Operation Veritable (original) (raw)

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L'opération Veritable est une opération de la Seconde Guerre mondiale sur le front européen occidental. Elle constitue la partie nord du mouvement de prise en tenaille de l'armée allemande réalisé par le 21e groupe d'armée dirigé par le field marshal Bernard Montgomery pour libérer la région comprise entre le Rhin et de la Roer. Cette opération se déroula du 8 février au 11 mars 1945.

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dbo:abstract Schlacht im Reichswald Teil von: Westfront, Zweiter Weltkrieg Karte der Schlacht Bedeutende Militäroperationen an der Westfront 1944–1945 1944: Overlord · Dragoon · Mons · Market Garden · Scheldemündung · Aachen · Hürtgenwald · Queen · Elsass-Lothringen · Ardennen 1945: Nordwind · Bodenplatte · Blackcock · Colmar · · Grenade · Blockbuster · Lumberjack · Undertone · Plunder · Flashpoint · Aschaffenburg · Würzburg · Ruhrkessel · Friesoythe · Nürnberg Die Schlacht im Reichswald (englisch Operation Veritable) fand im Zweiten Weltkrieg zwischen alliierten Expeditionsstreitkräften der britischen 21st Army Group und Verbänden der deutschen 1. Fallschirm-Armee vom 7. bis 22. Februar 1945 im Raum Kleve am Niederrhein statt. Die erbitterten Kämpfe um den Klever Reichswald dauerten zwei Wochen. Über 10.000 alliierte und deutsche Soldaten fielen; auch zahlreiche Zivilisten wurden verwundet oder getötet.Die Schlacht war der Auftakt der Kämpfe, in denen bis zum 10. März 1945 auf der ganzen Länge des westlichen deutschen Rheinufers die deutschen Truppen vertrieben oder aufgerieben wurden. Am 22. Februar 1945 begann die Operation Grenade (Überquerung der Rur), am 7. März wurde die Ludendorff-Brücke bei Remagen erobert und ab dem 23. März überquerten westalliierte Truppen bei Rees, Wesel und Dinslaken den Rhein (Operation Plunder). (de) La Operación Veritable (8 al 23 de febrero de 1945) fue una operación militar del ejército aliado durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Se desarrolló en Alemania, constituyendo el elemento norte del ataque en forma de tenaza planeado por el mariscal de campo Montgomery, cuyo objetivo final era envolver el territorio entre los ríos Rin y Mosa. La operación Veritable utilizaba al 21ª Grupo del Ejército Aliado para despejar el territorio hasta el río Rin, pues el general Eisenhower había decidido que la mejor forma de entrar a Alemania era por el norte del país, rodeando la Línea Sigfrido. La Operación Veritable fue complementada por la Operación Grenade, que era la pinza sur. La Veritable era dependiente de la Grenade, iniciada dos días antes. En Grenade, el Noveno Ejército de los Estados Unidos debía avanzar 100 kilómetros al sur, cruzando el río Roer antes de su confluencia con el Mosa, luego avanzaría directamente hacia el Rin, mientras que las fuerzas anglo-canadienses harían lo mismo al norte. Seguidamente, los ejércitos aliados cruzarían el Rin siguiendo la estrategia de "frente amplio", lo que les permitiría tomar casi intacta la zona industrial del Ruhr. Luego, el resto de los ejércitos estadounidenses estacionados más al sur de la frontera franco-alemana, cruzarían el Rin, desbordando el frente por todos lados. Este plan, sugerido por el mariscal Montgomery al Comandante en Jefe de las Fuerzas Aliadas Dwight Eisenhower, no cayó bien a la mayoría de los generales estadounidenses, ya que otorgaba mayor protagonismo a las fuerzas británicas a la hora de cruzar el mítico Rin. El mariscal Montgomery entregó la carga de "Veritable" al Primer Ejército Canadiense, al mando del teniente general Harry Crerar; estas fuerzas se encontraban desplegadas al sur de Nimega. El plan de Crerar era bastante simple: atacaría