Pollard script (original) (raw)
Die Pollard-Schrift ist eine Abugida, die von dem britischen Missionar (1864–1915) zur Benutzung in den Sprachen der Miao, insbesondere A-Hmao, erfunden wurde. Sie wurde 1905 erstellt und bis 1936 reformiert.
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| dbo:abstract | Die Pollard-Schrift ist eine Abugida, die von dem britischen Missionar (1864–1915) zur Benutzung in den Sprachen der Miao, insbesondere A-Hmao, erfunden wurde. Sie wurde 1905 erstellt und bis 1936 reformiert. (de) L’écriture miao, aussi appelée écriture Pollard, est un alphasyllabaire créé au XXe siècle et développée de 1904 à 1936 par le missionnaire méthodiste Samuel Pollard avec les Miaos Wang Mingji, John Zhang (張約翰), James Yang (楊雅各), et le Han Stephen Lee (李司提反), inspirée de l’alphasyllabaire cree et empruntant certains symboles à d’autres écritures comme l’alphabet latin. Elle est utilisée pour l’écriture de plusieurs langues hmong comme l’a hmao, le ou de plusieurs comme l’, le , le lipo, le . (fr) The Pollard script, also known as Pollard Miao (Chinese: 柏格理苗文 Bó Gélǐ Miao-wen) or Miao, is an abugida loosely based on the Latin alphabet and invented by Methodist missionary Sam Pollard. Pollard invented the script for use with A-Hmao, one of several Miao languages spoken in southeast Asia. The script underwent a series of revisions until 1936, when a translation of the New Testament was published using it. The introduction of Christian materials in the script that Pollard invented caused a great impact among the Miao. Part of the reason was that they had a legend about how their ancestors had possessed a script but lost it. According to the legend, the script would be brought back some day. When the script was introduced, many Miao came from far away to see and learn it. Pollard credited the basic idea of the script to the Cree syllabics designed by James Evans in 1838–1841, “While working out the problem, we remembered the case of the syllabics used by a Methodist missionary among the Indians of North America, and resolved to do as he had done”. He also gave credit to a Chinese pastor, “Stephen Lee assisted me very ably in this matter, and at last we arrived at a system”. Changing politics in China led to the use of several competing scripts, most of which were romanizations. The Pollard script remains popular among Hmong in China, although Hmong outside China tend to use one of the alternative scripts. A revision of the script was completed in 1988, which remains in use. As with most other abugidas, the Pollard letters represent consonants, whereas vowels are indicated by diacritics. Uniquely, however, the position of this diacritic is varied to represent tone. For example, in Western Hmong, placing the vowel diacritic above the consonant letter indicates that the syllable has a high tone, whereas placing it at the bottom right indicates a low tone. (en) ポラード文字は、ミャオ語の一種である A-Hmao（大花苗）の言語（現代中国式の呼び方では苗語西部方言のうちの「滇東北次方言」）を表記するために作られた文字体系である。20世紀はじめにメソジストの宣教師によって発明され、数回にわたって改訂された。1936年にポラード文字で書かれた新約聖書の翻訳が出版されて、このときに正書法が定まった。 左から右へ書かれ、母音はダイアクリティカルマークとして子音に付属して小さく書かれる。 (ja) Pismo Pollarda, Pollard Miao – alfabet wykazujący pewne cechy abugidy, opracowany w 1905 przez brytyjskiego misjonarza Sama Pollarda dla zapisu a-hmao, jednego z dialektów języka hmong, używanego w południowych Chinach. Ustabilizowaną formę osiągnął on dopiero w roku 1936, gdy opublikowano w nim fragmenty Biblii. W 1988 roku wprowadzono dodatkowe poprawki, ze względu na fakt, że starsza wersja nie w pełni oddawała fonetykę języka hmong. W tej wersji alfabet ten pozostaje nadal w użyciu na terenie Chin. Hmongowie zamieszkujący inne kraje posługują się innymi systemami pisma. (pl) A escrita Pollard, também chamada Pollard Miao (Chinês: 柏格理苗文 Bó Gélǐ Miao-wen) ou Miao,é um abugida livremente baseado no