Presidency of George H. W. Bush (original) (raw)
- بدأت فترة ولاية جورش بوش الأب باعتباره الرئيس الحادي والأربعين للولايات المتحدة في 20 يناير من عام 1989 وانتهت في 20 يناير من عام 1993. كان بوش جمهوريًا من تكساس ونائب الرئيس لفترتين في عهد الرئيس رونالد ريغان. تولى بوش منصبه بعد فوزه على المرشح الديمقراطي مايكل دوكاكيس في الانتخابات الرئاسية لعام 1988. انتهت فترة رئاسته بعد هزيمته في الانتخابات الرئاسية لعام 1992 من قبل الديمقراطي بيل كلينتون. بوش، الرئيس الحادي والأربعين، هو والد الرئيس الثالث والأربعين جورج دبليو. بوش. قادت الشؤون الدولية رئاسة بوش الأب، التي اجتازت نهاية الحرب الباردة وعصرًا جديدًا من العلاقات بين الولايات المتحدة والاتحاد السوفيتي. بعد سقوط جدار برلين نجح بوش بالضغط من أجل إعادة توحيد ألمانيا بالتعاون مع مستشار ألمانيا الغربية هلموت كول والتغلب على تردد غورباتشوف. قاد تحالفًا دوليًا من الدول التي غزت وهزمت العراق بعد أن غزا الأخير الكويت في حرب الخليج الثانية. على نطاق أصغر، وجه بوش غزوًا عسكريًا للإطاحة بالديكتاتور في بنما. وقع بوش على اتفاق التجارة الحرة لأمريكا الشمالية الذي شكل كتلة تجارية ثلاثية تتألف من الولايات المتحدة وكندا والمكسيك. واجه بوش في الشؤون الداخلية عجزًا كبيرًا متعلقًا بالميزانية الاتحادية نما إلى ثلاثة أضعاف منذ عام 1980. بالرغم من إصراره على التعهد بعدم رفع الضرائب، وافق بوش على ميزانية مع الكونغرس الذي يسيطر عليه الديمقراطيون والذي رفع الضرائب وخفض الإنفاق. عين اثنين من قضاة المحكمة العليا هما دايفيد سوتر الذي أصبح في نهاية المطاف عضوًا في الكتلة الليبرالية في المحكمة وكلارنس توماس الذي أصبح القاضي الأكثر محافظة في عصره. في أعقاب انتصار الحلفاء في حرب الخليج الثانية، كان من المرجح على نطاق واسع أن يفوز بوش بإعادة انتخابه، ولكن كلينتون هزمه إلى حد كبير من خلال التركيز على الاقتصاد. بالرغم من هزيمته ترك بوش منصبه بنسبة استحسان لعمله وصلت إلى 56% وظل يحظى بشعبية كبيرة لدى الشعب حتى وفاته في عام 2018. ينظر المؤرخون بشكل عام إلى بوش الأب باعتباره رئيسًا سلبيًا غير نشط كان «ناجحًا في الشؤون الخارجية لكنه كان خيبة أمل في الشؤون الداخلية. صنف بوش في استطلاعات رأي المؤرخين وعلماء السياسة بشكل عام، كرئيس متوسط أو فوق المتوسط. (ar)
- George H. W. Bush's tenure as the 41st president of the United States began with his inauguration on January 20, 1989, and ended on January 20, 1993. Bush was a Republican from Texas and the incumbent vice president for two terms under president Ronald Reagan. Bush took office following a victory over Democrat nominee Michael Dukakis in the 1988 presidential election. His presidency ended following his defeat in the 1992 presidential election by Democrat Bill Clinton. Bush, the 41st president, was the father of the 43rd president, George W. Bush. International affairs drove the Bush presidency, which navigated the end of the Cold War and a new era of U.S.–Soviet relations. After the Fall of the Berlin Wall, Bush successfully pushed for the reunification of Germany in close cooperation with West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, overcoming the reluctance of Gorbachev. He also led an international coalition of countries which invaded and defeated Iraq after it invaded Kuwait in the Gulf War. On a smaller scale he directed a military invasion to overthrow a dictator in Panama. Bush signed the North American Free Trade Agreement, which created a trilateral trade bloc consisting of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. In domestic affairs, Bush faced a large federal budget deficit that had grown to threefold since 1980. Despite insisting he was pledged to not raise taxes, Bush agreed to a budget with the Democratic-controlled Congress that raised taxes and cut spending. Bush appointed two Supreme Court justices, David Souter, who eventually became a member of the Court's liberal bloc, and Clarence Thomas, who became one of the most conservative justices of his era. In the aftermath of allied victory in the Gulf War, Bush was widely considered to be likely to win re-election, but Clinton defeated Bush in large part by focusing on the economy. Despite his defeat, Bush left office with a 56 percent job approval rating, and he remained popular with the public until his death in 2018. Historians generally view Bush as a passive, hands-off president who was "successful in foreign affairs but a disappointment in domestic affairs." In polls of historians and political scientists, Bush is generally ranked as an average or above-average president. (en)