por todo el frente con cinco divisiones, en su mayoría escocesas, que avanzarían hasta el Rin; una vez allí, una división de élite (43ª División Wessex) y una blindada se les unirían para mantener la línea hasta la llegada de las fuerzas del teniente general Dempsey por el norte y de los estadounidenses por el sur. Por su parte, el comandante alemán a cargo de la defensa del Reichswald (el gran cinturón de bosques a lo largo de la frontera oeste alemana) era el general , que al no contar con tropas suficientes para cubrir todo el frente, había colocado una división de montaña en la región, apoyada por tres batallones de paracaidistas. Detrás de estas fuerzas, se encontraba el XLVII Cuerpo alemán, al mando del general , que esperaría el ataque aliado para dirigirse a la región donde se intentaba romper el frente. En la noche del 7 al 8 de febrero se inició un bombardeo sobre la región, quedando casi destruidas las ciudades de Cléveris y Goch. Al terminar este ataque, se inició un ataque de artillería, que duró cinco horas y media, después de lo cual la infantería aliada empezó a avanzar. A pesar del bombardeo, la infantería avanzó lentamente, esquivando campos minados y neutralizando trincheras y puntos fuertes alemanes. Una serie de búnkeres de hormigón servía de línea defensiva para las unidades alemanas, que constaban de 10 000 hombres al mando del mayor general , lo que ponía a los defensores en completa inferioridad numérica. Si bien la llegada de los refuerzos alemanes invalidó los pronósticos canadienses, esto no significó algún cambio en el curso de la batalla, Cléveris fue tomada por tropas escocesas el 11 de febrero, dos días después de lo planeado. Para el 15 de febrero, el mayor general Igor Thomas, comandante de la 43ª División Wessex, decidió enviar sus reservas al frente, ya que el avance se había hecho lento. Los defensores alemanes no pudieron soportar más y el 22 de febrero la ciudad de Goch cayó en manos aliadas, cumpliéndose todos los objetivos de la operación. Más al sur, la Operación Grenade no terminó bien: los estadounidenses no lograron evitar que los alemanes destruyeran las presas del Roer, lo que significó que el campo de batalla de Grenade se inundara, por lo que esta operación se atrasó casi tres semanas, lo que implicó que todas las reservas de Schlemm se emplearan contra las tropas británicas. (es) Operation Veritable (also known as the Battle of the Reichswald) was the northern part of an Allied pincer movement that took place between 8 February and 11 March 1945 during the final stages of the Second World War. The operation was conducted by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, primarily consisting of the First Canadian Army under Lieutenant-General Harry Crerar and the British XXX Corps under Lieutenant-general Brian Horrocks. Veritable was the northern pincer movement and started with XXX Corps advancing through the Reichswald (German: Imperial Forest) while the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, in amphibious vehicles, cleared German positions in the flooded Rhine plain. The Allied advance proceeded more slowly than expected and at greater cost as the American southern pincer; Operation Grenade was delayed by the deliberate flooding of the Ruhr River by German forces under Alfred Schlemm, which allowed them to be concentrated against the Commonwealth advance. The fighting was hard, but the Allied advance continued. On 22 February, once clear of the Reichswald, and with the towns of Kleve and Goch in their control, the offensive was renewed as Operation Blockbuster and linked up with the U.S. Ninth Army near Geldern on 4 March after the execution of Operation Grenade. Fighting continued as the Germans sought to