2008 California Proposition 8 (original) (raw)
Proposition 8 (secara tidak resmi dijuluki Prop 8) adalah inisiatif referendum dan amendemen konstitusi negara bagian Kalifornia yang disetujui selama . Inisiatif ini diprakarsai oleh kelompok yang menentang pernikahan sesama jenis sebelum dikeluarkannya keputusan oleh pada Mei 2008. Keputusan tersebut menyatakan bahwa pelarangan pernikahan sesama jenis dalam tidak konstitusional. Proposition 8 pada akhirnya dinyatakan tidak konstitusional oleh mahkamah federal (dengan alasan yang berbeda) pada tahun 2010, walaupun keputusan pengadilan baru berlaku pada 26 Juni 2013. Dengan diberlakukannya keputusan tersebut, Gubernur Jerry Brown dapat meneruskan pernikahan sesama jenis di Kalifornia.
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dbo:abstract | Proposition 8 (engl. „[Volksentscheid zu einem] Gesetzesvorhaben“) war ein Antrag zur Änderung der kalifornischen Verfassung per Referendum mit dem Ziel, nur noch heterosexuelle Ehen staatlich anzuerkennen. In der Abstimmung am 4. November 2008 sprach sich die Mehrheit der Stimmen für den Vorschlag und damit gegen die gleichgeschlechtliche Ehe aus, die von Juni 2008 bis zur Verfassungsänderung als verfassungsmäßig geboten galten und praktiziert wurden. Die Kampagne um Proposition 8 und die Konsequenzen der erfolgreichen Abstimmung hatten erheblichen Einfluss auf die Politik und Rechtsprechung der Vereinigten Staaten in den darauf folgenden Jahren. 2010 erklärte ein Bundesgericht die Volksabstimmung für verfassungswidrig. Einsprüche gegen dieses Urteil wies der Oberste Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten im Juni 2013 zurück, so dass die Abstimmung über Proposition 8 ungültig war. (de) Proposition 8, known informally as Prop 8, was a California ballot proposition and a state constitutional amendment intended to ban same-sex marriage; it passed in the November 2008 California state elections and was later overturned in court. The proposition was created by opponents of same-sex marriage in advance of the California Supreme Court's May 2008 appeal ruling, In re Marriage Cases, which followed the short-lived 2004 same-sex weddings controversy and found the previous ban on same-sex marriage (Proposition 22, 2000) unconstitutional. Proposition 8 was ultimately ruled unconstitutional by a federal court (on different grounds) in 2010, although the court decision did not go into effect until June 26, 2013, following the conclusion of proponents' appeals. Proposition 8 countermanded the 2008 ruling by adding the same provision as in Proposition 22 to the California Constitution, providing that "only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California", thereby superseding the 2008 ruling. As an amendment, it was ruled constitutional by the California Supreme Court in Strauss v. Horton, in 2009, on the grounds that it "carved out a limited [or 'narrow'] exception to the state equal protection clause"; in his dissent, Justice Carlos R. Moreno wrote that exceptions to the equal protection clause could not be made by any majority since its whole purpose was to protect minorities against the will of a majority. Legal challenges to Proposition 8 were presented by opponents quickly after its approval. Following affirmation by the state courts, two same-sex couples filed a lawsuit against the initiative in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California in the case Perry v. Schwarzenegger (later Hollingsworth v. Perry). In August 2010, Chief Judge Vaughn Walker ruled that the amendment was unconstitutional under both the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, since it purported to re-remove rights from a disfavored class only, with no rational basis. The official proponents' justifications for the measure were analyzed in over fifty pages covering eighty findings of fact. The state government supported the ruling and refused to defend the law. The ruling was stayed pending appeal by the proponents of the initiative. On February 7, 2012, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in a 2–1 decision, reached the same conclusion as the district court, but on narrower grounds. The court ruled that it was unconstitutional for California to grant marriage rights to same-sex couples, only to take them away shortly after. The ruling was stayed pending appeal to the United States Supreme