Post-nominal letters (original) (raw)

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ポスト・ノミナル・レターズ(post-nominal letters)は名前の後に置かれ、個人が保持する地位、学位、資格、任務、軍事褒章や栄典、または修道会やフラタニティもしくはソロリティへの所属等を示す文字列であり、日本語における「肩書き」に相当する。ポスト・ノミナル・イニシャルズ(post-nominal initials)、ポスト・ノミナル・タイトルズ(post-nominal titles)、ディシネイトリー・レターズ(designatory letters)ともいう。 ポスト・ノミナル・レターズは複数列挙して用いることができるが、一部の地域では一つまたは少数のみ用いる慣例となっている場合もある。ポスト・ノミナル・レターズの順序は、勲章の序列や分類等に基づいて決められる。ポスト・ノミナル・レターズは名前に後置するサフィックス(英語版)の一つであり、類似のものに名前に前置するがある。

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dbo:abstract Post-nominal letters (postnominální písmena) jsou písmena, která jsou umísťována za jméno osoby tak, aby se dalo poznat, že tato osoba má nějakou pozici, titul, akreditaci, či jiné. Každý člověk může používat několik různých post-nominal letters. Jejich pořadí závisí na pořadí jejich důležitosti. Post-nominal letters jsou jedním z hlavních typů . Post-nominal letters se používají hlavně v zemích Spojeného království a v zemích Společenského království. Příklady užití postnominalních písmen: * Řádu britského impéria může používat Post-nominal letters KBE. * Člen American Institute of Architects může používat Post-nominal letters FAIA. * Doktor může používat Post-nominal letters PhD (nebo DPhil). * Absolventi univerzit si mohou přidat postnominalní písmena univerzit na kterých studovali. Například absolvent Open University může použít písmena (Open), absolvent University of Cambridge Cantab. a absolvent University of Oxford Oxon.; všechny jsou většinou používány za titulem, který osoba na univerzitě dosáhla - např.: John Smith BA (Cantab), nebo Peter Pan BSc (Open). (cs) Post-nominal letters, also called post-nominal initials, post-nominal titles, designatory letters or simply post-nominals, are letters placed after a person's name to indicate that the individual holds a position, academic degree, accreditation, office, military decoration, or honour, or is a member of a religious institute or fraternity. An individual may use several different sets of post-nominal letters, but in some contexts it may be customary to limit the number of sets to one or just a few. The order in which post-nominals are listed after a name is based on rules of precedence and what is appropriate for a given situation. Post-nominal letters are one of the main types of name suffix. In contrast, pre-nominal letters precede the name rather than following it, such as addressing a physician or professor as "Dr. Smith". (en) Les lettres post-nominales, aussi appelées initiales post-nominales ou titres post-nominaux, sont des lettres placées après le nom d'une personne, indiquant que l'individu en question détient une position spécifique, un diplôme académique, une accréditation ou un honneur particulier. Un même individu peut posséder plusieurs groupes de lettres post-nominales, dont l'ordre est déterminé par l'ordre de préséance et le type d'honneur qu'il détient. Les lettres post-nominales sont surtout utilisées en anglais, bien que certaines autres langues les utilisent. Quelques exemples : * un chevalier commandeur de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique est autorisé à utiliser les lettres KBE ; * un sportif ayant participé aux Jeux Olympiques peut utiliser « OLY » ; * un membre de l'American Institute of Architects est autorisé à utiliser les lettres FAIA ; * un docteur en philosophie est autorisé à utiliser les lettres PhD (ou DPhil) ; * un frère franciscain (Ordre des frères mineurs) est autorisé à utiliser les lettres OFM et un jésuite (Compagnie de Jésus) les lettres SJ ; * les diplômés d'universités peuvent ajouter les lettres post-nominales pour indiquer à quelle Université ils ont étudié. Par exemple, un diplômé de l'université de Cambridge peut utiliser Cantab. ; un diplômé d'Oxford peut ajouter Oxon.. Ces noms d'universités sont ajoutés après le type de diplôme : John Smith BA (Cantab) ; * un aide de camp de la suzeraine, au Royaume-Uni, est autorisé à utiliser les lettres ADC. Au Canada, le gouverneur Roland Michener a autorisé les aides de camp à utiliser les lettres A de C. (fr) ポスト・ノミナル・レターズ(post-nominal letters)は名前の後に置かれ、個人が保持する地位、学位、資格、任務、軍事褒章や栄典、または修道会やフラタニティもしくはソロリティへの所属等を示す文字列であり、日本語における「肩書き」に相当する。ポスト・ノミナル・イニシャルズ(post-nominal initials)、ポスト・ノミナル・タイトルズ(post-nominal titles)、ディシネイトリー・レターズ(designatory letters)ともいう。 ポスト・ノミナル・レターズは複数列挙して用いることができるが、一部の地域では一つまたは少数のみ用いる慣例となっている場合もある。