Phil Gramm (original) (raw)
- William Philip Gramm (* 8. července 1942 ) je americký ekonom a politik, který zastupoval Texas v obou komorách Kongresu. Ačkoli svou politickou kariéru začal jako Demokrat, v roce 1983 přestoupil k Republikánské straně. V roce 1996 Gramm neúspěšně kandidoval v prezidentských primárkách Republikánské strany proti pozdějšímu kandidátovi Bobu Doleovi. (cs)
- William Philip „Phil“ Gramm (* 8. Juli 1942 in Fort Benning, Georgia) ist ein amerikanischer Ökonom und Politiker, der zuerst für die Demokratische Partei (1979–1983) und dann für die Republikanische Partei (1983–1985) Abgeordneter im US-Repräsentantenhaus war. Von 1985 bis 2002 vertrat er als Republikaner den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Senat und war Vorkämpfer der Deregulierung der US-Finanzmärkte in den 1990er Jahren. Anschließend arbeitete er als Wirtschaftslobbyist, unter anderem für die Schweizer Bank UBS, und als politischer Berater für John McCains Präsidentschaftswahlkampf 2008. (de)
- William Philip Gramm (nacido el 8 de julio de 1942) es un economista y político estadounidense que representó a Texas en ambas cámaras del Congreso. Aunque comenzó su carrera política como demócrata, Gramm se cambió al Partido Republicano en 1983. En el Congreso, Gramm patrocinó importantes actos de desregulación financiera. Nacido en Fort Benning, Georgia, Gramm enseñó economía en la después de obtener un doctorado en economía de la Universidad de Georgia. Ganó las elecciones a la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos en 1978, convirtiéndose en uno de los demócratas más conservadores en el Congreso. Después de ser expulsado del Comité de Presupuesto de la Cámara, Gramm renunció al Congreso, se unió al Partido Republicano y ganó una elección especial para cubrir la vacante causada por su renuncia. Ganó las elecciones al Senado de los Estados Unidos en 1984. Gramm se convirtió en miembro del Comité Bancario del Senado en 1999 y se desempeñó como presidente hasta 2001. Fue copatrocinador de la Ley de Presupuesto Equilibrado Gramm-Rudman-Hollings de 1985, que buscaba reducir el déficit del presupuesto federal de los EE. UU. También apoyó la desregulación, auspiciando la Ley de Modernización de los Futuros de Productos Básicos de 2000 y la Ley Gramm-Leach-Bliley. Este último acto derogaba las disposiciones de la Ley Glass-Steagall, que separaba las actividades bancarias, de seguros y de corretaje. Gramm buscó la nominación presidencial en las primarias republicanas de 1996, pero se retiró después de la primera serie de primarias. Gramm se retiró del Congreso en 2002. Se convirtió en cabildero de UBS y fundó una firma de política pública y cabildeo, Gramm Partners. Fue asesor económico sénior de la campaña presidencial de John McCain en 2008. (es)
- William Philip Gramm (born July 8, 1942) is an American economist and politician who represented Texas in both chambers of Congress. Though he began his political career as a Democrat, Gramm switched to the Republican Party in 1983. Gramm was an unsuccessful candidate in the 1996 Republican Party presidential primaries against eventual nominee Bob Dole. (en)
- William Philip Gramm, né le 8 juillet 1942 à Fort Benning (Géorgie), est un homme politique américain. Il est membre du Parti démocrate (1978–1983) puis du Parti républicain (1983–1985) à la Chambre fédérale des représentants et enfin sénateur républicain du Texas (1985-2002) au Congrès des États-Unis. Dans cette dernière fonction, il a été l'un des rapporteurs du Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act Financial Services Modernization Act de 1999 mettant fin à la distinction entre banques de dépôts et banques d'investissement. (fr)
- William Philip "Phil" Gramm (Fort Benning, 8 luglio 1942) è un politico ed economista statunitense, senatore per lo stato del Texas dal 1985 al 2002 e in precedenza membro della Camera dei Rappresentanti per lo stesso stato dal 1979 al 1985. (it)
- Уильям Филип «Фил» Грэмм (англ. William Philip «Phil» Gramm; род. 8 июля 1942, Форт-Беннинг, Джорджия) — американский политик и экономист, сенатор-республиканец от штата Техас в 1985—2002 годах, лоббист интересов энергетической компании Enron. Главный экономический советник и сопредседатель президентской кампании Джона Маккейна с лета 2007 по 18 июля 2008 года. Вице-президент инвестиционного подразделения швейцарского банка UBS. (ru)
- William Philip "Phil" Gramm, född 8 juli 1942 i , Georgia, är en amerikansk nationalekonom och politiker. Han har representerat delstaten Texas i båda kamrarna av USA:s kongress, först i representanthuset 1979-1983 som demokrat, 1983-1985 som republikan och sedan i senaten 1985-2002 som republikan. Gramm utexaminerades 1961 från Georgia Military Academy (numera ). Han avlade 1967 sin doktorsexamen i nationalekonomi vid University of Georgia. Han undervisade sedan vid Texas A&M University fram till 1978. Gramm utmanade utan framgång sittande senatorn Lloyd Bentsen i demokraternas primärval inför senatsvalet 1976. Kongressledamoten Olin E. "Tiger" Teague kandiderade inte till omval i kongressvalet 1978. Gramm vann valet som demokraternas kandidat och han omvaldes 1980 och 1982. Gramm bytte parti till republikanerna i januari 1983. Han avgick som kongressledamot den 5 januari och meddelade sedan att han kandiderar i fyllnadsvalet följande månad som republikan. Han vann fyllnadsvalet och tillträdde på nytt som kongressledamot den 12 februari 1983. Senator John Tower kandiderade