retain a bridgehead on the west bank of the Rhine at Wesel and evacuate as many men and as much equipment as possible. Finally, on 10 March, the German withdrawal ended and the last bridges were destroyed. (en) L'opération Veritable est une opération de la Seconde Guerre mondiale sur le front européen occidental. Elle constitue la partie nord du mouvement de prise en tenaille de l'armée allemande réalisé par le 21e groupe d'armée dirigé par le field marshal Bernard Montgomery pour libérer la région comprise entre le Rhin et de la Roer. Cette opération se déroula du 8 février au 11 mars 1945. (fr) Operatie Veritable, ook bekend als de Slag om het Reichswald, was een militaire operatie van de Britse 21e Legergroep onder leiding van veldmaarschalk Bernard Montgomery tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Het was de noordelijke helft van een tangbeweging om het gebied tussen de Roer en de Rijn te bevrijden. De operatie vond plaats tussen 8 februari en 11 maart 1945. De geallieerden verloren hierbij 23.000 manschappen. De Duitsers hadden 38.000 doden en gewonden te betreuren en er werden nog eens 52.000 Duitsers krijgsgevangen gemaakt. (nl) L'operazione Veritable (cui ci si riferisce a volte con la denominazione battaglia della Reichswald) fu la parte settentrionale di una manovra a tenaglia condotta dal 21º Gruppo d'armate britannico, al comando del generale Bernard Law Montgomery, in particolare dalla 1ª Armata canadese del generale Harry Crerar e dal XXX Corpo d'armata britannico del generale Brian Horrocks, durante l'invasione alleata della Germania. L'operazione si svolse tra l'8 febbraio e l'11 marzo 1945, con lo scopo di occupare l'area tra il fiume Reno e il fiume Mosa, presso il confine tra la Germania e i Paesi Bassi nella regione della Renania. Fu parte della strategia del generale Dwight Eisenhower, detta broad front ("ampio fronte"), il cui scopo principale era occupare la riva occidentale del Reno, prima di tentare qualsiasi attraversamento del fiume stesso ed entrare in territorio nazionale tedesco. L'operazione Veritable era stata originariamente chiamata Valediction ed pianificata per l'inizio di gennaio del 1945. L'operazione ebbe tre principali fattori di complicazione. In primo luogo, il terreno boscoso, tra il Reno e Mosa, annullò in gran parte i vantaggi anglo-canadesi in fatto di truppe e armamenti e la situazione fu aggravata dal terreno morbido e dalle inondazioni delle adiacenti pianure alluvionali per mano dei tedeschi stessi. In secondo luogo, la parte meridionale della manovra a tenaglia, affidata alla 9ª Armata statunitense, era stata rinviata poiché i tedeschi rilasciarono le acque delle dighe lungo il Reno non vi furono manovre militari finché l'acqua non cominciò a defluire. Veritable ebbe inizio quando programmato, con l'avanzata della 3ª Divisione canadese in avanguardia, a bordo di veicoli anfibi ed eliminando tutte le postazioni nemiche sulla piana inondata dal Reno. L'avanzata fu lenta e con pesanti perdite. Il ritardo consentì alle forze tedesche di concentrarsi contro quelle anglo-canadese. Il comandante tedesco, , aveva fortificato la linea Sigfrido contro l'avanzata alleata e aveva truppe d'élite fresche a sua disposizione per rafforzare la sua difesa. Il combattimento fu difficile, ma l'avanzata degli Alleati continuò, anche se costosa, in termini di vite umane e materiali, e più lentamente del previsto. Il 22 febbraio, una volta attraversata la Reichswald (dal tedesco, Foresta Imperiale) e prese Kleve e Goch, l'offensiva fu rinnovata sotto il nome di Blockbuster, che portò all'affiancamento con la 9ª Armata americana, vicino a Geldern, il 4 marzo. I tedeschi cercarono tuttavia di mantenere un testa di ponte sulla riva occidentale