Kindergarten (original) (raw)

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Mateřská škola ve státech střední Evropy znamená předškolní zařízení pro děti od 3 do 7 let. V mnoha jiných zemích se nazývá „kindergarten“ (z němčiny – „zahrada pro děti“) a označuje první stupeň vzdělání pro děti ve třídě (nultá úroveň ISCED). Tedy termín mateřská škola v některých zemích označuje součást formálního školního systému, zatímco v jiných zemích může znamenat předškolní zařízení nebo opatrovatelskou péči. Název se někdy neoficiálně, hovorově nahrazuje pojmem mateřská školka nebo jen školka, případně mateřinka.

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dbo:abstract الروضة أو رياض الأطفال أو الحضانة (بالألمانية: Kindergarten) مؤسسة تعليمية للأطفال قبل دخولهم المدرسة. وقد وُضع هذا المصطلح من قبل العالم الألماني فريدريك فروبل، حيث أطلقه على مؤسسة اللعب والنشاطات التي أنشأها في عام 1837 م في «بادبلانكنبيرج» كتجربة اجتماعية للأطفال لانتقالهم من المنزل للمدرسة. وقصد فروبل بذلك أنه يجب العناية بالأطفال وتغذيتهم في (حدائق الأطفال) مثل النباتات في الحديقة. يختلف عمر الالتحاق بالروضة باختلاف البلدان ففي أغلب الدول يطبق هذا النظام للأطفال ما دون سن السادسة وتحديدا بين عمر 3-5 سنوات. يرتكز هذا النظام على امرين، الأول تعريف الطفل بمجتمع أوسع من الذي تعود عليه وإكسابه مهارات الاختلاط والثاني هو تعليم الطفل من خلال اللعب. استخدم مصطلح رياض الأطفال حول العالم لوصف أنواع عديدة مختلفة من المؤسسات التي طورت للأطفال الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين عمر سنتين إلى سبع سنوات بحسب اهتمام الدولة. وقد أطلقت مسميات مختلفة حول العالم على العديد من الأنشطة التي طورها فروبل. فقد صار الغناء وزراعة النبات جزءاً لا يتجزأ من التعلم مدى الحياة. وأصبح اللعب والنشاطات والخبرات والتفاعل المجتمعي الآن أدوات مقبولة وأساسية لتطوير المهارات والمعرفة.تعد رياض الأطفال في أغلب دول العالم جزءاً من نظام ما قبل المدرسة لتعليم الطفولة المبكرة. في الولايات المتحدة وكندا الناطقة بالإنجليزية، وكذلك في أجزاء من أستراليا، مثل نيو ساوث ويلز وتسمانيا وإقليم العاصمة الأسترالية يقتصر استخدام كلمة الروضة في كثيرٍ من الأحيان على وصف السنة الأولى من التعليم في المدارس الابتدائية. ومن الإلزامي في بعض هذه البلدان، أن يرسل الوالدان أطفالهما إلى رياض الأطفال (عموما عند سن الخامسة في 1 سبتمبر من العام الدراسي الحالي).تقدم الروضة في الولايات المتحدة وكذا في العديد من الدول على نطاق واسع سنة مجانية للأطفال من خمس إلىست سنوات من العمر، ولكن لا تجعلها إلزامية، في حين أن ولايات أخرى تطلب من كل طفل بلغ خمس سنوات من العمر التسجيل. تستخدم الحضانة أو أقل منها في أغلب الأحيان، مصطلح «ما قبل الروضة» (الحضانة سابقا) للإشارة إلى مدرسة الأطفال الذين لم يصلوا إلى السن الكافي لحضور رياض الأطفال. وأيضا في بعض مقاطعات المدارس الأميركية تزود الروضةُ الأطفالَ بنصف يوم أو يوم كامل حسب اختيار الوالدين.في بريطانيا، الحضانة أو اللعب الجماعي هو اللفظ المعتاد للتعليم ما قبل المدرسة، ونادراً ما يستخدم لفظ رياض الأطفال، إلا في سياق نهج خاص في التعليم، مثل التعليم والدورف شتاينر، (الفلسفة التربوية التي أسسها رودولف شتاينر). تأثيرات محتمله 00 سلبياتها: التطبع بصفات الأطفال الآخرين، الصفات السيئة التي لا نحبها بأبنائنا، كالعنف، التنمر، اللامبالاة، وعدم الإطاعة.. إيجاباها: تكسب الطفل المدلل فسحة لتكون شخصيته بعيداً عن عطف امه الزائد، وجعله يملك الخيارات بنفسه. (ar) Una llar d'Infants o escola bressol és un establiment educatiu, de gestió pública o privada, que forma nens d'entre 0 i 3 anys. Els encarregats de supervisar els menors són professionals en l'àrea de l'educació infantil o educació preescolar, i la seva feina consisteix no només a supervisar els infants i proveir-los de les seves necessitats bàsiques, sinó també a educar-los d'una manera lúdica a través del joc. El terme «preescolar» es considera inadequat pels especialistes, ja que no és una educació que prepara per a l'etapa escolar, sinó que és un nivell educatiu amb característiques pròpies, ensenyaments que preparen al nen per a la vida, i no un preparatori per a escola primària. Per això és que moltes institucions decideixen denominar-la com a educació inicial. Aquesta institució té i ha tingut altres diverses formes de ser denominada segons el país, el sistema educatiu vigent o l'edat concreta del nen, com són educació inicial, educació kínder, educació infantil primerenca, escola infantil, guarderia, jardí d'infància, jardí infantil, parvulari, kínder, kindergarten, jardí d'infants, jardí maternal, etc.; això depèn de com s'estableixi a cada país. L'edat dels nens compresa és entre els 0 als 6 anys. Aquestes edats es divideixen en dos cicles: primer cicle, comprès entre els 0 i 3 anys; i un segon cicle, que va dels 3 i els 6 anys d'edat. Aquests aprenen la forma de comunicar-se, jugar i interactuar amb els altres apropiadament. Un mestre o mestra els ofereix diversos materials per manipular i realitzar activitats que els motivin a aprendre l'idioma i el seu vocabulari, matemàtiques, ciència, idiomes estrangers i informàtica, així també com art i música. En aquest procés els nens poden aconseguir un grau de coneixement bastant alt que ajudarà en el desenvolupament per a tota la seva vida. La creativitat i el desig d'aprendre, són dos de les habilitats més importants per a la vida. En els nens són innates i amb potencial il·limitada, el qual ha d'impulsar-se i desenvolupar des de l'educació preescolar. De totes les etapes de l'ésser humà, la infància constitueix l'etapa més important. (ca) Mateřská škola ve státech střední Evropy znamená předškolní zařízení pro děti od 3 do 7 let. V mnoha jiných zemích se nazývá „kindergarten“ (z němčiny – „zahrada pro děti“) a označuje první stupeň vzdělání pro děti ve třídě (nultá úroveň ISCED). Tedy termín mateřská škola v některých zemích označuje součást formálního školního systému, zatímco v jiných zemích může znamenat předškolní zařízení nebo opatrovatelskou péči. Název se někdy neoficiálně, hovorově nahrazuje pojmem mateřská školka nebo jen školka, případně mateřinka. (cs) Το Νηπιαγωγείο είναι η πρώτη βαθμίδα εκπαίδευσης, για παιδιά ηλικίας τεσσάρων έως και έξι ετών. Μερικοί πίστεψαν, ότι η εκπαίδευση που παρέχεται σε αυτό, είναι αντίστοιχη με την εκπαίδευση και τη φροντίδα που παρέχει η οικογένεια στο παιδί της. Αυτό διαφαίνεται και από τις ονομασίες που δόθηκαν σε διάφορες χώρες π.χ. στα γαλλικά école maternelle = μητρικό σχολείο, ή στα τουρκικά ana okulu = σχολείο της μητέρας. Παράλληλα θεωρήθηκε ως ένας χώρος, όπου τα παιδιά περνούν ευχάριστα και δημιουργικά την ώρα τους, όπως φανερώνουν και άλλες ονομασίες π.χ. στα αγγλικά και τα γερμανικά kindergarten = κήπος των παιδιών. Στις περισσότερες χώρες το νηπιαγωγείο αποτελεί μέρος της ή της . Ένας άλλος ορισμός, ο οποίος συμπίπτει με την προσχολική εκπαίδευση, είναι η εκπαίδευση για τα αναλφάβητα παιδιά πριν την ηλικία των έξι ή επτά. Στην ελληνική πραγματικότητα η ονομασία «Νηπιαγωγείο» σημαίνει ότι η βαθμίδα αυτή της εκπαίδευσης προσφέρει αγωγή στα νήπια, δηλαδή κατά κυριολεξία, στα άτομα που δεν έχουν ακόμη έναρθρο (νη+έπος=αυτό που δε μπορεί να μιλήσει). Αυτό όμως δεν υφίσταται καθώς οι μαθητές του νηπιαγωγείου έχουν λόγο, αφού η διαδικασία εκμάθησης του λόγου είναι εξελικτική και ξεκινά ακόμη από την προγεννητική περίοδο της ζωής του ατόμου. Η φοίτηση στο νηπιαγωγείο είναι υποχρεωτική. Αρχικά, η υποχρεωτικότητα περιοριζόταν