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Los gobiernos español y mexicano hicieron muchas concesiones de tierras en Alta California —ahora conocidas como California y Baja California— de 1785 a 1846. Las concesiones de tierras españolas se hicieron a soldados retirados como un incentivo para que permanecieran en la frontera. Estas concesiones volverían a la corona española tras la muerte del destinatario. Posteriormente, el gobierno mexicano alentó el asentamiento mediante la concesión de concesiones de tierras mucho mayores a ciudadanos mexicanos nativos y naturalizados. Las subvenciones generalmente eran de dos o más leguas cuadradas, o 35 kilómetros cuadrados —14 millas cuadradas— de tamaño. A diferencia de las concesiones españolas, las concesiones de tierras mexicanas proporcionaron derechos de propiedad permanentes y sin gravámenes. La mayoría de los ranchos otorgados por México se ubicaron a lo largo de la costa de California alrededor de la Bahía de San Francisco, tierra adentro a lo largo del río Sacramento y dentro del Valle de San Joaquín. Cuando el gobierno secularizó las iglesias de la misión en 1833, exigieron que se reservara la tierra para cada familia neófita. Pero los nativos americanos fueron rápidamente ignorados por los californios quienes, con la ayuda de aquellos en el poder, adquirieron las tierras de la iglesia como donaciones. Los pueblos indígenas de las Américas —«indios»— se convirtieron en esclavos virtuales de los rancheros. España hizo cerca de 30 concesiones entre 1784 y 1821, y México emitió alrededor de 270 concesiones de tierras entre 1833 y 1846. Los ranchos establecieron patrones permanentes de uso de la tierra. Los límites del rancho se convirtieron en la base del sistema de prospección de tierras de California, y se encuentran en mapas modernos y títulos de propiedad. Los «rancheros» —propietarios de ranchos— se modelaron a sí mismos después de la nobleza terrateniente de Nueva España, y se dedicaron principalmente a la cría de ganado vacuno y ovino. Sus trabajadores incluían a nativos americanos que habían aprendido español mientras vivían en una de las antiguas misiones. Los ranchos a menudo se basaban en el acceso a los recursos necesarios para la cría de ganado, como el pastoreo y el agua. El desarrollo de la tierra a partir de ese momento a menudo ha seguido los límites de los ranchos, y muchos de sus nombres todavía están en uso. Por ejemplo, Rancho San Diego es ahora un «suburbio rural» no incorporado al este de San Diego, y Rancho Bernardo es un suburbio en San Diego. (es) Les gouvernements espagnol et mexicain firent de nombreuses concessions de terres (rancho) en Alta California (aujourd'hui connue sous le nom de Californie) et de Baja California de 1785 à 1846. Les concessions de terres espagnoles ont été accordées aux soldats retraités pour les inciter à rester à la frontière. Ces concessions revenaient à la couronne espagnole à la mort du destinataire. Le gouvernement mexicain ensuite encouragea la colonisation en accordant des concessions de terres beaucoup plus importantes aux citoyens mexicains nés dans le pays et naturalisés. Les subventions étaient généralement de deux ou plusieurs lieues carrées, soit 35 km2 de taille. Contrairement aux concessions espagnoles, les concessions de terres mexicaines conféraient des droits de propriété permanents et non grevés. La plupart des ranchos accordés par le Mexique étaient situés le long de la côte californienne autour de la baie de San Francisco, à l'intérieur des terres le long de la rivière Sacramento et dans la vallée de San Joaquin. Lorsque le gouvernement sécularisa les églises de la Mission en 1833, il exigea que des terres soient réservées à chaque famille néophyte. Mais les Amérindiens rapidement écartèrent les Californios qui, avec l'aide de ceux au pouvoir, acquirent les terres de l'église sous forme de concessions. Les peuples indigènes des Amériques («Indiens») devinrent plutôt les esclaves virtuels des rancheros. L'Espagne fit environ 30 concessions entre 1784 et 1821, et le Mexique accorda environ 270 concessions de terres entre 1833 et 1846. Les ranchos établirent des modèles d'utilisation des terres permanents. Les limites du rancho sont devenues la base du système d'arpentage de la Californie et se trouvent sur les cartes et les titres fonciers modernes. Les «rancheros» (propriétaires de ranchos) s'inspiraient de la noblesse terrienne de la Nouvelle-Espagne et se consacraient principalement à l'élevage de bovins et de moutons. Leurs ouvriers comprenaient des qui avaient appris l'espagnol tandis qu'ils vivaient dans l'une des anciennes missions. Les ranchos étaient souvent basés sur l'accès aux ressources nécessaires à l'élevage du bétail, comme les pâturages et l'eau. Le développement des terres à partir de ce moment-là a souvent suivi les limites des ranchos, et nombre de leurs noms sont encore utilisés. Par exemple, Rancho San Diego est maintenant une «ville rurale» non constituée en municipalité à l'est de San Diego, et Rancho Bernardo est une banlieue de San Diego. (fr) The Spanish and Mexican governments made many concessions and land grants in Alta California (now known as California) and Baja California from 1775 to 1846. The Spanish Concessions of land were made to retired soldiers as an inducement for them to remain in the frontier. These Concessions reverted to the Spanish crown upon the death of the recipient. The Mexican government later encouraged settlement by issuing much larger land grants to both native-born and naturalized Mexican citizens. The grants were usually two or more square leagues, or 35 square kilometres (14 sq mi) in size. Unlike Spanish Concessions, Mexican land grants provided permanent, unencumbered ownership rights. Most ranchos granted by Mexico were located along the California coast around San Francisco Bay, inland along the Sacramento River, and within the San Joaquin Valley. When the government secularized the Mission churches in 1833, they required that land be set aside for each