inte till omval i senatsvalet 1984. Gramm vann valet och efterträdde Tower som senator i januari 1985. Han omvaldes 1990 och 1996. Gramm avgick 2002 och efterträddes av John Cornyn. Gramm stödde republikanen John McCain i presidentvalet i USA 2008. Han blev 2007 ekonomisk rådgivare åt McCains kampanj. Gramm förklarade den 9 juli 2008 i en intervju att USA egentligen inte befann sig i en recession. Gramm använde uttrycket "mental recession" för att understryka att amerikanerna enligt honom hade ett attitydproblem och tenderade att gnälla. Demokraternas kandidat Barack Obama var av den åsikten att recessionen inte alls var enbart av psykologisk natur och avfärdade Gramms ståndpunkt med sin replik: "America already has one Dr. Phil. We don't need another one when it comes to the economy." McCain tog sedan avstånd från Gramm som i sin tur avgick som McCains rådgivare. (sv)
- Вільям Філіп «Філ» Гремм (англ. William Philip «Phil» Gramm; нар. 8 липня 1942, Форт Беннінг, Джорджія) — американський економіст і політик. Він представляв штат Техас в обох палатах Конгресу США, спочатку в Палаті представників з 1979 по 1983 (як демократ), з 1983 по 1985 (як республіканець), а потім у Сенаті з 1985 по 2002 (як республіканець). У 1961 році закінчив Військову академію Джорджії (нині Академія Вудворд). У 1967 здобув докторський ступінь з економіки в Університеті Джорджії. Потім він до 1978 року викладав у . (uk)
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- William Philip Gramm (* 8. července 1942 ) je americký ekonom a politik, který zastupoval Texas v obou komorách Kongresu. Ačkoli svou politickou kariéru začal jako Demokrat, v roce 1983 přestoupil k Republikánské straně. V roce 1996 Gramm neúspěšně kandidoval v prezidentských primárkách Republikánské strany proti pozdějšímu kandidátovi Bobu Doleovi. (cs)
- William Philip „Phil“ Gramm (* 8. Juli 1942 in Fort Benning, Georgia) ist ein amerikanischer Ökonom und Politiker, der zuerst für die Demokratische Partei (1979–1983) und dann für die Republikanische Partei (1983–1985) Abgeordneter im US-Repräsentantenhaus war. Von 1985 bis 2002 vertrat er als Republikaner den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Senat und war Vorkämpfer der Deregulierung der US-Finanzmärkte in den 1990er Jahren. Anschließend arbeitete er als Wirtschaftslobbyist, unter anderem für die Schweizer Bank UBS, und als politischer Berater für John McCains Präsidentschaftswahlkampf 2008. (de)
- William Philip Gramm (born July 8, 1942) is an American economist and politician who represented Texas in both chambers of Congress. Though he began his political career as a Democrat, Gramm switched to the Republican Party in 1983. Gramm was an unsuccessful candidate in the 1996 Republican Party presidential primaries against eventual nominee Bob Dole. (en)
- William Philip Gramm, né le 8 juillet 1942 à Fort Benning (Géorgie), est un homme politique américain. Il est membre du Parti démocrate (1978–1983) puis du Parti républicain (1983–1985) à la Chambre fédérale des représentants et enfin sénateur républicain du Texas (1985-2002) au Congrès des États-Unis. Dans cette dernière fonction, il a été l'un des rapporteurs du Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act Financial Services Modernization Act de 1999 mettant fin à la distinction entre banques de dépôts et banques d'investissement. (fr)
- William Philip "Phil" Gramm (Fort Benning, 8 luglio 1942) è un politico ed economista statunitense, senatore per lo stato del Texas dal 1985 al 2002 e in precedenza membro della Camera dei Rappresentanti per lo stesso stato dal 1979 al 1985. (it)
- Уильям Филип «Фил» Грэмм (англ. William Philip «Phil» Gramm; род. 8 июля 1942, Форт-Беннинг, Джорджия) — американский политик и экономист, сенатор-республиканец от штата Техас в 1985—2002 годах, лоббист интересов энергетической компании Enron. Главный экономический советник и сопредседатель президентской кампании Джона Маккейна с лета 2007 по 18 июля 2008 года. Вице-президент инвестиционного подразделения швейцарского банка UBS. (ru)
- Вільям Філіп «Філ» Гремм (англ. William Philip «Phil» Gramm; нар. 8 липня 1942, Форт Беннінг, Джорджія) — американський економіст і політик. Він представляв штат Техас в обох палатах Конгресу США, спочатку в Палаті представників з 1979 по 1983 (як демократ), з 1983 по 1985 (як республіканець), а потім у Сенаті з 1985 по 2002 (як республіканець). У 1961 році закінчив Військову академію Джорджії (нині Академія Вудворд). У 1967 здобув докторський ступінь з економіки в Університеті Джорджії. Потім він до 1978 року викладав у . (uk)
- William Philip Gramm (nacido el 8 de julio de 1942) es un economista y político estadounidense que representó a Texas en ambas cámaras del Congreso. Aunque comenzó su carrera política como demócrata, Gramm se cambió al Partido Republicano en 1983. En el Congreso, Gramm patrocinó importantes actos de desregulación financiera. (es)
- William Philip "Phil" Gramm, född 8 juli 1942 i , Georgia, är en amerikansk nationalekonom och politiker. Han har representerat delstaten Texas i båda kamrarna av USA:s kongress, först i representanthuset 1979-1983 som demokrat, 1983-1985 som republikan och sedan i senaten 1985-2002 som republikan. Gramm utexaminerades 1961 från Georgia Military Academy (numera ). Han avlade 1967 sin doktorsexamen i nationalekonomi vid University of Georgia. Han undervisade sedan vid Texas A&M University fram till 1978. (sv)
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