelenglisch lich(e)/lych(e) ‚Leiche‘ und yate/gate ‚Tor‘, ‚Pforte‘, ist seit dem 15. Jahrhundert belegt, wobei derartige Torbauten auf Friedhöfen in England bereits deutlich früher – ab dem 7. Jahrhundert – existierten. Die ältesten noch erhaltenen Lychgates stammen aus dem 13. und 14. Jahrhundert. Als Baumaterial diente im Mittelalter und zu Anfang der Frühen Neuzeit fast ausschließlich Holz, das Dach war mit Ziegeln oder Reet gedeckt. Eine einheitliche Bauform gab es nicht: Einfache Exemplare waren nicht mehr als ein überdachtes Holzgerüst, während in aufwendiger gestalteten Lychgates z. B. mitten im Durchgang eine Steinplattform (Lychstone) zum Absetzen des Sarges liegen konnte und seitlich Bänke für die Trauergesellschaft standen. Vermehrt wurden Lychgates ab dem 16. Jahrhundert angelegt, nachdem 1549 das Book of Common Prayer verbindliche Regeln für die Riten der Church of England aufgestellt hatte. Unter anderem war nun vorgeschrieben, dass der Priester bei einer Bestattung den Sarg schon an der Friedhofsgrenze in Empfang nehmen und dass dort auch der Gottesdienst beginnen sollte. Insofern hatte das Lychgate neben seiner rein praktischen Funktion als wettergeschützter Hauptzugang zum Friedhof auch eine symbolische Funktion: Es markierte die Grenze zwischen geweihtem und ungeweihtem Boden. Mit ihm waren, wie bei solchen Schwellenorten nicht unüblich, häufig lokale Legenden und Bräuche verknüpft. So galt es im 19. Jahrhundert an verschiedenen Orten in England als Unglückszeichen, wenn eine Hochzeitsgesellschaft auf ihrem Weg in die Kirche das Lychgate nahm. Die liturgische Nutzung der Lychgates hatte jedoch bereits im Laufe des 18. Jahrhunderts an Bedeutung verloren. Noch vorhandene mittelalterliche Lychgates wurden vielerorts wegen Baufälligkeit entfernt und durch einfache Holz- oder Eisentore ohne Dach ersetzt. Im 19. Jahrhundert kamen steinerne Lychgates wieder in Mode, dienten nun aber vornehmlich der Repräsentation. Unter dem Eindruck der beiden Weltkriege wurden in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts neue Lychgates als Gefallenendenkmäler erbaut oder bereits bestehende für diesen Zweck umgewidmet. Historische Bezeichnungen für das Lychgate sind corpse-gate, bier-house (von bier ‚Bahre‘) und scallenge(-gate). (de) A lychgate, also spelled lichgate, lycugate, lyke-gate or as two separate words lych gate, (from Old English lic, corpse), also wych gate, is a gateway covered with a roof found at the entrance to a traditional English or English-style churchyard. The name resurrection gate is also used. Examples exist also outside the British Isles in places such as Newfoundland, the Upland South and Texas in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Norway, and Sweden. (en) Un lychgate (o anche corpse gate) è un tipo particolare di cancello posto all'ingresso dei cimiteri tipicamente inglesi. (it) Stiglucka, stigport, steglucka eller stegport är en sorts överbyggd kyrkogårdsgrind. Ofta var det trappor på båda sidor av porten, där dess underdel inte öppnades, utan stegs över, vilket gett konstruktionen dess namn. I nutida kyrkogårdsmurar syns ofta stigluckan som ett litet hus, inbyggd i kyrkogårdsmuren, med en port med portvalv i bottenplanet genom vilken man går för att komma in på kyrkogården. Kyrkogården och kyrkobyggnaden var under medeltiden helig mark som lydde under den kyrkliga jurisdiktionen. Ingen fick begå något fridsbrott på dessa platser; människor på flykt kunde temporärt finna en fristad innanför kyrkans fysiska område. Bröt man mot dessa lagar drabbade bannlysningen tungt. Vid hade biskopen att infinna sig och med vigvatten stänka bort det onda som hänt på platsen. Med dessa regler blev det därför tidigt ett krav på att tydligt markera denna fysiska gräns mellan Kristi mark och världen. De äldsta kyrkogårdshägnaderna har sannolikt bestått av mycket enkla trägärden. Efterhand förändrades dessa till kraftiga träkonstruktioner eller stenmurar. Ingångarna markerade entrén mellan världsligt och andligt, en