στα νήπια. Όμως, με το άρθρο 33 του Νομου 4521/2018 υποχρεωτική έγινε και η φοίτηση των νηπίων που συμπληρώνουν την 31η Δεκεμβρίου του έτους εγγραφής την ηλικία των 4 ετών (προνήπια). Σύμφωνα με τους στόχους του Νηπιαγωγείου, τα νήπια έρχονται σε επαφή και μαθαίνουν να επικοινωνούν με άλλους συνομήλικους, αλλά και με ενήλικες, μαθαίνουν να αναπτύσσουν φιλικές σχέσεις, καθώς και να συνεργάζονται μεταξύ τους. Παράλληλα επιδιώκεται σ' αυτό η σταδιακή απομάκρυνση από το οικογενειακό περιβάλλον και η ανεξαρτητοποίησή τους. Επίσης σκοπός του Νηπιαγωγείου είναι να συμβάλει στην ολόπλευρη ανάπτυξη του παιδιού με την ενίσχυση έξι διαφορετικών τομέων ανάπτυξης της προσωπικότητας του παιδιού, οι οποίοι έχουν άμεση σχέση μεταξύ τους και αλληλοσυμπληρώνονται. Οι τομείς αυτοί είναι η , η , η , η , η και η κοινωνική ανάπτυξη. Στο νηπιαγωγείο μέσα από το παιχνίδι και την κοινωνική αλληλεπίδραση επιδιώκεται να αναπτύξουν τα παιδιά βασικές ικανότητες, δεξιότητες και γνώσεις. Τα σύγχρονα , όπως προβλέπεται και από την εθνική και ευρωπαϊκή στρατηγική, υποστηρίζουν την ανάπτυξη των εξής βασικών ικανοτήτων α) την επικοινωνία και την ομαδοσυνεργατική μάθηση β) τη γ) την προσωπική ταυτότητα και την αυτονομία και δ) τις κοινωνικές ικανότητες και τις ικανότητες που σχετίζονται με την ιδιότητα του .΄ Το νηπιαγωγείο έχει το δικό του πρόγραμμα σπουδών (ΔΕΠΠΣ). Οι δραστηριότητες που οργανώνει ο εκπαιδευτικός με βάση τις κατευθύνσεις του ΔΕΠΠΣ δεν πρέπει να είναι διακριτές μεταξύ τους αλλά αλληλένδετες. Τα προγράμματα σχεδιασμού και ανάπτυξης δραστηριοτήτων περιλαμβάνουν τους τομείς της γλώσσας, των μαθηματικών, της μελέτης περιβάλλοντος, της πληροφορικής και της έκφρασης και δημιουργίας. (el) Infanĝardeno estas speciala edukejo, al kiu la laborantaj gepatroj povas konfidi siajn infanojn de antaŭlerneja aĝo dum la laborhoroj. Infanĝardenisto zorgas pri la infanoj kaj edukas ilin per pedagogiaj ludoj. Infanĝardeno estas nomata ankaŭ infanvartejo, lernludejo, antaŭlernejo, en la naciaj lingvo ofte patrina lernejo, ĉar ĝi anstataŭas patrinon dum ŝiaj laborhoroj. En limigita senco infanvartejo estas sanitara flegejo por beboj ĝis 3-jaraj, kiuj ankoraŭ ne estas instruataj, sed nur flegataj, kiam zorgi la infanon ne povas gepatroj mem, dum la infanĝardenon frekventas infanoj pli ol 3-jaraj, kiuj jam estas iomete instruataj per kolektivaj ludoj, kantoj, versoj. La bebovartejo servas por infanoj ĝis aĝo de 3. La beboj ĉefe dormas aŭ rampas sur la planko inter ludiloj, sed ne okazas kolektivaj ludoj, deklamado de rimaĵoj aŭ kantado kiel en infanĝardeno por infanoj pli ol 3-jaraj. La unuan infanĝardenon - tiam kun la nomo "anĝelĝardeno" - fondis Teréz Brunszvik 1828 en Hungario.La unuan infanĝardenon kun tiu nomo fondis Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel1837 en la turinga Bad Blankenburg, Germanio. Li elektis la nomon ĉar laŭ lia intenco la infano kresku kiel planto. La germanlingva nomo Kindergarten pruntvorte penetris en plurajn aliajn lingvojn, en Esperanton ĝi venis en laŭvorta traduko. (eo) Der Kindergarten ist eine öffentliche oder private Einrichtung für die frühe Bildung, Kindertagesbetreuung und zur Förderung der Entwicklung von Kindern bis zum Schuleintritt. (de) Haurtzaindegia, ama-eskola edo haurtegia haur txikiak zaintzen diren etxe edo lekua da. Haurtzaindegia jaiotzatik 3 urte arteko haur txikiak zaindu eta hezitzen dituen etxe bat da, gurasoek eramanda eta bertan begirale eta hezitzaileen ardurapean. Iritzi orokorra da haurtzaindegia ez dela gurasoak ordezteko leku bat, gurasoak ez daudenean soilik haurrak zainduta izateko