- La présidence de George H. W. Bush débuta le 20 janvier 1989, date de l'investiture de George H. W. Bush en tant que 41e président des États-Unis, et prit fin le 20 janvier 1993. Membre du Parti républicain et vice-président des États-Unis de 1981 à 1989 sous la présidence de Ronald Reagan, Bush entra en fonction après sa victoire face à son adversaire démocrate Michael Dukakis lors de l'élection présidentielle de 1988. Il fut lui-même battu quatre ans plus tard à l'élection de 1992 par le démocrate Bill Clinton, qui lui succéda à la Maison-Blanche. Son mandat fut particulièrement marqué par les affaires internationales. En effet, la chute du mur de Berlin en 1989, qui conduisit à la dissolution de l'URSS deux ans plus tard, fut un événement international majeur qui mit un terme à la guerre froide engagée depuis 1947. Bush soutint alors les efforts en faveur de la réunification de l'Allemagne. Il mena également une politique étrangère militariste en rassemblant une coalition internationale pour forcer l'Irak à évacuer le Koweït lors de la guerre du Golfe et en déployant des soldats américains au Panama. Bien que ratifié après la fin de sa présidence, Bush signa l'accord de libre-échange nord-américain qui créait une zone de libre-échange entre les États-Unis, le Canada et le Mexique. Sur le plan intérieur, Bush fut confronté au problème de l'augmentation de la dette publique, qui avait été multipliée par trois depuis 1980. Il s'engagea à réduire le déficit car il estimait que sans cela les États-Unis ne pourraient plus assurer leur rôle de puissance mondiale. Les négociations avec le Congrès furent cependant difficiles dans la mesure où les républicains étaient partisans d'une réduction des dépenses fédérales tandis que les démocrates, forts de leur majorité dans les deux chambres, plaidaient au contraire pour une hausse des taxes. Bush se résigna finalement au compromis et revint sur sa promesse de campagne de ne pas augmenter les impôts, ce qui fit chuter sa popularité. La faible reprise qui eut lieu après la récession du début des années 1990 ne permit pas à son gouvernement de redresser le budget dont le déficit continua de se creuser, ce qui accentua le ressentiment de la population au vu des augmentations d'impôts imposées. Sa gestion de la crise des Savings and loan, les caisses d'épargne américaines, fut elle aussi controversée. Avec la victoire de la coalition dirigée par les États-Unis dans la guerre du Golfe, la réélection de Bush semblait assurée. Clinton parvint toutefois à s'imposer en concentrant principalement son discours sur la situation économique. Malgré sa défaite, Bush quitta ses fonctions avec 56 % d'opinions favorables et il resta populaire auprès du public jusqu'à sa mort en 2018. D'une manière générale, les historiens considèrent son mandat comme « une réussite en politique étrangère mais une déception en politique intérieure ». Il figure généralement dans le milieu du classement des présidents américains. (fr)
- La presidenza di George H. W. Bush ha inizio il 20 gennaio del 1989 a mezzogiorno con la cerimonia d'inaugurazione e relativo insediamento del presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America, per poi terminare dopo un solo mandato il 20 gennaio del 1993. George H. W. Bush, il 41° presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America ed esponente del Partito Repubblicano (era Vicepresidente degli Stati Uniti d'America), entrò in carica a seguito della vittoria decisiva contro il candidato del Partito Democratico Michael Dukakis alle elezioni presidenziali del 1988. Quattro anni dopo, alle elezioni presidenziali del 1992, venne sconfitto dal Governatore dell'Arkansas e candidato del Partito Democratico Bill Clinton (it)