för medeltidsmänniskan mycket påtaglig realitet. Stor omsorg ägnades därför utformandet av dessa ingångar. Ordet ”lucka” kanske[källa behövs] åsyftar själva portkonstruktionen som ofta var i två delar där den nedre bildade en hög tröskel. Med sådan utformning hindrades djuren att komma in på kyrkogården. Många medeltida stigluckor försvann under 1700- och 1800-talen. Stigluckor av trä har varit mycket vanliga men de äldsta i detta material torde numera vara från 1600-talet eller senare, som exempelvis i Nättraby i Blekinge och Granhults kyrka, Växjö stift, Småland. På Gotland finns bortåt ett 60-tal luckor fortfarande bevarade, många av sten. Vissa stigluckor är uppförda i två våningar. I Vendels kyrka i Uppland finns över ingången ett litet rum som kanske använts som bostad, kanske som ett välkommet härbärge för vandringsmän. Exempel finns också på att dessa överbyggnader under medeltiden använts som tillfälliga predikstolar där prästen kunnat tala till den på kyrkogården församlade . En sådan funktion kan stigluckan i Trönö gamla kyrka i Hälsingland ha haft. (sv) |
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https://web.archive.org/web/20070206212512/http:/www.hiddenhorsham.co.uk/38/38.htm https://www.academia.edu/4288362/Lych-Gates_in_Newfoundland_Occasional_Paper_on_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_004_ https://www.flickr.com/photos/hp2/102641898/ http://www.houghtonlespring.org.uk/hillsidecemetery/lychgate_restoration/index.htm |
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A lychgate, also spelled lichgate, lycugate, lyke-gate or as two separate words lych gate, (from Old English lic, corpse), also wych gate, is a gateway covered with a roof found at the entrance to a traditional English or English-style churchyard. The name resurrection gate is also used. Examples exist also outside the British Isles in places such as Newfoundland, the Upland South and Texas in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Norway, and Sweden. (en) Un lychgate (o anche corpse gate) è un tipo particolare di cancello posto all'ingresso dei cimiteri tipicamente inglesi. (it) Als Lychgate, Lych-gate oder Lych Gate [ˈlɪtʃgeɪt], alternative Schreibung: Lich-, wird im englischen Sprachraum und besonders auf den Britischen Inseln ein überdachtes Friedhofstor bezeichnet, in dem vor Beginn des Trauergottesdienstes die Totenbahre aufgestellt werden konnte. Lychgates sind vor allem auf Großbritannien und Irland verbreitet, sie sind aber auch in anderen Regionen mit kultureller Verbindung zu den Britischen Inseln (z. B. Kanada, Vereinigte Staaten, Australien) anzutreffen. (de) Stiglucka, stigport, steglucka eller stegport är en sorts överbyggd kyrkogårdsgrind. Ofta var det trappor på båda sidor av porten, där dess underdel inte öppnades, utan stegs över, vilket gett konstruktionen dess namn. I nutida kyrkogårdsmurar syns ofta stigluckan som ett litet hus, inbyggd i kyrkogårdsmuren, med en port med portvalv i bottenplanet genom vilken man går för att komma in på kyrkogården. Vissa stigluckor är uppförda i två våningar. I Vendels kyrka i Uppland finns över ingången ett litet rum som kanske använts som bostad, kanske som ett välkommet härbärge för vandringsmän. (sv) |
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dbr:Listed_buildings_in_Christleton dbr:Listed_buildings_in_Claverley dbr:Listed_buildings_in_Clifton_and_Compton dbr:Listed_buildings_in_Clun dbr:Listed_buildings_in_Colne dbr:Listed_buildings_in_Cuddington,_Cheshire dbr:Listed_buildings_in_Darrington,_West_Yorkshire dbr:Listed_buildings_in_Davenham dbr:Listed_buildings_in_Denstone dbr:Listed_buildings_in_Denton,_Greater_Manchester dbr:Listed_buildings_in_Disley dbr:Listed_buildings_in_Dodleston dbr:Listed_buildings_in_Eaton,_west_Cheshire dbr:Listed_buildings_in_Eccles,_Greater_Manchester |
| is dbp:type of |
dbr:Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_East_Devon |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of |
wikipedia-en:Lychgate |