leku bat. Haur hezkuntzaren egituraren baitan, haurtzaindegiek haurrak elkarrekin harremanetan hasteko gune bat ere bada. Haurtzaindegiak Europan, Ipar Amerikan eta beste herrialde aberatsetan ugaritzen dira, haurrekin egoteko denborarik uzten ez duten gurasoen lan-ordutegien ondorioz batik bat. Herrialde pobreetan ere haurtzaindegien beharra nabarmena izaten bada ere, haurtzaindegien kostu ekonomiko altuak eragotzi egiten du bere garapena eta gurasoen familiek (aiton-amonak, ...) hartzen dute bere gain horien lana. (eu) Kindergarten is a preschool educational approach based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school. Such institutions were originally made in the late 18th century in Germany, Bavaria and Alsace to serve children whose parents both worked outside home. The term was coined by German pedagogue Friedrich Fröbel, whose approach globally influenced early-years education. Today, the term is used in many countries to describe a variety of educational institutions and learning spaces for children ranging from 2 to 6 years of age, based on a variety of teaching methods. (en) L'école maternelle est une école qui accueille de très jeunes enfants pour les préparer aux apprentissages fondamentaux de la lecture, de l'écriture et du calcul. C'est une période préparatoire à l'enseignement élémentaire : les objectifs essentiels sont la socialisation, la mise en place du langage, du nombre et du geste graphique. Ces établissements sont désignés suivant les pays sous le nom d'école maternelle (France, Canada francophone, Vallée d'Aoste), école enfantine (Suisse) ou encore école gardienne (anciennement en Belgique). L'école maternelle assure une prise en charge des enfants dont les parents exercent ou non une activité professionnelle et permet aux enfants de se socialiser et de s'initier progressivement à la scolarité. (fr) Taman Kanak-Kanak (TK) adalah jenjang pendidikan anak usia dini (PAUD) dalam bentuk pendidikan formal yang bersedia untuk anak berumur 6 tahun ke bawah. Kurikulum TK ditekankan pada pemberian rangsangan pendidikan untuk membantu pertumbuhan dan perkembangan jasmani dan rohani agar anak memiliki kesiapan dalam memasuki pendidikan lebih lanjut. Lama masa belajar seorang murid di TK biasanya tergantung pada tingkat kecerdasannya yang dinilai dari rapor per semester. Secara umum untuk lulus dari tingkat program di TK selama 2 (dua) tahun, yaitu: * TK 0 (nol) Kecil (TK kecil) selama 1 (satu) tahun * TK 0 (nol) Besar (TK besar) selama 1 (satu) tahun Pada tahun 2016, menempuh pendidikan TK adalah tidak wajib untuk menempuh sekolah dasar (SD). (in) La scuola dell'infanzia (nota anche come scuola materna o anche genericamente asilo) consiste in Italia nel percorso pre-scolastico rivolto ai bambini dai tre ai sei anni d'età. È una struttura che può essere gestita dallo Stato oppure da diversi soggetti come ordini religiosi, comunità locali ed enti privati. La scuola dell'infanzia statale può essere integrata in istituti comprensivi, pur mantenendo facoltativa l'iscrizione. Ai bambini di età inferiore ai tre anni è dedicato invece l'asilo nido (o nido d'infanzia). (it) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 유치원 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 유치원(幼稚園)은 학령이 안 된 어린이의 심신 발달을 위한 교육 시설. 쉬운 음악ㆍ그림ㆍ공작(工作)ㆍ유희 따위를 가르치는 곳으로 유아를 대상으로 하는 교육 기관이다. 유치원은 기본적인 기능과 창의적 놀이, 그리고 사회관계 형성을 제공하여 유아의 자아 개발을 돕는 것을 목적으로 한다. 인간이 일생동안 심신의 발달단계에 따라 나눌 수 있는데, 소년기 이전의 영아기와 유아기로 구분하기도 하였고, '영유아기'로 통칭하기도 한다. 영아기는 통상 생후 직후에서 48개월(4세)까지를 말하고, 유아기는 이후부터 만 6세까지를 가리키는데, 유치원은 유아를 대상으로 하는 취학 전 교육기관이다. 