alfabeto latino que foi criado pelo missionário igreja metodista Sam Pollard. Pollard criou a escrita para uso na língua A-Hmao, uma das muitas . A escrita sofreu muitas revisões até 936, quando uma tradução do Novo Testamento foi publicada usando o idioma. A introdução de materiais cristãos com a escrita que Pollard inventou causou um grande impacto entre o povo Miao. Parte da razão era que havia uma lenda sobre como seus antepassados possuírem uma escrita, mas a perderam. De acordo com essa lenda a escrita seria trazida de volta um dia. Quando a mesma foi introduzida, muitos Miao vieram de longe para ver e aprender.Pollard creditou a ideia básica do escrita no silabário Cree projetado por em 1838-1841, "Ao resolver o problema, lembramos o caso dos silabários usados por um missionário metodista entre os índios da América do Norte, e resolveu fazer o que tinha feito ". Ele também deu crédito a um pastor chinês: "Stephen Lee me ajudou muito bem neste assunto, e finalmente chegamos a um sistema". Ao listar as frases que ele usou para descrever a elaboração do escrita, há uma indicação clara do trabalho intelectual: "nós olhamos sobre", "resolvemos tentar", "adaptando o sistema", "solucionamos nosso problema". A mudança da política na China levou ao uso de várias escritas concorrentes, a maioria das quais romanizadas. A Pollard permanece popular entre os na China, embora os Hmong fora da China tenham usado uma das escritas alternativas. Uma revisão da escrita foi concluída em 1988, essa permanece em uso. Tal como acontece com a maioria dos outros , as letras Pollard representam consoantes, enquanto que vogais são indicadas por diacríticos. Apenas, no entanto, a posição desses diacríticos é variada para representar tons. Por exemplo, no Hmong ocidental, colocar o diacrítico da vogal acima da letra consoante indica que a sílaba tem um tom alto, ao passo que colocá-la no canto inferior direito indica um tom baixo. As línguas que usam a escrita Pollard são A-Hmao, Lipo, Szechuan (do grupo Miao), (pt) Письмо Полларда — основанная на латинице абугида, созданная методистским миссионером для записи языка мяо. (ru) 柏格理苗文，又称为滇东北老苗文、石门坎苗文、框式苗文，是由英国传教士柏格理发明的拼音文字，以记录苗语滇东北次方言。 (zh) |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Manuscripts_in_the_Yu...ities_Museum_-_DSC03941.jpg?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://phjamr.github.io/miao.html%7Ctitle=Miao http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile%3Ffk_files=95137&pageno=73 https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=iI0pAQAAIAAJ https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16F00.pdf http://www.omniglot.com/writing/pollardmiao.htm |
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| dbo:wikiPageWikiLink | dbr:Sam_Pollard_(missionary) dbr:Missionary dbr:Hmong_people dbr:Unicode dbr:Vowel dbr:Consonant dbr:Cree_syllabics dbr:Nasu_language dbr:Yunnan dbr:A-Hmao_language dbr:Tone_(linguistics) dbr:Lipo_language dbr:Abugida dbr:James_Evans_(linguist) dbr:Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum dbc:Abugida_writing_systems dbr:China dbr:Diacritic dbr:Southeast_Asia dbr:Kunming dbr:Methodism dbr:Miao_people dbr:New_Testament dbr:Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics dbr:Romanization dbc:Writing_systems_introduced_in_1936 dbr:Miao_languages |
| dbp:caption | Miao book in Pollard script, in the Yunnan Nationalities Museum, Kunming, Yunnan, China. (en) |
| dbp:creator | dbr:Sam_Pollard_(missionary) |
| dbp:fam | dbr:Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics |
| dbp:iso | Plrd (en) |
| dbp:languages | A-Hmao, Lipo, Szechuan Miao, Nasu (en) |
| dbp:name | Pollard (en) (Pollard Miao) (en) |
| dbp:sample | Manuscripts in the Yunnan Nationalities Museum - DSC03941.JPG (en) |
| dbp:time | ca. 1936 to the present (en) |
| dbp:type | dbr:Abugida |
