Combined sewer (original) (raw)
Ein Mischsystem (Mischverfahren) ist ein Ableitungssystem in der Entwässerungstechnik, bei dem alle Abwässer (Schmutz-, Fremd- und Regenwasser) als Mischwasser in einer gemeinsamen Leitung gemischt abgeführt werden. Die Alternative zu diesem System ist das Trennsystem, bei dem das Schmutzwasser und das Regenwasser in getrennten Kanälen abgeführt werden.
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| dbo:abstract | يدور هذا المقال حول نظام الصرف الصحي المٌصمَّم لنقل مياه الصرف الصحي ومياه الأمطار. للحصول على معلوماتٍ أكثر حول نظام الصرف الصحي الأكثر تطورًا لنقل النِّفايات، راجِع مقال الصرف الصحي. للاطِّلاع على نظام تصريف المياه في الشَّوارع، راجع مقال تصريف مياه الأمطار. المصارِف المُجَمَّعة هي نظام تصريف ثنائي لجمع مياه الصَّرف الصِّحي (المجاري) ومياه الأمطار من الأنابيب والأنفاق المُصمَّمَة لها في وقتٍ واحد. لم يَعُد يُستخدم هذا النَّوع من أنظمة التَّصريف الجاذبيَّة عند إنشاء أنظمة تصريف جديدة في جميع أنحاء العالم تقريبًا، لذلك تستثني تصميات أنظمة التَّصريف الحديثة الجريان السَّطحي لمياه الأمطار من أنظمة الصرف الصحي، لكن العديد من المدن والبلدات القديمة تواصل تشغيل أنظمة الصرف الصحي الثُّنائي التي أُنشئت سابقًا. يمكن أن تُسبِّب أنظمة الصرف الصحي الثُّنائي مشاكلَ خطيرةً في تلوث المياه أثناء الأوقات المُتعلقة بتدفق مياه المجاري المُجَمَّعَة، وذلك عندما تتجاوز تدفقات مياه المجاري والجريان السَّطحي لمياه الأمطار قدرة محطة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي، أو الحد الأقصى لمعدَّل تدفق النِّظام الذي ينقل المجاري المجمَّعة (بالإنجليزية: combined sewer overflow). فإنه في الحالات التي يحدث فيها جريان سطحي مرتفع بشكلٍ استثنائي (مثل العواصف المُمطِرة الكبيرة)، قد يتسبَّب الحِمل على الفروع الفردية (وصلات المنازل) لنظام الصرف الصحي برجوع المياه إلى نقطة حيث تتدفق مياه الصرف الصحي من مصادر الإدخال مثل المراحيض، ما يؤدّي إلى غمر المباني المأهولة بالسُّكان بمزيج جريانٍ من مياه الصرف الصحي السَّامة، وتتحمل أعباءً ماليةً ضخمةً للتَّنظيف والإصلاح. عندما تواجه أنظمة الصرف الصحي الثنائي هذه الحالة أعلاه، تُصرِّف أنظمة الطَّوارئ المياه التي تحتوي على نفايات بشرية وصناعية إلى الأنهار أو المجاري المائية أوغيرها من المسطَّحات المائيَّة. ويُسبِّب هذا عواقبَ سلبيَّةٍ على البيئة ونمط الحياة، بما في ذلك عمليات إغلاق الشواطئ والمحار المُلوَّث غير الآمن للاستهلاك وتلوث مياه الشُّرب، ما يجعلها غير آمنة مؤقتًا للشرب وتتطلب الغليان قبل الاستخدامات كما في حالات الاستحمام وغسيل الأطباق. (ar) Ein Mischsystem (Mischverfahren) ist ein Ableitungssystem in der Entwässerungstechnik, bei dem alle Abwässer (Schmutz-, Fremd- und Regenwasser) als Mischwasser in einer gemeinsamen Leitung gemischt abgeführt werden. Die Alternative zu diesem System ist das Trennsystem, bei dem das Schmutzwasser und das Regenwasser in getrennten Kanälen abgeführt werden. (de) A combined sewer is a type of gravity sewer with a system of pipes, tunnels, pump stations etc. to transport sewage and urban runoff together to a sewage treatment plant or disposal site. This means that during rain events, the sewage gets diluted, resulting in higher flowrates at the treatment site. Uncontaminated stormwater simply dilutes sewage, but runoff may dissolve or suspend virtually anything it contacts on roofs, streets, and storage yards. As rainfall travels over roofs and the ground, it may pick up various contaminants including soil particles and other sediment, heavy metals, organic compounds, animal waste, and oil and grease. Combined sewers may also receive dry weather drainage from landscape irrigation, construction dewatering, and washing buildings and sidewalks. Combined sewers can cause serious water pollution problems during combined sewer overflow (CSO) events when combined sewage and surface runoff flows exceed the capacity of the sewage treatment plant, or of the maximum flow rate of the system which transmits the combined sources. In instances where exceptionally high surface runoff occurs (such as large rainstorms), the load on individual tributary branches of the sewer system may cause a back-up to a point where raw sewage flows out of input sources such