물론 나라마다 취원 대상인 연령은 다르지만 대한민국에서는 보통 만 4세에 유치원 교육을 시키고 있고 국공립 유치원에는 단설 유치원과 병설 유치원으로 구성되어 있다. 최초의 유치원은 프리드리히 프뢰벨에 의해 1837년 독일에서 설립되었다. 오늘날 세계의 거의 대부분의 나라에서 유치원은 초등교육의 일부로서 운영되고 있다. 현재 대한민국에서 유치원은 의무 교육에 들어가지는 않지만 서울특별시 등 국내의 일부 지역에서 유치원 원비를 폐지하거나 줄이는 등 유치원 무상 교육을 추진 중에 있으며, 유치원 1년 (만 6세 과정)을 의무교육에 추가하는 방안도 검토 중이다. 조선민주주의인민공화국에서는 유치원 1년이 의무 교육이다. 오늘날의 유치원 교육은 프리드리히 프뢰벨의 유아교육 운동에 의해 시작되었다. 프뢰벨은 1837년 독일에서 최초의 유치원을 설립하였다. 이후 독일은 을 내리기도 하였으나 와 같은 사람들의 노력에 힘입어 1860년 금지령이 철회되었다. 1873년 이 설립되었다. 이후 여러 나라에서 있었던 유아 교육 운동과 유치원 설립의 역사는 다음과 같다. * 1860년 미국 보스턴에서 에 의해 위스콘신주에 미국 최초의 유치원이 설립되었다. * 1873년 미국 세인트루이스에서 유치원이 공립학교로 설정되어 승인되었다. * 1874년 영국 프뢰벨 학회가 창립되었다. 그 해 영국의 유치원은 공립학교 체계에 편입되었다. * 1876년 일본 도쿄여자사범학교에 유치원부가 신설되었다. 이로써 일본은 아시아 최초로 유치원이 설립된 국가가 되었다. * 1897년 3월 조선 부산에 일본인들의 자녀를 위해 세운 사립 부산유치원이 설립되었다. * 1898년 청나라에 (蒙養學堂)이 설립되었다. * 1902년 페루에 유치원이 설립되었다. * 1905년 타이완에 유치원이 설립되었다. * 1907년 몬테소리가 이탈리아 로마 산로렌츠에 어린이집을 설립하였다. * 1909년 대한제국의 함경북도에 한국 최초의 유치원인 나남유치원이 설립되었다. * 1914년 이화학당의 창설자 스크렌돈 부인에 의해 경기도 경성부에 현존하는 한국 최초의 유치원이 설립되었다. * 1924년 제주 성내교회가 제주도 최초의 유치원을 개원했다. * 1948년 북한은 세계 최초로 유치원에 의무 교육을 시행하였다. * 1963년 이탈리아의 북부 도시 에서 최초의 시립 유치원인 "로빈슨"이 설립되었다. * 1976년 박정희 정부에 의해 서울4개, 부산 1개의 총 5개의 유치원이 최초의 공립 유치원으로 세워지고 보통교육국에서 담당하던 유치원 업무는 의무교육과에서 담당하게 됨으로 유아교육의 국가책임인 의무교육의 기틀을 마련하였다. 이로써 사립 유치원의 독점 시대가 막을 내렸다. * 1991년 영유아교육법을 공포하고 유아교육의 질적향상을 위해 누리과정을 도입배경이 되었다. 또한 한국 정부는 기존 만 4, 5세였던 유치원 입학 대상을 1992년 교육개정으로 만 3, 4, 5세의 취원이 가능하도록 확대했다. * 1997년 만5세 무상교육에 대한 법적근거 마련하기 위해 2004년 유아교육법을 재정ㆍ공포하고 2005년1월 시행으로 보편적 유아교육을 구현하였다. * 2011년 5월 만5세 공통과정(5세 ) 도입되었다. (ko) 幼稚園(ようちえん、独: kindergarten、英: kindergarten)は、満3歳から小学校就学までの幼児を教育し、年齢に相応しい適切な環境を整え、心身の発達を助長するための教育施設。 (ja) Przedszkole – instytucja opiekuńczo-wychowawcza, do której uczęszczają dzieci w wieku od 3 lat (w Polsce – w szczególnych przypadkach od 2) do rozpoczęcia spełniania obowiązku szkolnego. (pl) Kleuterschool is de benaming voor een onderwijsvorm voor jonge kinderen in België. Tot 1985 was dat het ook in Nederland. Ook in andere landen bestaat de kleuterschool. Zo kent men in Duitsland en de Verenigde Staten de Kindergarten, in Frankrijk de École maternelle. (nl) Jardim de infância é um termo criado pelo alemão Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852), que foi um dos primeiros educadores a se preocupar com a educação de crianças. Na tentativa de criar um espaço singular para que um tipo especial de educação fosse realizado por algum tempo pensou em uma palavra que pudesse explicar esse espaço, denominado por ele Kindergarten, ou "Jardim de infância" em português. A ideia de criar um "jardim da infância" parte do princípio de que as crianças devem ser cultivadas e cuidadas assim como os jardineiros participam no processo de desenvolvimento das plantas. (pt) Детский сад — класс учреждений для временного пребывания детей дошкольного возраста, а также комплекс таких учреждений. Детские сады как тип учреждений существуют в большинстве стран и являются обычно первым звеном в системе народного образования (не считая образования, полученного от родителей). Система детских садов предназначена для массового, общедоступного решения проблемы занятости их родителей (для чего время работы детского сада в большинстве случаев совпадает с типовым рабочим графиком большинства профессий: с 7 до 19 часов пять дней в неделю). В системе детских садов осуществляется также минимальная подготовка детей к обучению в школе — на уровне первичных навыков чтения, письма и счёта. Также в детском саду детям дают основу культурного поведения. Кроме подготовки к школе, там учат доброте и