| dbp:unicode | https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16F00.pdf |
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| dct:subject | dbc:Abugida_writing_systems dbc:Writing_systems_introduced_in_1936 |
| gold:hypernym | dbr:Abugida |
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| rdfs:comment | Die Pollard-Schrift ist eine Abugida, die von dem britischen Missionar (1864–1915) zur Benutzung in den Sprachen der Miao, insbesondere A-Hmao, erfunden wurde. Sie wurde 1905 erstellt und bis 1936 reformiert. (de) L’écriture miao, aussi appelée écriture Pollard, est un alphasyllabaire créé au XXe siècle et développée de 1904 à 1936 par le missionnaire méthodiste Samuel Pollard avec les Miaos Wang Mingji, John Zhang (張約翰), James Yang (楊雅各), et le Han Stephen Lee (李司提反), inspirée de l’alphasyllabaire cree et empruntant certains symboles à d’autres écritures comme l’alphabet latin. Elle est utilisée pour l’écriture de plusieurs langues hmong comme l’a hmao, le ou de plusieurs comme l’, le , le lipo, le . (fr) ポラード文字は、ミャオ語の一種である A-Hmao（大花苗）の言語（現代中国式の呼び方では苗語西部方言のうちの「滇東北次方言」）を表記するために作られた文字体系である。20世紀はじめにメソジストの宣教師によって発明され、数回にわたって改訂された。1936年にポラード文字で書かれた新約聖書の翻訳が出版されて、このときに正書法が定まった。 左から右へ書かれ、母音はダイアクリティカルマークとして子音に付属して小さく書かれる。 (ja) Pismo Pollarda, Pollard Miao – alfabet wykazujący pewne cechy abugidy, opracowany w 1905 przez brytyjskiego misjonarza Sama Pollarda dla zapisu a-hmao, jednego z dialektów języka hmong, używanego w południowych Chinach. Ustabilizowaną formę osiągnął on dopiero w roku 1936, gdy opublikowano w nim fragmenty Biblii. W 1988 roku wprowadzono dodatkowe poprawki, ze względu na fakt, że starsza wersja nie w pełni oddawała fonetykę języka hmong. W tej wersji alfabet ten pozostaje nadal w użyciu na terenie Chin. Hmongowie zamieszkujący inne kraje posługują się innymi systemami pisma. (pl) Письмо Полларда — основанная на латинице абугида, созданная методистским миссионером для записи языка мяо. (ru) 柏格理苗文，又称为滇东北老苗文、石门坎苗文、框式苗文，是由英国传教士柏格理发明的拼音文字，以记录苗语滇东北次方言。 (zh) The Pollard script, also known as Pollard Miao (Chinese: 柏格理苗文 Bó Gélǐ Miao-wen) or Miao, is an abugida loosely based on the Latin alphabet and invented by Methodist missionary Sam Pollard. Pollard invented the script for use with A-Hmao, one of several Miao languages spoken in southeast Asia. The script underwent a series of revisions until 1936, when a translation of the New Testament was published using it. The introduction of Christian materials in the script that Pollard invented caused a great impact among the Miao. Part of the reason was that they had a legend about how their ancestors had possessed a script but lost it. According to the legend, the script would be brought back some day. When the script was introduced, many Miao came from far away to see and learn it. (en) A escrita Pollard, também chamada Pollard Miao (Chinês: 柏格理苗文 Bó Gélǐ Miao-wen) ou Miao,é um abugida livremente baseado no alfabeto latino que foi criado pelo missionário igreja metodista Sam Pollard. Pollard criou a escrita para uso na língua A-Hmao, uma das muitas . A escrita sofreu muitas revisões até 936, quando uma tradução do Novo Testamento foi publicada usando o idioma. A introdução de materiais cristãos com a escrita que Pollard inventou causou um grande impacto entre o povo Miao. Parte da razão era que havia uma lenda sobre como seus antepassados possuírem uma escrita, mas a perderam. De acordo com essa lenda a escrita seria trazida de volta um dia. Quando a mesma foi introduzida, muitos Miao vieram de longe para ver e aprender.Pollard creditou a ideia básica do escrita no silabá (pt) |
| rdfs:label | Pollard-Schrift (de) Écriture miao (fr) ポラード文字 (ja) Pollard script (en) Alfabet Pollarda (pl) Escrita Pollard (pt) Письмо Полларда (ru) 柏格理苗文 (zh) |
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