as toilets, causing inhabited buildings to be flooded with a toxic sewage-runoff mixture, incurring massive financial burdens for cleanup and repair. When combined sewer systems experience these higher than normal throughputs, relief systems cause discharges containing human and industrial waste to flow into rivers, streams, or other bodies of water. Such events frequently cause both negative environmental and lifestyle consequences, including beach closures, contaminated shellfish unsafe for consumption, and contamination of drinking water sources, rendering them temporarily unsafe for drinking and requiring boiling before uses such as bathing or washing dishes. Mitigation of combined sewer overflows include sewer separation, CSO storage, expanding sewage treatment capacity, retention basins, screening and disinfection facilities, reducing stormwater flows, green infrastructure and real-time decision support systems. This type of gravity sewer design is less often used nowadays when constructing new sewer systems. Modern-day sewer designs exclude surface runoff by building sanitary sewers instead, but many older cities and towns continue to operate previously constructed combined sewer systems. (en) Un réseau unitaire ou égout unitaire ou réseau d'égouts unitaire ou système d'évacuation unitaire, est un système de collecte des eaux usées où toutes les eaux (eaux usées et eaux pluviales) transitent par une seule et même canalisation et se mélangent. Une alternative à ce système est la construction de réseaux séparatifs où l’eau de pluie et les eaux usées possèdent chacune leur réseau d’évacuation séparé. (fr) Kombinerat system är en form för avledning av avloppsvatten. Det är ett oseparerat system där spillvatten och dagvatten avleds i samma . (sv) |
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| rdfs:comment | Ein Mischsystem (Mischverfahren) ist ein Ableitungssystem in der Entwässerungstechnik, bei dem alle Abwässer (Schmutz-, Fremd- und Regenwasser) als Mischwasser in einer gemeinsamen Leitung gemischt abgeführt werden. Die Alternative zu diesem System ist das Trennsystem, bei dem das Schmutzwasser und das Regenwasser in getrennten Kanälen abgeführt werden. (de) Un réseau unitaire ou égout unitaire ou réseau d'égouts unitaire ou système d'évacuation unitaire, est un système de collecte des eaux usées où toutes les eaux (eaux usées et eaux pluviales) transitent par une seule et même canalisation et se mélangent. Une alternative à ce système est la construction de réseaux séparatifs où l’eau de pluie et les eaux usées possèdent chacune leur réseau d’évacuation séparé. (fr) Kombinerat system är en form för avledning av avloppsvatten. Det är ett oseparerat system där spillvatten och dagvatten avleds i samma . (sv) يدور هذا المقال حول نظام الصرف الصحي المٌصمَّم لنقل مياه الصرف الصحي ومياه الأمطار. للحصول على معلوماتٍ أكثر حول نظام الصرف الصحي الأكثر تطورًا لنقل النِّفايات، راجِع مقال الصرف الصحي. للاطِّلاع على نظام تصريف المياه في الشَّوارع، راجع مقال تصريف مياه الأمطار. (ar) A combined sewer is a type of gravity sewer with a system of pipes, tunnels, pump stations etc. to transport sewage and urban runoff together to a sewage treatment plant or disposal site. This means that during rain events, the sewage gets diluted, resulting in higher flowrates at the treatment site. Uncontaminated stormwater simply dilutes sewage, but runoff may dissolve or suspend virtually anything it contacts on roofs, streets, and storage yards. As rainfall travels over roofs and the ground, it may pick up various contaminants including soil particles and other sediment, heavy metals, organic compounds, animal waste, and oil and grease. Combined sewers may also receive dry weather drainage from landscape irrigation, construction dewatering, and washing buildings and sidewalks. (en) |
| rdfs:label | مصارف مجمعة (ar) Mischsystem (de) Combined sewer (en) Réseau unitaire d'assainissement (fr) Kombinerat system (sv) |
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