- A presidência de George H. W. Bush como 41º presidente dos Estados Unidos começou com sua posse em 20 de janeiro de 1989 e terminou em 20 de janeiro de 1993. Bush foi um republicano do Texas e vice-presidente durante dois mandatos do presidente Ronald Reagan. Bush assumiu o cargo após uma vitória esmagadora sobre o candidato democrata Michael Dukakis nas eleições presidenciais de 1988. Sua presidência terminou após sua derrota nas eleições presidenciais de 1992 para o democrata Bill Clinton. Bush, o 41º presidente, era pai do 43º presidente, George W. Bush. Os assuntos internacionais impulsionaram a presidência de Bush, que passou pelo fim da Guerra Fria e por uma nova era nas relações EUA-Soviética. Após a queda do Muro de Berlim, Bush pressionou com sucesso pela reunificação da Alemanha em estreita cooperação com o chanceler da Alemanha Ocidental, Helmut Kohl, superando a relutância de Gorbachev. Ele também liderou uma coalizão internacional de países que invadiram e derrotaram o Iraque na Guerra do Golfo. Em menor escala, ele dirigiu uma invasão militar para derrubar um ditador no Panamá. Bush assinou o Acordo de Livre Comércio da América do Norte, que criou um bloco comercial formado pelos Estados Unidos, Canadá e México. Nos assuntos internos, Bush enfrentou um grande déficit orçamentário federal que triplicou desde 1980. Apesar de insistir que se comprometeu a não aumentar os impostos, Bush concordou com um orçamento com o Congresso, controlado pelos democratas, que aumentaria os impostos e cortaria gastos. Após a vitória dos aliados na Guerra do Golfo, Bush foi amplamente considerado como provável vencedor a reeleição, mas Clinton derrotou Bush em grande parte ao se concentrar na economia. Apesar de sua derrota, Bush deixou o cargo com um índice de aprovação de 56%. Os historiadores geralmente veem Bush como um presidente que foi "bem-sucedido nas relações exteriores, mas uma decepção nas questões internas". Em pesquisas com historiadores e cientistas políticos, Bush geralmente é classificado como um presidente médio ou acima da média. (pt)
- Президентство Джорджа Герберта Вокера Буша розпочалося опівдні EST 20 січня 1989 року, коли Джордж Буш був приведений до присяги в якості 41-го президента Сполучених Штатів, і закінчилося 20 січня 1993 року. Буш республіканець, вступив на посаду після переконливої перемоги над демократом Майклом Дукакісом на президентських виборах 1988 року. Після поразки його змінив демократ Білл Клінтон, який переміг на президентських виборах 1992 року. Міжнародні справи президентства Буша, орієнтувалися на закінчення холодної війни та нову еру відносин США та Радянського Союзу. Після падіння Берлінської стіни Буш успішно наполягав на возз'єднанні Німеччини. Він також очолив міжнародну коаліцію країн, які змусили Ірак відмовитися від Кувейту, і здійснив американське військове вторгнення в Панаму. Хоча вона не була ратифікована до його президентства, Буш підписав Північноамериканську угоду про вільну торгівлю, яка створила тристоронній торговий блок, що складається з США, Канади та Мексики. У внутрішніх справах Буш зіткнувся з великим дефіцитом федерального бюджету, який зріс утричі з 1980 року. Незважаючи на те, що він зобов'язався не підвищувати податки, Буш погодився на бюджет з підконтрольним Демократам Конгресом, який збільшив податки та скоротив витрати. Буш призначив двох суддів Верховного суду, Девіда Сутера, який врешті-решт став членом ліберального блоку Суду, та Кларенса Томаса, який став одним із найконсервативніших суддів своєї епохи. Після перемоги США у війні в Перській затоці Буша вважали вірогідним переможцем у переобранні, але Клінтон значною мірою переміг Буша, зосередившись на економіці. Незважаючи на свою поразку, Буш пішов з посади з 56-відсотковим рейтингом затвердження роботи, і він залишався популярним серед громадськості до смерті в 2018 році. Історики, як правило, розглядають Буша як пасивного, відданого президента, який був «успішним у закордонних справах, але розчаруванням у внутрішніх справах». За опитуваннями істориків та політологів Буш в загальному оцінюється як середній президент. (uk)
