Models of communication (original) (raw)
نماذج الاتصال هي نماذج مجرّدة مُستخدمة في شرح عملية الاتصال البشري. طوّر كلود إلوود شانون أول نموذج اتصال رئيسيي في عام 1948، إذ نشره للمرة الأولى وارن ويفر من مختبرات بل وأرفقه بمقدّمة. يُعرّف الاتصال بمفهومه الرئيسي بصفته عملية إرسال واستقبال رسائل أو نقل للمعلومات من طرف (المُرسل) إلى آخر (المُستقبل). وسّع دافيد بيرلو نموذج الانتقال الخطّي في عام 1960، إذ استخدم نموذج اتصال المرسل-الرسالة-القناة-المستقبل (SMCR). وفي وقت لاحق، قدّم ويلبر شرام نموذجًا محدّدًا لمتغيّرات عديدة في الاتصال، بما في ذلك جهاز الإرسال والتشفير والوسائط وفك التشفير والمستقبل.
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| dbo:abstract | نماذج الاتصال هي نماذج مجرّدة مُستخدمة في شرح عملية الاتصال البشري. طوّر كلود إلوود شانون أول نموذج اتصال رئيسيي في عام 1948، إذ نشره للمرة الأولى وارن ويفر من مختبرات بل وأرفقه بمقدّمة. يُعرّف الاتصال بمفهومه الرئيسي بصفته عملية إرسال واستقبال رسائل أو نقل للمعلومات من طرف (المُرسل) إلى آخر (المُستقبل). وسّع دافيد بيرلو نموذج الانتقال الخطّي في عام 1960، إذ استخدم نموذج اتصال المرسل-الرسالة-القناة-المستقبل (SMCR). وفي وقت لاحق، قدّم ويلبر شرام نموذجًا محدّدًا لمتغيّرات عديدة في الاتصال، بما في ذلك جهاز الإرسال والتشفير والوسائط وفك التشفير والمستقبل. (ar) Modely komunikace jsou definice komunikace v rámci mediálních studií, které se snaží popsat, popřípadě i graficky znázornit, jak vypadá masová komunikace, z čeho se skládá a jaké prvky v ní hrají jakou roli. (cs) Als Kommunikationsmodell oder Kommunikationstheorie bezeichnet man wissenschaftliche Erklärungsversuche zur Beschreibung von Kommunikation. Diese theoretischen Ansätze sollen in der Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft erklären, was Kommunikation ist und wie sie funktioniert, und – in Form von Modellen – verallgemeinerbare und theoretische Zusammenhänge des Massenkommunikationsprozesses erkennbar machen. (de) Models of communication are simplified representations of the process of communication. Most models try to describe both verbal and non-verbal communication and often understand it as an exchange of messages. Their function is to give a compact overview of the complex process of communication. This helps researchers formulate hypotheses, apply communication-related concepts to real-world cases, and test predictions. Despite their usefulness, many models are criticized based on the claim that they are too simple because they leave out essential aspects. The different components and their interactions are usually presented in the form of a diagram. Several basic components and interactions reappear in many of the models. They include the idea that a sender encodes information in the form of a message and sends it to a receiver through a channel. The receiver needs to decode the message to understand the initial idea and provides some form of feedback. In both cases, noise may interfere and distort the message. Models of communication are classified in various ways depending on their intended applications and on how they conceptualize the process. General models apply to all forms of communication while specialized models restrict themselves to specific forms, like mass communication. Linear transmission models understand communication as a one-way process in which a sender transmits an idea to a receiver. Interaction models include a feedback loop through which the receiver responds after getting the message. Transaction models see sending and responding as simultaneous activities. They hold that meaning is created in this process and does not exist prior to it. Constitutive and constructionist models emphasize that communication is a fundamental phenomenon responsible for how we understand and experience reality. Further types include encoding-decoding models, hypodermic models, and relational models. The problem of communication was already discussed in Ancient Greece but the field of communication studies only developed into a separate research discipline in the middle of the 20th century. All early models were linear transmission models, like Lasswell's model, the Shannon–Weaver model, Gerbner's model, and Berlo's model. For many purposes, they were later replaced by interaction models, like Schramm's model. Beginning in the 1970s, various transactional models of communication, like Barnlund's model, were proposed to overcome the limitations of interaction models. They constitute the origin of further developments in the form of constitutive models. (en) 커뮤니케이션 모형에 대해 설명한다. (ko) Het communicatiemodel is een model voor communicatie uit de taalkunde waarin de relaties tussen zender, bericht en ontvanger schematisch worden voorgesteld. Opdat het bericht dat men uitzendt effectief zou zijn, moet volgens Roman Jakobson aan de volgende voorwaarden voldaan zijn: * het bericht moet context hebben waarnaar verwezen kan worden