Court. On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court of the United States issued its decision on the appeal in the case Hollingsworth v. Perry, ruling that proponents of initiatives such as Proposition 8 did not possess legal standing in their own right to defend the resulting law in federal court, either to the Supreme Court or (previously) to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Therefore, the Supreme Court vacated the decision of the Ninth Circuit, and remanded the case for further proceedings. The decision left the district court's 2010 ruling intact. On June 28, 2013, the Ninth Circuit, on remand, dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction and dissolved their previous stay of the district court's ruling, enabling Governor Jerry Brown to order same-sex marriages to resume. The passage of Proposition 8 received widespread media coverage over the amendment's effect on the concurrent 2008 presidential and congressional elections, as well as the pre-election effects Proposition 8 had on California's reputation as a historically LGBT-friendly state and the same-sex marriage debate that had started after same-sex marriage was legalized in Massachusetts through a 2004 court decision. After the results were certified and same-sex marriages ceased, supporters of the initiative were targeted by opponents with actions ranging from some opponents disclosing supporter donations and boycotting proponents' businesses, to others threatening supporters with death and vandalizing churches. (en) La proposition 8 est un référendum de novembre 2008 visant à interdire le mariage entre personnes de même sexe dans l'État américain de Californie, et inscrit le lendemain de son approbation dans la loi, constituant de fait un amendement de la Constitution de la Californie. À cette fin, cette proposition affirme que seul le mariage entre un homme et une femme est reconnu en Californie, et vise à renverser la décision de la Cour suprême de Californie autorisant le mariage entre personnes de même sexe. Approuvée par les électeurs le 4 novembre 2008 avec 52,24 % des suffrages, elle est déclarée non conforme à la Constitution des États-Unis (notamment au XIVe amendement) en août 2010 par le juge fédéral . Cependant, le mariage entre personnes de même sexe reste suspendu dans l’État, et sa validité à long terme devra vraisemblablement être évaluée par la Cour suprême des États-Unis. Le 26 juin 2013, la Cour suprême des États-Unis juge que le groupe de défenseurs de la proposition 8 qui porte le dossier n'était pas légalement habilité à le faire et l'annule. La cour d'appel lève donc la suspension, permettant aux mariages de reprendre sans délai en Californie. (fr) La Proposición 8 fue un referéndum en las elecciones estatales de California, Estados Unidos, que eliminó el derecho de las parejas del mismo sexo a contraer matrimonio. La aprobación de la proposición modificó la Constitución de California, eliminando el derecho de las parejas del mismo sexo a contraer matrimonio. Adicionalmente, se añadió una sección en la constitución declarando que "sólo el matrimonio entre un hombre y una mujer es válido o reconocido en California," pretendiendo revocar la decisión previa del Tribunal Supremo del estado que legalizó el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo. La medida fue presentada para las elecciones estatales en noviembre titulada "Ley de Protección del Matrimonio en California". El título y el resumen fueron revisados por el fiscal general Jerry Brown para que todo fuese más "exacto y claro." El Tribunal Supremo de California falló a favor de estos cambios, declarando que, "El título y el resumen no eran falsos o engañosos, ya que se afirmaban que la Proposición 8 "eliminaba el derecho de las parejas del mismo sexo a contraer matrimonio" en California. El Tribunal Supremo de California había sostenido anteriormente de manera inequívoca que las parejas del mismo sexo tenían el derecho constitucional a contraer matrimonio en virtud de la Constitución de California". El 26 de junio la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos finalmente dio su veredicto desestimando la proposición 8, volviendo a ser legal el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo en California. El 28 de junio de 2013, el tribunal federal de apelaciones del noveno circuito judicial levantó el