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- بدأت فترة ولاية جورش بوش الأب باعتباره الرئيس الحادي والأربعين للولايات المتحدة في 20 يناير من عام 1989 وانتهت في 20 يناير من عام 1993. كان بوش جمهوريًا من تكساس ونائب الرئيس لفترتين في عهد الرئيس رونالد ريغان. تولى بوش منصبه بعد فوزه على المرشح الديمقراطي مايكل دوكاكيس في الانتخابات الرئاسية لعام 1988. انتهت فترة رئاسته بعد هزيمته في الانتخابات الرئاسية لعام 1992 من قبل الديمقراطي بيل كلينتون. بوش، الرئيس الحادي والأربعين، هو والد الرئيس الثالث والأربعين جورج دبليو. بوش. (ar)
- George H. W. Bush's tenure as the 41st president of the United States began with his inauguration on January 20, 1989, and ended on January 20, 1993. Bush was a Republican from Texas and the incumbent vice president for two terms under president Ronald Reagan. Bush took office following a victory over Democrat nominee Michael Dukakis in the 1988 presidential election. His presidency ended following his defeat in the 1992 presidential election by Democrat Bill Clinton. Bush, the 41st president, was the father of the 43rd president, George W. Bush. (en)
- La presidenza di George H. W. Bush ha inizio il 20 gennaio del 1989 a mezzogiorno con la cerimonia d'inaugurazione e relativo insediamento del presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America, per poi terminare dopo un solo mandato il 20 gennaio del 1993. George H. W. Bush, il 41° presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America ed esponente del Partito Repubblicano (era Vicepresidente degli Stati Uniti d'America), entrò in carica a seguito della vittoria decisiva contro il candidato del Partito Democratico Michael Dukakis alle elezioni presidenziali del 1988. (it)
- La présidence de George H. W. Bush débuta le 20 janvier 1989, date de l'investiture de George H. W. Bush en tant que 41e président des États-Unis, et prit fin le 20 janvier 1993. Membre du Parti républicain et vice-président des États-Unis de 1981 à 1989 sous la présidence de Ronald Reagan, Bush entra en fonction après sa victoire face à son adversaire démocrate Michael Dukakis lors de l'élection présidentielle de 1988. Il fut lui-même battu quatre ans plus tard à l'élection de 1992 par le démocrate Bill Clinton, qui lui succéda à la Maison-Blanche. (fr)
- A presidência de George H. W. Bush como 41º presidente dos Estados Unidos começou com sua posse em 20 de janeiro de 1989 e terminou em 20 de janeiro de 1993. Bush foi um republicano do Texas e vice-presidente durante dois mandatos do presidente Ronald Reagan. Bush assumiu o cargo após uma vitória esmagadora sobre o candidato democrata Michael Dukakis nas eleições presidenciais de 1988. Sua presidência terminou após sua derrota nas eleições presidenciais de 1992 para o democrata Bill Clinton. Bush, o 41º presidente, era pai do 43º presidente, George W. Bush. (pt)
- Президентство Джорджа Герберта Вокера Буша розпочалося опівдні EST 20 січня 1989 року, коли Джордж Буш був приведений до присяги в якості 41-го президента Сполучених Штатів, і закінчилося 20 січня 1993 року. Буш республіканець, вступив на посаду після переконливої перемоги над демократом Майклом Дукакісом на президентських виборах 1988 року. Після поразки його змінив демократ Білл Клінтон, який переміг на президентських виборах 1992 року. (uk)
- Presidency of George H. W. Bush (en)
- رئاسة جورج إتش. دبليو. بوش (ar)
- Présidence de George H. W. Bush (fr)
- Presidenza di George H. W. Bush (it)
- Presidência de George H. W. Bush (pt)
- Президентство Джорджа Герберта Вокера Буша (uk)
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