del Reno per evacuare più uomini e attrezzature possibile prima di distruggere i ponti, il 10 marzo. Dopo la guerra, il generale Eisenhower, Comandante Supremo Alleato, commentò "questo fu uno dei combattimenti più feroci di tutta la guerra" e "una partita amara in cui il nemico, combattendo fino all'ultimo, fu costretto ad arretrare metro dopo metro". Montgomery, il comandante dell'esercito britannico, scrisse: "Le truppe aviotrasportate nemiche hanno combattuto con un fanatismo insuperabile, in ogni momento, durante tutta la guerra" e "il volume di fuoco subìto dalle armi nemiche era il più pesante che fosse finora stato raggiunto da truppe britanniche nella campagna." (it) Операція «Верітебл» (Маас-Рейнська операція) (8 лютого — 24 березня 1945) — стратегічна військова операція військ союзників проти німецької армії з метою вторгнення в західну Німеччину і очищення території між річками Маас і Рейн та вихід до другого. У західній літературі її також називають «Рейнландська кампанія» («Rhineland Campaign»). (uk) Маас-Рейнская операция или операция «Подлинное» (англ. Operation Veritable) — стратегическая военная операция войск союзников против немецкой армии, длившаяся с 8 февраля по 24 марта 1945 года с целью вторжения в западную Германию и захвата территории между реками Маасом и Рейном и выхода к Рейну. В западной литературе её также называют «Рейнландская кампания» («Rhineland Campaign»). (ru) 真實行動(英語:Operation Veritable);亦称帝国森林之戰(德語:Schlacht im Reichswald)。是於第二次世界大戰盟軍在大舉渡河以前,萊茵河西邊掃蕩德軍的戰役,它是盟軍更大軍事行動代號「真實行動」一部份;1945年2月8日起作戰(實際是1月12日開戰延後),此戰最後一股德軍於3月10日橫渡萊茵河回防德東。 (zh)
dbo:causalties 15,634 casualties
dbo:commander dbr:Bernard_Montgomery dbr:Brian_Horrocks dbr:Alfred_Schlemm dbr:Harry_Crerar
dbo:date 1945-03-11 (xsd:date)
dbo:isPartOfMilitaryConflict dbr:Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany dbr:Western_Front_(World_War_II)
dbo:place dbr:Klever_Reichswald
dbo:result Allied victory
dbo:strength 1,400 guns 200,000 men 90,000 men 1,054 guns 35,000 vehicles 700 mortars
dbo:thumbnail wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Veritable_grenade.png?width=300
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dbp:caption Operations Veritable and Blockbuster and Grenade (en)
dbp:casualties 0001-02-08 (xsd:gMonthDay) ~44,239 casualties (en)
dbp:commander Alfred Schlemm (en) Bernard Montgomery (en) Brian Horrocks (en) Harry Crerar (en)
dbp:conflict Operation Veritable (en)
dbp:date 0001-02-08 (xsd:gMonthDay) (en)
dbp:imageSize 300 (xsd:integer)
dbp:partof the Western Allied invasion of Germany in the Western Front of the European theatre of World War II (en)
dbp:place Reichswald Forest , and adjacent areas (en)
dbp:result Allied victory (en)
dbp:strength 700 (xsd:integer) 1054 (xsd:integer) 1400 (xsd:integer) 35000 (xsd:integer) 90000 (xsd:integer) 200000 (xsd:integer)
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rdfs:comment L'opération Veritable est une opération de la Seconde Guerre mondiale sur le front européen occidental. Elle constitue la partie nord du mouvement de prise en tenaille de l'armée allemande réalisé par le 21e groupe d'armée dirigé par le field marshal Bernard Montgomery pour libérer la région comprise entre le Rhin et de la Roer. Cette opération se déroula du 8 février au 11 mars 1945. (fr) Operatie Veritable, ook bekend als de Slag om het Reichswald, was een militaire operatie van de Britse 21e Legergroep onder leiding van veldmaarschalk Bernard Montgomery tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Het was de noordelijke helft van een tangbeweging om het gebied tussen de Roer en de Rijn te bevrijden. De operatie vond plaats tussen 8 februari en 11 maart 1945. De geallieerden verloren hierbij 23.000 manschappen. De