bloqueo existente sobre la celebración de bodas homosexuales en California, tras la decisión de la Corte Suprema. (es) Proposition 8 (secara tidak resmi dijuluki Prop 8) adalah inisiatif referendum dan amendemen konstitusi negara bagian Kalifornia yang disetujui selama . Inisiatif ini diprakarsai oleh kelompok yang menentang pernikahan sesama jenis sebelum dikeluarkannya keputusan oleh pada Mei 2008. Keputusan tersebut menyatakan bahwa pelarangan pernikahan sesama jenis dalam tidak konstitusional. Proposition 8 pada akhirnya dinyatakan tidak konstitusional oleh mahkamah federal (dengan alasan yang berbeda) pada tahun 2010, walaupun keputusan pengadilan baru berlaku pada 26 Juni 2013. Dengan diberlakukannya keputusan tersebut, Gubernur Jerry Brown dapat meneruskan pernikahan sesama jenis di Kalifornia. (in) Proposition 8 (in italiano: Proposizione 8) è il nome dato al referendum tenutosi in California il 4 novembre 2008 in cui si chiedeva l'abolizione del diritto al matrimonio tra persone dello stesso sesso, introdotto da una sentenza della Corte Suprema della California del 15 maggio 2008. La proposizione chiedeva inoltre di inserire un emendamento nella costituzione della California per affermare che lo Stato riconosce come valido solo il matrimonio tra un uomo e una donna. Al referendum il 52,24% degli aventi diritto ha votato a favore della proposizione, provocando così l'abolizione di fatto del diritto di matrimonio per le coppie dello stesso sesso e limitando l'accesso al matrimonio solo a coppie formate da un uomo e una donna, con decorrenza dal 5 novembre 2008. In seguito all'approvazione della Proposition 8 è stato presentato un nuovo ricorso alla Corte Suprema della California perché l'iniziativa fosse dichiarata costituzionalmente illegittima. Secondo le organizzazioni a favore del matrimonio egalitario infatti il diritto di sposarsi è inalienabile ed essenzialmente appartenente ad ogni essere umano, e in quanto tale non può essere messo ai voti né annullato da un referendum. Il 26 maggio 2009 la Corte ha però respinto il ricorso poiché l'emendamento era parte integrante della costituzione californiana; non erano quindi più validi i principi usati dalla stessa Corte nella sentenza "In re Marriage Cases", con i quali il tribunale supremo aveva aperto il matrimonio anche alle coppie dello stesso sesso. Poiché le corti statali non avevano più giurisdizione in materia, le battaglie legali si sono trasferite nei tribunali federali. E nell'agosto del 2010 la Corte distrettuale di San Francisco ha bocciato la proposizione ritenendola «discriminatoria» e contraria ai principi sanciti dal Quattordicesimo Emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti. L'amministrazione statale accettò subito la sentenza, ma la Corte d'Appello per il Nono Circuito intervenne sospendendo il giudizio del tribunale distrettuale. La Corte d'Appello, il 7 febbraio 2012, espresse il suo giudizio sulla Proposition 8 riaffermando il giudizio del tribunale distrettuale, in un voto 2-1. L'opinione di maggioranza infatti ha ritenuto che il popolo della California non poteva limitare i diritti di una minoranza attraverso un emendamento costituzionale poiché ciò andava in contrasto con la costituzione federale. La decisione è stata comunque sospesa ed eseguito un ultimo ricorso, stavolta alla Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti. L'intera vicenda si è quindi conclusa il 26 giugno 2013, quando la Corte Suprema ha respinto il ricorso presentato affermando che né la Corte stessa né la Corte d'Appello avevano giurisdizione in materia. Pertanto il giudizio tornò al tribunale distrettuale, che lo riaffermò, aprendo definitivamente il matrimonio tra persone dello stesso sesso nello stato della California. (it) Proposition 8 was een referendum (ballot proposition) en staatsgrondwettelijk amendement in de Amerikaanse deelstaat Californië dat op 4 november 2008 werd aangenomen door de kiezers van die staat. Onder Proposition 8 werd er een regel toegevoegd aan de grondwet van Californië, waarin gesteld wordt dat "alleen een huwelijk tussen een man en een vrouw geldig of erkend is in Californië." Daarmee werd er een eind gemaakt aan het grondwettelijke recht van homoseksuele partners om te huwen, een recht dat zij door de uitspraak van de zaak op 15 mei 2008 voor het Hooggerechtshof van Californië verworven hadden. Proposition 8 had geen