ポスト・ノミナル・レターズの順序は、勲章の序列や分類等に基づいて決められる。ポスト・ノミナル・レターズは名前に後置するサフィックス(英語版)の一つであり、類似のものに名前に前置するがある。 (ja) Le lettere post-nominali (in inglese post-nominal letters), anche chiamate iniziali post-nominali, titoli post-nominali o lettere designatorie (in inglese designatory letters), sono lettere utilizzate nei paesi anglofoni, che, poste dopo il nome di una persona, servono ad indicare che quell'individuo possiede una decorazione militare, un titolo accademico, una certificazione, un'onorificenza o è membro di un'istituzione religiosa. Un individuo può utilizzare anche diversi gruppi di lettere post-nominali. L'ordine con cui si elencano dopo il nome i gruppi di lettere post-nominali è basato sull'ordine di precedenza e sulla categoria della precedenza. Le lettere post-nominali sono uno dei principali tipi di suffissi nominali utilizzati nei paesi anglofoni. (it) In het Verenigd Koninkrijk, en op mindere mate in de Verenigde Staten, is het gebruik van postnominale letters, letterlijk letters die achter de naam worden gedragen, gebruikelijk. De traditie heeft zich over de hele wereld verspreid en is nu ook tot Nederland en België doorgedrongen. De eerste letters die achter een naam werden gevoerd waren aanduidingen sociale status, van academische titels, het lidmaatschap van geleerde of charitatieve gezelschappen en letters die aan de ridderorden en onderscheidingen zijn verbonden. Ook leden van religieuze orden dragen postnominale letters achter hun naam en zijn daardoor als ordeleden en -priesters herkenbaar. In Nederland is het gebruik, buiten de katholieke kerk, slechts langzaam doorgedrongen. Eerst was er alleen het informele gebruik van de postnominale letters RMWO voor Ridders in de Militaire Willems-Orde. Nederland heeft nooit postnominale letters voor dragers van onderscheidingen ingevoerd. Later begonnen accountants naar Amerikaans en Brits voorbeeld de letters RA of R.A. achter hun naam te plaatsen. Een hervorming van de academische titels zorgde voor het officieel invoeren van door de wet beschermde postnominale letters die de oude titel van Doctorandus of Drs. (vóór de voornaam geplaatst) vervingen. Het onbevoegd gebruiken van deze letters is strafbaar. Het wordt steeds gebruikelijker om de ooit algemeen gebruikte punten in de afkortingen weg te laten. Voorbeelden: Maatschappelijke status * Bt. of Bart. voor een Britse Baronet * voor een heer van aanzien. (losjes gebruikt maar in feite streng beperkt door de etiquette van het Britse Hof.Religieuze orden * OFM voor franciscanen * SJ voor jezuïetenRidderorden * KG voor Ridders van de KousenbandOnderscheidingen * VC voor de dragers van het Victoria CrossGeleerde of besloten gezelschappen * FRS voor Fellows of the Royal Society * RA voor leden van de Royal Academy of ArtsBeschermde beroepen * RA ( eigenlijk R.A.) voor een registeraccountantAcademische graden in Nederland * BA Bachelor of Arts (Baccalaureus Artium) * BBA Bachelor of Business Administration * BSc Bachelor of Science (Baccalaureus Scientiae) * LLB Bachelor of Laws (Legum Baccalaureus) * LLM Master of Laws (Legum Magister) * MA Master of Arts (Magister Artium) * MBA Master of Business Administration * MPhil Master of Philosophy (Magister Philosophiae) * MSc Master of Science (Magister Scientiae) * MD Doctor of Medicine (Medicinae Doctor) * PDEng Professional Doctorate in Engineering * PhD Doctor of Philosophy (Philosophiae Doctor) Het Verenigd Koninkrijk kent ook de DD, een Doctor of Divinity (Divinitatis Doctor). (nl) Post-nominal letters – kilkuliterowe skróty dopisywane po nazwisku w Wielkiej Brytanii oraz kilkunastu krajach z tradycjami Imperium Brytyjskiego. Używane są w sytuacjach oficjalnych, a także w życiu zawodowym i naukowym. Przekazują informację o odznaczeniach państwowych, jakimi została uhonorowana dana osoba. W Wielkiej Brytanii ich zastosowanie jest szersze – oprócz odznaczeń mogą one informować o posiadanym wykształceniu, stopniach naukowych, tytułach i uprawnieniach zawodowych, funkcjach politycznych, a nawet o przynależności do niektórych stowarzyszeń. Porównywalnymi skrótami występującymi na co dzień w języku polskim są oznaczenia przynależności zakonnej, dopisywane po nazwiskach przez część osób duchownych. (pl) 勳銜(英文:Post-nominal letters),是在缀于一个人姓名后的字母,作用為顯示某人所加入的机构、所担任的、所取得的学历、或者是荣誉。這也是最常见的。如果某人姓名后有多个勳銜,这些勳銜将会按照高低与类别來排列。 (zh)