Duitsers hadden 38.000 doden en gewonden te betreuren en er werden nog eens 52.000 Duitsers krijgsgevangen gemaakt. (nl) Операція «Верітебл» (Маас-Рейнська операція) (8 лютого — 24 березня 1945) — стратегічна військова операція військ союзників проти німецької армії з метою вторгнення в західну Німеччину і очищення території між річками Маас і Рейн та вихід до другого. У західній літературі її також називають «Рейнландська кампанія» («Rhineland Campaign»). (uk) Маас-Рейнская операция или операция «Подлинное» (англ. Operation Veritable) — стратегическая военная операция войск союзников против немецкой армии, длившаяся с 8 февраля по 24 марта 1945 года с целью вторжения в западную Германию и захвата территории между реками Маасом и Рейном и выхода к Рейну. В западной литературе её также называют «Рейнландская кампания» («Rhineland Campaign»). (ru) 真實行動(英語:Operation Veritable);亦称帝国森林之戰(德語:Schlacht im Reichswald)。是於第二次世界大戰盟軍在大舉渡河以前,萊茵河西邊掃蕩德軍的戰役,它是盟軍更大軍事行動代號「真實行動」一部份;1945年2月8日起作戰(實際是1月12日開戰延後),此戰最後一股德軍於3月10日橫渡萊茵河回防德東。 (zh) Schlacht im Reichswald Teil von: Westfront, Zweiter Weltkrieg Karte der Schlacht Bedeutende Militäroperationen an der Westfront 1944–1945 1944: Overlord · Dragoon · Mons · Market Garden · Scheldemündung · Aachen · Hürtgenwald · Queen · Elsass-Lothringen · Ardennen 1945: Nordwind · Bodenplatte · Blackcock · Colmar · · Grenade · Blockbuster · Lumberjack · Undertone · Plunder · Flashpoint · Aschaffenburg · Würzburg · Ruhrkessel · Friesoythe · Nürnberg (de) La Operación Veritable (8 al 23 de febrero de 1945) fue una operación militar del ejército aliado durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Se desarrolló en Alemania, constituyendo el elemento norte del ataque en forma de tenaza planeado por el mariscal de campo Montgomery, cuyo objetivo final era envolver el territorio entre los ríos Rin y Mosa. La operación Veritable utilizaba al 21ª Grupo del Ejército Aliado para despejar el territorio hasta el río Rin, pues el general Eisenhower había decidido que la mejor forma de entrar a Alemania era por el norte del país, rodeando la Línea Sigfrido. La Operación Veritable fue complementada por la Operación Grenade, que era la pinza sur. (es) Operation Veritable (also known as the Battle of the Reichswald) was the northern part of an Allied pincer movement that took place between 8 February and 11 March 1945 during the final stages of the Second World War. The operation was conducted by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, primarily consisting of the First Canadian Army under Lieutenant-General Harry Crerar and the British XXX Corps under Lieutenant-general Brian Horrocks. (en) L'operazione Veritable (cui ci si riferisce a volte con la denominazione battaglia della Reichswald) fu la parte settentrionale di una manovra a tenaglia condotta dal 21º Gruppo d'armate britannico, al comando del generale Bernard Law Montgomery, in particolare dalla 1ª Armata canadese del generale Harry Crerar e dal XXX Corpo d'armata britannico del generale Brian Horrocks, durante l'invasione alleata della Germania. L'operazione si svolse tra l'8 febbraio e l'11 marzo 1945, con lo scopo di occupare l'area tra il fiume Reno e il fiume Mosa, presso il confine tra la Germania e i Paesi Bassi nella regione della Renania. Fu parte della strategia del generale Dwight Eisenhower, detta broad front ("ampio fronte"), il cui scopo principale era occupare la riva occidentale del Reno, prima di tent (it)
rdfs:label Schlacht im Reichswald (de) Operación Veritable (es) Opération Veritable (fr) Operazione Veritable (it) Operation Veritable (en) Operatie Veritable (nl) Маас-Рейнская операция (ru) Операція «Верітебл» (uk) 真實行動 (zh)
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