invloed op domestic partnerships in Californië en liet ook homohuwelijken uitgevoerd voor 5 november 2008 ongemoeid. De goedkeuring van het voorstel door 52,24% van de Californische kiezers zorgde voor protestacties en demonstraties in Californië en over het hele land. Er volgden ook verschillende rechtszaken. Rechter van de maakte Proposition 8 op 4 augustus 2010 ongedaan in de zaak omdat het niet in overeenstemming was met de voorzieningen op rechtszekerheid en gelijke behandeling in de Amerikaanse grondwet. Walker legde een bevel op tegen het uitvoeren van Proposition 8, maar liet ook het herinvoeren van het homohuwelijk uitstellen om te bepalen wat er moest gebeuren in afwachting van hoger beroep. Op 7 februari 2012 besliste het Hof van Beroep voor het 9e circuit dat het verbod op het homohuwelijk inderdaad ongrondwettelijk was. Desalniettemin behielden de rechters het uitstel op het herinvoeren van het homohuwelijk. Op 5 juni 2012 verwierp het gerechtshof een verzoek om de zaak en banc te herzien. Voorstanders van Proposition 8 dienden daarop bij het federale Hooggerechtshof een verzoek tot certiorari in, een bevelschrift tot revisie van een vonnis, en op 7 december 2012 keurde het hof dat voorstel goed. Op 26 juni 2013 deed het Hooggerechtshof uitspraak in de zaak Hollingsworth v. Perry en oordeelde met vijf stemmen tegen vier dat het verzoek van de indieners geen betrekking had op een werkelijk geschil en verwees de zaak terug naar het Hof van Beroep voor het 9e circuit met instructies het beroep wegens gebrek aan rechtsmacht ongegrond te verklaren. (nl) Propozycja 8 w Kalifornii w 2008 roku, (ang. Proposition 8) – propozycja poprawki konstytucyjnej w amerykańskim stanie Kalifornia, nad którą obywatele tego stanu głosowali w referendum 4 listopada 2008 roku. Propozycja ta sprecyzowała obowiązującą w Kalifornii definicję związku małżeńskiego jako związku "między mężczyzną i kobietą", eliminując prawo par tej samej płci do zawierania małżeństw. Według wstępnych wyników, za poprawką głosowało ok. 52,5% uprawnionych do głosowania, przeciw - około 47,5%. Po wejściu w życie propozycji do artykułu I Konstytucji Kalifornii została dodana sekcja 7.5 w brzmieniu: Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California.Tylko małżeństwo między mężczyzną i kobietą jest ważne i uznawane w Kalifornii. Legalność poprawki została potwierdzona wyrokiem Sądu Najwyższego Kalifornii w 2009. W 2013 Sąd Najwyższy Stanów Zjednoczonych uznał Propozycję 8 za niezgodną z Konstytucją Stanów Zjednoczonych, a przez to nieważną. (pl) A Proposição 8 é uma iniciativa que decorreu na Califórnia a 4 de Novembro de 2008 que baniu o casamento de indivíduos do mesmo sexo. A medida foi aprovada com 52,24 por cento de votos a favor, alterando a Constituição do Estado da Califórnia ao adicionar uma secção que afirma que "apenas o casamento entre um homem e uma mulher é válido ou reconhecido na Califórnia". A lei foi uma resposta a uma declaração de um juiz que defendia que o casamento homossexual era legal segundo a Constituição do Estado da Califórnia. A campanha para aprovar a Proposição 8 foi principalmente paga pela Igreja de Jesus Cristo dos Santos dos Últimos Dias. A Proposição 8 foi bastante controversa. A 4 de Agosto de 2010, o juiz do Tribunal Distrital dos Estados Unidos fez uma declaração que a Proposição 8 era não-constitucional e deveria ser contrariada. Isto faria o casamento entre indivíduos do mesmo sexo legal de novo na Califórnia, contudo, o Juiz Walker emitiu uma ordem de execução, para que aqueles que estivessem a favor da Proposição 8 pudessem fazer um recurso legal. Em Novembro de 2007, foi apresentada para as eleições estatais uma medida que estava intitulada como "Lei de Protecção do Matrimónio na Califórnia", proposta por Jerry Brown, Procurador Geral do Estado da Califórnia. Após algum tempo de deliberação, o Tribunal Supremo do Estado da Califórnia decidiu em favor da adopção desta medida, afirmando: "...