en die begrijpelijk is voor de ontvanger * het bericht moet opgesteld zijn in c.q. gebruikmaken van een code die volledig of gedeeltelijk gemeenschappelijk is aan de zender en de ontvanger * er dient een contactkanaal te bestaan dat zender en ontvanger in staat stelt om in communicatie te treden Dit communicatiemodel is in de narratologie aangepast als het model voor narratieve communicatie. (nl) Den första kommunikationsmodellen skapades av Claude Shannon och Warren Weaver på 40-talet. Shannon och Weaver försökte att komma underfund med varför kommunikationen mellan de amerikanska militära enheterna ibland inte fungerade på ett tillfredsställande sätt, budskapet gick förlorat eller förvrängdes vilket kunde få allvarliga konsekvenser för till exempel stridande förband. Shannon och Weaver utgick till en början från att det skulle finnas en teknisk förklaring till bristerna i kommunikationen mellan enheterna men kom snabbt fram till att det inte fanns några allvarliga fel på den tekniska utrustningen. Deras arbete pekade i stället ut den mänskliga faktorn som en stor anledning till bristerna i kommunikationsprocessen. Avsaknaden av i förväg överenskomma, gemensamma koder och redundant information gör att det uppstår onödiga svårigheter hos mottagaren vid avkodningen av det sända meddelandet. (sv) |
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| rdfs:comment | نماذج الاتصال هي نماذج مجرّدة مُستخدمة في شرح عملية الاتصال البشري. طوّر كلود إلوود شانون أول نموذج اتصال رئيسيي في عام 1948، إذ نشره للمرة الأولى وارن ويفر من مختبرات بل وأرفقه بمقدّمة. يُعرّف الاتصال بمفهومه الرئيسي بصفته عملية إرسال واستقبال رسائل أو نقل للمعلومات من طرف (المُرسل) إلى آخر (المُستقبل). وسّع دافيد بيرلو نموذج الانتقال الخطّي في عام 1960، إذ استخدم نموذج اتصال المرسل-الرسالة-القناة-المستقبل (SMCR). وفي وقت لاحق، قدّم ويلبر شرام نموذجًا محدّدًا لمتغيّرات عديدة في الاتصال، بما في ذلك جهاز الإرسال والتشفير والوسائط وفك التشفير والمستقبل. (ar) Modely komunikace jsou definice komunikace v rámci mediálních studií, které se snaží popsat, popřípadě i graficky znázornit, jak vypadá masová komunikace, z čeho se skládá a jaké prvky v ní hrají jakou roli. (cs) Als Kommunikationsmodell oder Kommunikationstheorie bezeichnet man wissenschaftliche Erklärungsversuche zur Beschreibung von Kommunikation. Diese theoretischen Ansätze sollen in der Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft erklären, was Kommunikation ist und wie sie funktioniert, und – in Form von Modellen – verallgemeinerbare und theoretische Zusammenhänge des Massenkommunikationsprozesses erkennbar machen. (de) 커뮤니케이션 모형에 대해 설명한다. (ko) Models of communication are simplified representations of the process of communication. Most models try to describe both verbal and non-verbal communication and often understand it as an exchange of messages. Their function is to give a compact overview of the complex process of communication. This helps researchers formulate hypotheses, apply communication-related concepts to real-world cases, and test predictions. Despite their usefulness, many models are criticized based on the claim that they are too simple because they leave out essential aspects. The different components and their interactions are usually presented in the form of a diagram. Several basic components and interactions reappear in many of the models. They include the idea that a sender encodes information in the form of (en) Het communicatiemodel is een model voor communicatie uit de taalkunde waarin de relaties tussen zender, bericht en ontvanger schematisch worden voorgesteld. Opdat het bericht dat men uitzendt effectief zou zijn, moet volgens Roman Jakobson aan de volgende voorwaarden voldaan zijn: Dit communicatiemodel is in de narratologie aangepast als het model voor narratieve communicatie. (nl) Den första kommunikationsmodellen skapades av Claude Shannon och Warren Weaver på 40-talet. Shannon och Weaver försökte att komma underfund med varför kommunikationen mellan de amerikanska militära enheterna ibland inte fungerade på ett tillfredsställande sätt, budskapet gick förlorat eller förvrängdes vilket kunde få allvarliga konsekvenser för till exempel stridande förband. Shannon och Weaver utgick till en början från att det skulle finnas en teknisk förklaring till bristerna i kommunikationen mellan enheterna men kom snabbt fram till att det inte fanns några allvarliga fel på den tekniska utrustningen. Deras arbete pekade i stället ut den mänskliga faktorn som en stor anledning till bristerna i kommunikationsprocessen. Avsaknaden av i förväg överenskomma, gemensamma koder och redundan (sv) |
| rdfs:label | Models of communication (en) نماذج اتصال (ar) Modely komunikace (cs) Kommunikationsmodell (de) 커뮤니케이션 모형 (ko) Communicatiemodel (nl) Kommunikationsmodell (sv) |
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