милосердию, рассказывают о моральных нормах и культурных ценностях. (ru) Barnträdgård (från tyska: Kindergarten) är en pedagogisk verksamhet med Friedrich Fröbels pedagogik och filosofi, för barn som inte uppnått skolålder. Ordet Kindergarten introducerades av tysken Friedrich Fröbel för att beskriva den institution för lek och andra aktiviteter som han skapade i Bad Blankenburg 1837. Modellen har inspirerat till dagverksamheter för barn i många länder, varav en del använder ordet kindergarten eller en översättning av det. (sv) Дитя́чий садо́к (дошкільний навчальний заклад), діал. захоро́нка — освітній заклад для дітей дошкільного віку (переважно від 3 до 7 років). (uk) 幼儿园(英語:Kindergarten),又称幼稚园,是給兒童的培育設施,屬於一種學前教育機構。在部分地区,幼儿园是国民教育学制的一部分。兒童在幼儿园学习适合他们年龄的生活环境知识经验及生活常识,以及学习习惯和生活习惯等。 (zh)
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dbp:after dbr:First_grade
dbp:before Preschool or Pre-kindergarten (en)
dbp:bot InternetArchiveBot (en)
dbp:c 大班 (en) 中班 (en) 学前班 (en) 小班 (en) 幼儿园 (en)
dbp:date October 2022 (en) April 2021 (en)
dbp:fixAttempted yes (en)
dbp:p dà bān (en) xiăo bān (en) xué qián bān (en) yòu'éryuán (en) zhōng bān (en)
dbp:reason What does this stand for? Human resource development? (en)
dbp:title Kindergarten (en)
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dbp:years age 5–6 (en)
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rdfs:comment Mateřská škola ve státech střední Evropy znamená předškolní zařízení pro děti od 3 do 7 let. V mnoha jiných zemích se nazývá „kindergarten“ (z němčiny – „zahrada pro děti“) a označuje první stupeň vzdělání pro děti ve třídě (nultá úroveň ISCED). Tedy termín mateřská škola v některých zemích označuje součást formálního školního systému, zatímco v jiných zemích může znamenat předškolní zařízení nebo opatrovatelskou péči. Název se někdy neoficiálně, hovorově nahrazuje pojmem mateřská školka nebo jen školka, případně mateřinka. (cs) Der Kindergarten ist eine öffentliche oder private Einrichtung für die frühe Bildung, Kindertagesbetreuung und zur Förderung der Entwicklung von Kindern bis zum Schuleintritt. (de) Kindergarten is a preschool educational approach based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school. Such institutions were originally made in the late 18th century in Germany, Bavaria and Alsace to serve children whose parents both worked outside home. The term was coined by German pedagogue Friedrich Fröbel, whose approach globally influenced early-years education. Today, the term is used in many countries to describe a variety of educational institutions and learning spaces for children ranging from 2 to 6 years of age, based on a variety of teaching methods. (en) La scuola dell'infanzia (nota anche come scuola materna o anche genericamente asilo) consiste in Italia nel percorso pre-scolastico rivolto ai bambini dai tre ai sei anni d'età. È una struttura che può essere gestita dallo Stato oppure da diversi soggetti come ordini religiosi, comunità locali ed enti privati. La scuola dell'infanzia statale può essere integrata in istituti comprensivi, pur mantenendo facoltativa l'iscrizione. Ai bambini di età inferiore ai tre anni è dedicato invece l'asilo nido (o nido d'infanzia). (it) 幼稚園(ようちえん、独: kindergarten、英: kindergarten)は、満3歳から小学校就学までの幼児を教育し、年齢に相応しい適切な環境を整え、心身の発達を助長するための教育施設。 (ja) Przedszkole – instytucja opiekuńczo-wychowawcza, do której uczęszczają dzieci w wieku od 3 lat (w Polsce – w szczególnych przypadkach od 2) do rozpoczęcia spełniania obowiązku szkolnego. (pl) Kleuterschool is de benaming voor een onderwijsvorm voor jonge kinderen in België. Tot 1985 was dat het ook in Nederland. Ook in andere landen bestaat de kleuterschool. Zo kent men in Duitsland en de Verenigde Staten de Kindergarten, in Frankrijk de École maternelle. (nl) Jardim de infância é um termo criado pelo alemão Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852), que foi um dos primeiros educadores a se preocupar com a educação de crianças. Na tentativa de criar um espaço singular para que um tipo especial de educação fosse realizado por algum tempo pensou em uma palavra que pudesse explicar esse espaço, denominado por ele Kindergarten, ou "Jardim de infância" em português. A ideia de criar um "jardim da infância" parte do princípio de que as crianças devem ser cultivadas e cuidadas assim como os jardineiros participam no processo de desenvolvimento das plantas. (pt) Barnträdgård (från tyska: Kindergarten) är en pedagogisk verksamhet med Friedrich Fröbels pedagogik och filosofi, för barn som inte uppnått skolålder. Ordet Kindergarten introducerades av tysken Friedrich Fröbel för att beskriva den institution för lek och andra aktiviteter som han skapade i Bad Blankenburg 1837. Modellen har inspirerat till dagverksamheter för barn i många länder, varav en del använder ordet kindergarten eller en översättning av det. (sv) Дитя́чий садо́к (дошкільний навчальний заклад), діал. захоро́нка — освітній заклад для дітей дошкільного віку (переважно від 3 до 7 років). (uk) 幼儿园(英語:Kindergarten),又称幼稚园,是給兒童的培育設施,屬於一種學前教育機構。在部分地区,幼儿园是国民教育学制的一部分。兒童在幼儿园学习适合他们年龄的生活环境知识经验及生活常识,以及学习习惯和生活习惯等。 (zh) الروضة أو رياض الأطفال أو الحضانة (بالألمانية: Kindergarten) مؤسسة تعليمية للأطفال قبل دخولهم المدرسة. وقد وُضع هذا المصطلح من قبل العالم الألماني فريدريك فروبل، حيث أطلقه على مؤسسة اللعب والنشاطات التي أنشأها في عام 1837 م في «بادبلانكنبيرج» كتجربة اجتماعية للأطفال لانتقالهم من المنزل للمدرسة. وقصد فروبل بذلك أنه يجب العناية بالأطفال وتغذيتهم في (حدائق الأطفال) مثل النباتات في الحديقة. يختلف عمر الالتحاق بالروضة باختلاف البلدان ففي أغلب الدول يطبق هذا النظام للأطفال ما دون سن السادسة وتحديدا بين عمر 3-5 سنوات. يرتكز هذا النظام على امرين، الأول تعريف الطفل بمجتمع أوسع من الذي تعود عليه وإكسابه مهارات الاختلاط والثاني هو تعليم الطفل من خلال اللعب. (ar) Una llar d'Infants o escola bressol és un establiment educatiu, de gestió pública o privada, que forma nens d'entre 0 i 3 anys. Els encarregats de supervisar els menors són professionals en l'àrea de l'educació infantil o educació preescolar, i la seva feina consisteix no només a supervisar els infants i proveir-los de les seves necessitats bàsiques, sinó també a educar-los d'una manera lúdica a través del joc. (ca) Το Νηπιαγωγείο είναι η πρώτη βαθμίδα εκπαίδευσης, για παιδιά ηλικίας τεσσάρων έως και έξι ετών. Μερικοί πίστεψαν, ότι η εκπαίδευση που παρέχεται σε αυτό, είναι αντίστοιχη με την εκπαίδευση και τη φροντίδα που παρέχει η οικογένεια στο παιδί της. Αυτό διαφαίνεται και από τις ονομασίες που δόθηκαν σε διάφορες χώρες π.χ. στα γαλλικά école maternelle = μητρικό σχολείο, ή στα τουρκικά ana okulu = σχολείο της μητέρας. Παράλληλα θεωρήθηκε ως ένας χώρος, όπου τα παιδιά περνούν ευχάριστα και δημιουργικά την ώρα τους, όπως φανερώνουν και άλλες ονομασίες π.