é alegado que a Proposição 8 'elimina o direito de casais do mesmo sexo se casarem', na Califórnia. O Tribunal Supremo da Califórnia já havia delimitado de forma inequívoca que [definia que] os casais do mesmo sexo tinham o direito constitucional de se casar sob a Constituição da Califórnia." A Proposição 8, o nome pelo qual a medida ficou popularmente conhecida, foi um referendo aprovado a 4 de Novembro de 2008 que ocorreu durante as eleições estatais da Califórnia, eliminando desse modo o direito de dois indivíduos do mesmo género sexual de contraírem matrimónio, com 52 por cento de votos a favor pela população residente daquele estado. A aprovação da proposta modificou a Constituição do Estado da Califórnia, implementando uma obrigação que definiu o casamento como a união entre dois indivíduos de sexos opostos. Ademais, foi adicionada a secção 7.5 ao Artigo I da mesma Constituição que declara que "apenas o matrimónio entre um homem e uma mulher é válido e reconhecido na Califórnia". Dois anos depois, foi apresentada uma proposta que obrigava que todos os indivíduos estrangeiros maiores de 14 anos de idade que permanecessem nos Estados Unidos por mais de 30 dias se registassem no governo dos EUA e que tivessem os documentos do registo em sua posse a todo o momento; qualquer violação desta norma seria interpretada como um crime de contravenção federal com direito à prisão imediata e até mesmo deportação. A proposta foi mais tarde convertida em lei por Jan Brewer, governadora do estado do Arizona, a 23 de Abril de 2010, entrando em vigor a partir de 29 de Julho seguinte, apesar dos esforços da juíza , da cidade de Phoenix, que ordenou que se suspendessem as clásulas mais controversas da norma que criminalizava a imigração. A 11 de Abril de 2011, após uma petição assinada pelo presidente Barack Obama, que havia aberto um processo contra o Estado do Arizona no Tribunal Federal de Phoenix por achar que a lei pudesse prejudicar noções básicas de justiça, o Tribunal de apelação dos EUA confirmou a suspensão das passagens mais controversas da lei de imigração do Arizona, que veio a tornar-se na medida mais ampla e estritamente rígida alguma vez implantada contra a imigração ilegal naquele estado. O recurso do caso foi ao Nono Circuito do Tribunal de Apelações. A 7 de Fevereiro de 2012, os juízes neste tribunal concordou com o Juiz Walker que a Proposição 8 era não-constitucional. Porém, eles também emitiram uma ordem de execução, para que a declaração deles pudesse chegar ao Tribunal Supremo dos Estados Unidos. Os que estivessem a favor da Proposição 8 fizeram um recurso ao Tribunal Supremo a 30 de Julho de 2012. A 7 de Dezembro seguinte, o Tribunal Supremo concordou em julgar o curso. O Tribunal Supremo fez a sua declaração final sobre o caso em 2013. A 26 de Junho de 2013, o Tribunal Supremo dos Estados Unidos finalmente deu o seu veredicto rejeitando a Proposição 8, voltando a legalizar o casamento entre indivíduos do mesmo género na Califórnia. A 28 de Junho de 2011, o Nono Circuito de Apelações do Tribunal Federal emitiu um comunicado no qual fez uma cessação que suspendia esta decisão de banir o casamento homossexual. A 7 de Fevereiro de 2012, os juízes desse tribunal concordaram com o Juiz Walker, que havia instituído uma norma que afirmava que a Proposição 8 era inconstitucional e deveria ser derrubada, além de terem também publicado uma suspensão da execução, para que aqueles que estivessem a favor da Proposição 8 pudessem recorrer legalmente e que esta norma instituída por Walker pudesse ser apresentada ao Tribunal Supremo dos EUA. Aqueles que estavam a favor da Proposição 8 fizeram um recurso ao Tribunal Supremo a 30 de Julho de 2012. A 7 de Dezembro seguinte, o Tribunal concordou em julgar o caso, chegando ao veredicto final de legalizar o casamento entre indivíduos do mesmo sexo no estado da Califórnia. Várias personalidades, quer assumidamente homossexuais ou apoiantes dos direitos dos homossexuais, deram as suas considerações sobre o tópico, tais como Obama, Ben Affleck, Neil Patrick Harris, William Shatner, Kristen Bell, Dax Shepard, Ricky Martin, Ellen DeGeneres, John Stamos, Nick Jonas, Piers Morgan, Nancy Pelosi, Joan Rivers, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Alyssa Milano, Russel Brand, Wanda Sykes, Adam Lambert, Seth Green e Adam Shankman, que inclusive encenou um musical sobre o assunto na Broadway estrelado por John C. Reilly e Allison Janney que arrecadou cerca de USD 7.5 milhões. (pt) Proposition 8 (Åttonde förslaget) kallades det förslag till tillägg i Kaliforniens grundlag om att "enbart giftermål mellan en man och en kvinna är giltiga och erkänns av staten Kalifornien", som framlades av Dennis Hollingsworth, Gail J Knight, Martin F Guiterrez, Hak-Shing William Tam och Mark A Jansson och segrade i