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rdfs:comment ポスト・ノミナル・レターズ(post-nominal letters)は名前の後に置かれ、個人が保持する地位、学位、資格、任務、軍事褒章や栄典、または修道会やフラタニティもしくはソロリティへの所属等を示す文字列であり、日本語における「肩書き」に相当する。ポスト・ノミナル・イニシャルズ(post-nominal initials)、ポスト・ノミナル・タイトルズ(post-nominal titles)、ディシネイトリー・レターズ(designatory letters)ともいう。 ポスト・ノミナル・レターズは複数列挙して用いることができるが、一部の地域では一つまたは少数のみ用いる慣例となっている場合もある。ポスト・ノミナル・レターズの順序は、勲章の序列や分類等に基づいて決められる。ポスト・ノミナル・レターズは名前に後置するサフィックス(英語版)の一つであり、類似のものに名前に前置するがある。 (ja) 勳銜(英文:Post-nominal letters),是在缀于一个人姓名后的字母,作用為顯示某人所加入的机构、所担任的、所取得的学历、或者是荣誉。這也是最常见的。如果某人姓名后有多个勳銜,这些勳銜将会按照高低与类别來排列。 (zh) Post-nominal letters (postnominální písmena) jsou písmena, která jsou umísťována za jméno osoby tak, aby se dalo poznat, že tato osoba má nějakou pozici, titul, akreditaci, či jiné. Každý člověk může používat několik různých post-nominal letters. Jejich pořadí závisí na pořadí jejich důležitosti. Post-nominal letters jsou jedním z hlavních typů . Post-nominal letters se používají hlavně v zemích Spojeného království a v zemích Společenského království. Příklady užití postnominalních písmen: (cs) Post-nominal letters, also called post-nominal initials, post-nominal titles, designatory letters or simply post-nominals, are letters placed after a person's name to indicate that the individual holds a position, academic degree, accreditation, office, military decoration, or honour, or is a member of a religious institute or fraternity. An individual may use several different sets of post-nominal letters, but in some contexts it may be customary to limit the number of sets to one or just a few. The order in which post-nominals are listed after a name is based on rules of precedence and what is appropriate for a given situation. Post-nominal letters are one of the main types of name suffix. In contrast, pre-nominal letters precede the name rather than following it, such as addressing a ph (en) Les lettres post-nominales, aussi appelées initiales post-nominales ou titres post-nominaux, sont des lettres placées après le nom d'une personne, indiquant que l'individu en question détient une position spécifique, un diplôme académique, une accréditation ou un honneur particulier. Un même individu peut posséder plusieurs groupes de lettres post-nominales, dont l'ordre est déterminé par l'ordre de préséance et le type d'honneur qu'il détient. Les lettres post-nominales sont surtout utilisées en anglais, bien que certaines autres langues les utilisent. Quelques exemples : (fr) Le lettere post-nominali (in inglese post-nominal letters), anche chiamate iniziali post-nominali, titoli post-nominali o lettere designatorie (in inglese designatory letters), sono lettere utilizzate nei paesi anglofoni, che, poste dopo il nome di una persona, servono ad indicare che quell'individuo possiede una decorazione militare, un titolo accademico, una certificazione, un'onorificenza o è membro di un'istituzione religiosa. Le lettere post-nominali sono uno dei principali tipi di suffissi nominali utilizzati nei paesi anglofoni. (it) In het Verenigd Koninkrijk, en op mindere mate in de Verenigde Staten, is het gebruik van postnominale letters, letterlijk letters die achter de naam worden gedragen, gebruikelijk. De traditie heeft zich over de hele wereld verspreid en is nu ook tot Nederland en België doorgedrongen. Een hervorming van de academische titels zorgde voor het officieel invoeren van door de wet beschermde postnominale letters die de oude titel van Doctorandus of Drs. (vóór de voornaam geplaatst) vervingen. Het onbevoegd gebruiken van deze letters is strafbaar. Voorbeelden: (nl) Post-nominal letters – kilkuliterowe skróty dopisywane po nazwisku w Wielkiej Brytanii oraz kilkunastu krajach z tradycjami Imperium Brytyjskiego. Używane są w sytuacjach oficjalnych, a także w życiu zawodowym i naukowym. Przekazują informację o odznaczeniach państwowych, jakimi została uhonorowana dana osoba. W Wielkiej Brytanii ich zastosowanie jest szersze – oprócz odznaczeń mogą one informować o posiadanym wykształceniu, stopniach naukowych, tytułach i uprawnieniach zawodowych, funkcjach politycznych, a nawet o przynależności do niektórych stowarzyszeń. (pl)
rdfs:label Post-nominal letters (en) Post-nominal letters (cs) Lettres post-nominales (fr) Lettere post-nominali (it) ポスト・ノミナル・レターズ (ja) Postnominale letters (nl) Post-nominal letters (pl) 勳銜 (zh)
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