χ. στα αγγλικά και τα γερμανικά kindergarten = κήπος των παιδιών. (el) Infanĝardeno estas speciala edukejo, al kiu la laborantaj gepatroj povas konfidi siajn infanojn de antaŭlerneja aĝo dum la laborhoroj. Infanĝardenisto zorgas pri la infanoj kaj edukas ilin per pedagogiaj ludoj. Infanĝardeno estas nomata ankaŭ infanvartejo, lernludejo, antaŭlernejo, en la naciaj lingvo ofte patrina lernejo, ĉar ĝi anstataŭas patrinon dum ŝiaj laborhoroj. La beboj ĉefe dormas aŭ rampas sur la planko inter ludiloj, sed ne okazas kolektivaj ludoj, deklamado de rimaĵoj aŭ kantado kiel en infanĝardeno por infanoj pli ol 3-jaraj. (eo) Haurtzaindegia, ama-eskola edo haurtegia haur txikiak zaintzen diren etxe edo lekua da. Haurtzaindegia jaiotzatik 3 urte arteko haur txikiak zaindu eta hezitzen dituen etxe bat da, gurasoek eramanda eta bertan begirale eta hezitzaileen ardurapean. Iritzi orokorra da haurtzaindegia ez dela gurasoak ordezteko leku bat, gurasoak ez daudenean soilik haurrak zainduta izateko leku bat. Haur hezkuntzaren egituraren baitan, haurtzaindegiek haurrak elkarrekin harremanetan hasteko gune bat ere bada. Haurtzaindegiak Europan, Ipar Amerikan eta beste herrialde aberatsetan ugaritzen dira, haurrekin egoteko denborarik uzten ez duten gurasoen lan-ordutegien ondorioz batik bat. Herrialde pobreetan ere haurtzaindegien beharra nabarmena izaten bada ere, haurtzaindegien kostu ekonomiko altuak eragotzi egiten (eu) L'école maternelle est une école qui accueille de très jeunes enfants pour les préparer aux apprentissages fondamentaux de la lecture, de l'écriture et du calcul. C'est une période préparatoire à l'enseignement élémentaire : les objectifs essentiels sont la socialisation, la mise en place du langage, du nombre et du geste graphique. Ces établissements sont désignés suivant les pays sous le nom d'école maternelle (France, Canada francophone, Vallée d'Aoste), école enfantine (Suisse) ou encore école gardienne (anciennement en Belgique). (fr) Taman Kanak-Kanak (TK) adalah jenjang pendidikan anak usia dini (PAUD) dalam bentuk pendidikan formal yang bersedia untuk anak berumur 6 tahun ke bawah. Kurikulum TK ditekankan pada pemberian rangsangan pendidikan untuk membantu pertumbuhan dan perkembangan jasmani dan rohani agar anak memiliki kesiapan dalam memasuki pendidikan lebih lanjut. Lama masa belajar seorang murid di TK biasanya tergantung pada tingkat kecerdasannya yang dinilai dari rapor per semester. Secara umum untuk lulus dari tingkat program di TK selama 2 (dua) tahun, yaitu: (in) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 유치원 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 유치원(幼稚園)은 학령이 안 된 어린이의 심신 발달을 위한 교육 시설. 쉬운 음악ㆍ그림ㆍ공작(工作)ㆍ유희 따위를 가르치는 곳으로 유아를 대상으로 하는 교육 기관이다. 유치원은 기본적인 기능과 창의적 놀이, 그리고 사회관계 형성을 제공하여 유아의 자아 개발을 돕는 것을 목적으로 한다. 인간이 일생동안 심신의 발달단계에 따라 나눌 수 있는데, 소년기 이전의 영아기와 유아기로 구분하기도 하였고, '영유아기'로 통칭하기도 한다. 영아기는 통상 생후 직후에서 48개월(4세)까지를 말하고, 유아기는 이후부터 만 6세까지를 가리키는데, 유치원은 유아를 대상으로 하는 취학 전 교육기관이다. 물론 나라마다 취원 대상인 연령은 다르지만 대한민국에서는 보통 만 4세에 유치원 교육을 시키고 있고 국공립 유치원에는 단설 유치원과 병설 유치원으로 구성되어 있다. (ko) Детский сад — класс учреждений для временного пребывания детей дошкольного возраста, а также комплекс таких учреждений. Детские сады как тип учреждений существуют в большинстве стран и являются обычно первым звеном в системе народного образования (не считая образования, полученного от родителей). Также в детском саду детям дают основу культурного поведения. Кроме подготовки к школе, там учат доброте и милосердию, рассказывают о моральных нормах и культурных ценностях. (ru)
rdfs:label Kindergarten (en) روضة أطفال (ar) Llar d'infants (ca) Mateřská škola (cs) Kindergarten (de) Νηπιαγωγείο (el) Infanĝardeno (eo) Haurtzaindegi (eu) Jardín de infancia (es) Taman kanak-kanak (in) École maternelle (fr) Scuola dell'infanzia (it) 幼稚園 (ja) 유치원 (ko) Kleuterschool (nl) Przedszkole (pl) Jardim de infância (pt) Barnträdgård (sv) Детский сад (ru) 幼稚園 (zh) Дитячий садок (uk)
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