en folkomröstning som genomfördes samtidigt med presidentvalet i USA 2008. Enligt valresultaten röstade 52,3 % av de röstande för förslaget, vilket innebär att det nu är en del av delstatens grundlag, men ett antal stämningar mot den Kaliforniska staten har lämnats in efter detta där man ifrågasätter om tillägget är giltigt. (sv) Предложение 8 (англ. Proposition 8) — название конституционной поправки штата Калифорнии, которая была принята на референдуме 4 ноября 2008 года. Эта поправка действовала на территории Калифорнии и определяла брак как «союз между мужчиной и женщиной» и исключала однополый брак. За принятие поправки проголосовали 52,5 % имеющих право голоса и против — 47,5 %. После референдума в статью 1 раздел 7.5 Конституции Калифорнии была внесена поправка: «Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California.(Только брак между мужчиной и женщиной действителен и признаётся в Калифорнии)». В 2009 году утвердил результаты референдума. Поправка 8 была оспорена сторонниками однополых браков. В 2010 году Федеральный суд США принял решение о незаконности Поправки 8. Сторонники запрета однополых браков опротестовали данное решение, но Апелляционный суд признал Поправку 8 неконституционной. После этого защитники Поправки обратились в Верховный суд. 26 июня 2013 года Верховный суд США отклонил апелляцию защитников Поправки 8, мотивируя это тем, что у них недостаёт правовых оснований (англ. standing), чтобы оспаривать решение Апелляционного суда в Высшем суде. «Мы никогда прежде не подтверждали, что существуют основания частной стороны защищать конституционность закона штата, когда власти штата предпочли не делать этого, — заявил главный судья Джон Робертс. — Мы отказываемся делать это также в данном случае». В отсутствие достаточных оснований для апелляции суд не имеет полномочий рассматривать дело по существу. Таким образом, решение Апелляционного суда о неконституционности Поправки 8 было оставлено в силе. В этом вопросе судью Джона Робертса поддержали трое либеральных судей Рут Бейдер Гинзбург, Стивен Брейер, Елена Каган и консервативный судья Антонин Скалия. Судья Энтони Кеннеди, который писал решение о неконституционности Закона о защите брака, выразил особое мнение о том, что суд может рассмотреть вопрос об однополых браках тоже. К нему присоединились консервативные судья Самуэл Алито и Клейренс Томас вместе с либеральной судьёй Соней Сотомайор, которые составили меньшинство. Они заявили, что законодательная инициатива судебного процесса негодная, если власти штата могут просто отказаться обеспечить правовой санкцией решение, за которое проголосовали люди. В то время как сторонники однополых браков приветствовали решение Верховного суда как свою победу, противники однополых браков были удовлетворены тем, что Верховный суд оставил вопрос определения брака решать каждому штату самостоятельно, а не утвердил конституционность однополых браков. Так, президент Family Research Council Тони Перкенс заявил: «Хотя мы и разочарованы решением суда отменить федеральный Закон о защите брака, суд сегодня не навязал переопределение природы брака, которого добивались, огульно в масштабе всей страны». (ru) 8号提案(英文:Proposition 8,简写为Prop 8)是美国加利福尼亚州2008年11月的一项州宪法修正投票提案。 该提案致力于将加利福尼亚州内婚姻关系的定义仅限定于异性之间,从而否定同性婚姻。由于8号提案从根本上改变了加州宪法对婚姻的定义,因此废除了加州最高法院在中的判决。根据该提案,州宪法第一条(Article I)将新增添一款(7.5款),其内容是:“在加利福尼亚州,只有一男与一女的婚姻是合法和受到认可的。” 2008年11月4日,8号提案以52%的投票率获得通过,并于次日正式生效。虽然加州政府将不再向同性伴侣签发婚姻证书,但该提案并不影响加州的民事结合。 8号提案的支持派与反对派在投票战中各花费了3580万美元和3760万美元,是截至当时全美各州资金最高的投票提案,其花销超过过往除了总统选战外所有的拉票战。支持者坚称只应存在异性恋婚姻,如不扭转最高法院于2008年5月起承认同性婚姻权利的裁决,就会损害社会,改变学校在婚姻方面教导的内容,甚至威胁到宗教自由。反对者则认为,该提案损害了所有加利福尼亚人的权利,且使某一特定人群受到了不公平的对待,这是不公平且极端错误的。 投票结果产生后,加州及全美其它地方都发生了游行与抗议。加州最高法院接到了大量同性恋家庭及政府机构要求推翻8号提案的诉讼。他们对提案的有效性及其对之前同性婚姻的影响表达强烈质疑。加州最高法院受理了诉讼但是最终判定8号提案具有法定效应。 2010年8月4日,美国联邦地方法院法官在一案中判定8号提案违反了美国宪法中的第十四條修正案,因此宣布8号提案无效。 2013年6月26日,美国最高法院宣布终审判决,8号提案的支持者不具备法律地位对地方法院的裁决提出上诉,将加利福尼亚州同性婚姻禁令发回该州下级法院。最高法院的决定让地方法院的裁决为8号提案的最终裁决。6月28日,美国联邦第九巡回上诉法院驳回8号提案支持者的上诉,加州恢复同性婚姻登记。 (zh) |
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dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://www.noonprop8.com/ http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/hollingsworth-v-perry/ https://www.followthemoney.org/research/institute-reports/the-money-behind-the-2008-same-sex-partnership-ballot-measures http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php%3Ffips=6&year=2008&f=0&off=67&elect=0 https://web.archive.org/web/20081010125329/http:/www.protectmarriage.com/ https://web.archive.org/web/20090430043558/http:/voterguide.sos.ca.gov/past/2008/general/title-sum/prop8-title-sum.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20111123014544/http:/msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/MSNBC/Sections/TVNews/MSNBC%20TV/Maddow/Blog/2010/07/prop8ruling.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20130302063628/http:/www.sfcityattorney.org/index.aspx%3Fpage=501 https://web.archive.org/web/20130506165548/http:/www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2008-general/sov_complete.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20150425203101/http:/ag.ca.gov/cms_pdfs/initiatives/i737_07-0068_Initiative.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20150425203101/http:/ag.ca.gov/cms_pdfs/initiatives/i737_07-0068_Initiative.pdf%22%3E https://www.scribd.com/document/80680002/10-16696-398-Decision https://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv=V5dIUOCWslU https://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv=W7n8HlxMfx4 |
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dbp:title | Proposition 8 (en) Eliminates Rights of Same-Sex Couples to Marry. Initiative Constitutional Amendment (en) |
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rdfs:comment | Proposition 8 (secara tidak resmi dijuluki Prop 8) adalah inisiatif referendum dan amendemen konstitusi negara bagian Kalifornia yang disetujui selama . Inisiatif ini diprakarsai oleh kelompok yang menentang pernikahan sesama jenis sebelum dikeluarkannya keputusan oleh pada Mei 2008. Keputusan tersebut menyatakan bahwa pelarangan pernikahan sesama jenis dalam tidak konstitusional. Proposition 8 pada akhirnya dinyatakan tidak konstitusional oleh mahkamah federal (dengan alasan yang berbeda) pada tahun 2010, walaupun keputusan pengadilan baru berlaku pada 26 Juni 2013. Dengan diberlakukannya keputusan tersebut, Gubernur Jerry Brown dapat meneruskan pernikahan sesama jenis di Kalifornia. (in) Proposition 8, known informally as Prop 8, was a California ballot proposition and a state constitutional amendment intended to ban same-sex marriage; it passed in the November 2008 California state elections and was later overturned in court. The proposition was created by opponents of same-sex marriage in advance of the California Supreme Court's May 2008 appeal ruling, In re Marriage Cases, which followed the short-lived 2004 same-sex weddings controversy and found the previous ban on same-sex marriage (Proposition 22, 2000) unconstitutional. Proposition 8 was ultimately ruled unconstitutional by a federal court (on different grounds) in 2010, although the court decision did not go into effect until June 26, 2013, following the conclusion of proponents' appeals. (en) Proposition 8 (engl. „[Volksentscheid zu einem] Gesetzesvorhaben“) war ein Antrag zur Änderung der kalifornischen Verfassung per Referendum mit dem Ziel, nur noch heterosexuelle Ehen staatlich anzuerkennen. In der Abstimmung am 4. November 2008 sprach sich die Mehrheit der Stimmen für den Vorschlag und damit gegen die gleichgeschlechtliche Ehe aus, die von Juni 2008 bis zur Verfassungsänderung als verfassungsmäßig geboten galten und praktiziert wurden. Die Kampagne um Proposition 8 und die Konsequenzen der erfolgreichen Abstimmung hatten erheblichen Einfluss auf die Politik und Rechtsprechung der Vereinigten Staaten in den darauf folgenden Jahren. (de) La Proposición 8 fue un referéndum en las elecciones estatales de California, Estados Unidos, que eliminó el derecho de las parejas del mismo sexo a contraer matrimonio. La aprobación de la proposición modificó la Constitución de California, eliminando el derecho de las parejas del mismo sexo a contraer matrimonio. Adicionalmente, se añadió una sección en la constitución declarando que "sólo el matrimonio entre un hombre y una mujer es válido o reconocido en California," pretendiendo revocar la decisión previa del Tribunal Supremo del estado que legalizó el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo. (es) La proposition 8 est un référendum de novembre 2008 visant à interdire le mariage entre personnes de même sexe dans l'État américain de Californie, et inscrit le lendemain de son approbation dans la loi, constituant de fait un amendement de la Constitution de la Californie. (fr) Proposition 8 (in italiano: Proposizione 8) è il nome dato al referendum tenutosi in California il 4 novembre 2008 in cui si chiedeva l'abolizione del diritto al matrimonio tra persone dello stesso sesso, introdotto da una sentenza della Corte Suprema della California del 15 maggio 2008. La proposizione chiedeva inoltre di inserire un emendamento nella costituzione della California per affermare che lo Stato riconosce come valido solo il matrimonio tra un uomo e una donna. (it) A Proposição 8 é uma iniciativa que decorreu na Califórnia a 4 de Novembro de 2008 que baniu o casamento de indivíduos do mesmo sexo. A medida foi aprovada com 52,24 por cento de votos a favor, alterando a Constituição do Estado da Califórnia ao adicionar uma secção que afirma que "apenas o casamento entre um homem e uma mulher é válido ou reconhecido na Califórnia". A lei foi uma resposta a uma declaração de um juiz que defendia que o casamento homossexual era legal segundo a Constituição do Estado da Califórnia. A campanha para aprovar a Proposição 8 foi principalmente paga pela Igreja de Jesus Cristo dos Santos dos Últimos Dias. (pt) Proposition 8 was een referendum (ballot proposition) en staatsgrondwettelijk amendement in de Amerikaanse deelstaat Californië dat op 4 november 2008 werd aangenomen door de kiezers van die staat. Onder Proposition 8 werd er een regel toegevoegd aan de grondwet van Californië, waarin gesteld wordt dat "alleen een huwelijk tussen een man en een vrouw geldig of erkend is in Californië." Daarmee werd er een eind gemaakt aan het grondwettelijke recht van homoseksuele partners om te huwen, een recht dat zij door de uitspraak van de zaak op 15 mei 2008 voor het Hooggerechtshof van Californië verworven hadden. Proposition 8 had geen invloed op domestic partnerships in Californië en liet ook homohuwelijken uitgevoerd voor 5 november 2008 ongemoeid. (nl) Propozycja 8 w Kalifornii w 2008 roku, (ang. Proposition 8) – propozycja poprawki konstytucyjnej w amerykańskim stanie Kalifornia, nad którą obywatele tego stanu głosowali w referendum 4 listopada 2008 roku. Propozycja ta sprecyzowała obowiązującą w Kalifornii definicję związku małżeńskiego jako związku "między mężczyzną i kobietą", eliminując prawo par tej samej płci do zawierania małżeństw. Według wstępnych wyników, za poprawką głosowało ok. 52,5% uprawnionych do głosowania, przeciw - około 47,5%. Legalność poprawki została potwierdzona wyrokiem Sądu Najwyższego Kalifornii w 2009. (pl) Предложение 8 (англ. Proposition 8) — название конституционной поправки штата Калифорнии, которая была принята на референдуме 4 ноября 2008 года. Эта поправка действовала на территории Калифорнии и определяла брак как «союз между мужчиной и женщиной» и исключала однополый брак. За принятие поправки проголосовали 52,5 % имеющих право голоса и против — 47,5 %. После референдума в статью 1 раздел 7.5 Конституции Калифорнии была внесена поправка: (ru) Proposition 8 (Åttonde förslaget) kallades det förslag till tillägg i Kaliforniens grundlag om att "enbart giftermål mellan en man och en kvinna är giltiga och erkänns av staten Kalifornien", som framlades av Dennis Hollingsworth, Gail J Knight, Martin F Guiterrez, Hak-Shing William Tam och Mark A Jansson och segrade i en folkomröstning som genomfördes samtidigt med presidentvalet i USA 2008. (sv) 8号提案(英文:Proposition 8,简写为Prop 8)是美国加利福尼亚州2008年11月的一项州宪法修正投票提案。 该提案致力于将加利福尼亚州内婚姻关系的定义仅限定于异性之间,从而否定同性婚姻。由于8号提案从根本上改变了加州宪法对婚姻的定义,因此废除了加州最高法院在中的判决。根据该提案,州宪法第一条(Article I)将新增添一款(7.5款),其内容是:“在加利福尼亚州,只有一男与一女的婚姻是合法和受到认可的。” 2008年11月4日,8号提案以52%的投票率获得通过,并于次日正式生效。虽然加州政府将不再向同性伴侣签发婚姻证书,但该提案并不影响加州的民事结合。 8号提案的支持派与反对派在投票战中各花费了3580万美元和3760万美元,是截至当时全美各州资金最高的投票提案,其花销超过过往除了总统选战外所有的拉票战。支持者坚称只应存在异性恋婚姻,如不扭转最高法院于2008年5月起承认同性婚姻权利的裁决,就会损害社会,改变学校在婚姻方面教导的内容,甚至威胁到宗教自由。反对者则认为,该提案损害了所有加利福尼亚人的权利,且使某一特定人群受到了不公平的对待,这是不公平且极端错误的。 2010年8月4日,美国联邦地方法院法官在一案中判定8号提案违反了美国宪法中的第十四條修正案,因此宣布8号提案无效。 (zh) |
rdfs:label | 2008 California Proposition 8 (en) Proposition 8 (de) Proposición 8 (California) (es) Proposition 8 (in) California Proposition 8 (it) Proposition 8 (fr) Proposition 8 (nl) Proposição 8 da Califórnia (2008) (pt) Propozycja 8 w Kalifornii w 2008 roku (pl) Предложение 8 (ru) Proposition 8 (sv) 加利福尼亚州8号提案 (2008年) (zh) |
rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Protests_against_Proposition_8_supporters |
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