Neophyte family. But the Native Americans were quickly brushed aside by Californios who, with the help of those in power, acquired the church lands as grants. The indigenous peoples of the Americas ("Indians") instead became virtual slaves of the rancheros. Spain made about 30 concessions between 1784 and 1821, and Mexico issued about 270 land grants between 1833 and 1846. The ranchos established permanent land-use patterns. The rancho boundaries became the basis for California's land survey system, and are found on modern maps and land titles. The "rancheros" (rancho owners) patterned themselves after the landed gentry of New Spain, and were primarily devoted to raising cattle and sheep. Their workers included Native Americans who had learned Spanish while living at one of the former Missions.The ranchos were often based on access to the resources necessary for raising cattle, such as grazing lands and water. Land development from that time forward has often followed the boundaries of the ranchos, and many of their names are still in use. For example, Rancho San Diego is now an unincorporated "rural-burb" east of San Diego, and Rancho Bernardo is a suburb in San Diego. (en) I Ranchos della California sono territori che i governi Spagnoli e Messicani concedevano nell'Ottocento allo scopo diincoraggiare l'insediamento umano nei luoghi dove oggi sorge lo stato della California. Il Vicereame della Nuova Spagna prima ed in seguito anche il governo Messicano durante l'Ottocento,incoraggiarono l'insediamento dei territori oggi conosciuti come California.Ciò avveniva attraverso la concessione di grandi appezzamenti di terreno chiamati Ranchos.Dal termine Ranchos sarebbe in seguito derivato il termine inglese Ranch.Tale concessione era data dal governo ed era permanente. Non era inoltre gravata dal diritto di proprietà. I proprietari dei Ranchos che erano di solito dediti all'allevamento di bovini ed ovini cercarono di modellare la propria strutturaallo stesso modo della nobiltà terriera spagnola.I loro lavoratori comprendevano spesso Nativi Americani che avevano imparato la lingua spagnola, molti dei quali erano vissuti precedentemente nelle Missioni spagnole. Tra le oltre 800 concessioni di territori 30 furono emanate dalla Spagna negli anni tra il 1784 ed il 1821.Il primo Rancho fu il costituito nel 1784 per mano del governatore della Nuova California Pedro Fages. Le restanti concessioni furono emanate dal governo del Messico tra il 1833 ed il 1846. I confini dei Ranchos divennero la base per la odierna divisione territoriale della California e si possono trovare ancoraoggi segnalati sulle cartine. (it) |
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Los gobiernos español y mexicano hicieron muchas concesiones de tierras en Alta California —ahora conocidas como California y Baja California— de 1785 a 1846. Las concesiones de tierras españolas se hicieron a soldados retirados como un incentivo para que permanecieran en la frontera. Estas concesiones volverían a la corona española tras la muerte del destinatario. Posteriormente, el gobierno mexicano alentó el asentamiento mediante la concesión de concesiones de tierras mucho mayores a ciudadanos mexicanos nativos y naturalizados. Las subvenciones generalmente eran de dos o más leguas cuadradas, o 35 kilómetros cuadrados —14 millas cuadradas— de tamaño. A diferencia de las concesiones españolas, las concesiones de tierras mexicanas proporcionaron derechos de propiedad permanentes y sin gr (es) The Spanish and Mexican governments made many concessions and land grants in Alta California (now known as California) and Baja California from 1775 to 1846. The Spanish Concessions of land were made to retired soldiers as an inducement for them to remain in the frontier. These Concessions reverted to the Spanish crown upon the death of the recipient. The Mexican government later encouraged settlement by issuing much larger land grants to both native-born and naturalized Mexican citizens. The grants were usually two or more square leagues, or 35 square kilometres (14 sq mi) in size. Unlike Spanish Concessions, Mexican land grants provided permanent, unencumbered ownership rights. Most ranchos granted by Mexico were located along the California coast around San Francisco Bay, inland along t (en) Les gouvernements espagnol et mexicain firent de nombreuses concessions de terres (rancho) en Alta California (aujourd'hui connue sous le nom de Californie) et de Baja California de 1785 à 1846. Les concessions de terres espagnoles ont été accordées aux soldats retraités pour les inciter à rester à la frontière. Ces concessions revenaient à la couronne espagnole à la mort du destinataire. Le gouvernement mexicain ensuite encouragea la colonisation en accordant des concessions de terres beaucoup plus importantes aux citoyens mexicains nés dans le pays et naturalisés. Les subventions étaient généralement de deux ou plusieurs lieues carrées, soit 35 km2 de taille. Contrairement aux concessions espagnoles, les concessions de terres mexicaines conféraient des droits de propriété permanents et n (fr) I Ranchos della California sono territori che i governi Spagnoli e Messicani concedevano nell'Ottocento allo scopo diincoraggiare l'insediamento umano nei luoghi dove oggi sorge lo stato della California. I proprietari dei Ranchos che erano di solito dediti all'allevamento di bovini ed ovini cercarono di modellare la propria strutturaallo stesso modo della nobiltà terriera spagnola.I loro lavoratori comprendevano spesso Nativi Americani che avevano imparato la lingua spagnola, molti dei quali erano vissuti precedentemente nelle Missioni spagnole. (it) |
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dbr:Concow,_California dbr:Conquest_of_California dbr:Cotati,_California dbr:Covina,_California dbr:Coyote_Creek_(Marin_County) dbr:Mayacamas_Mountains dbr:Menlo_Park,_California dbr:Rómulo_Pico_Adobe dbr:Sabre_Springs,_San_Diego dbr:Salinas,_California dbr:Estancia dbr:Olive,_California dbr:Rancho_Napa dbr:Rancho_Otay dbr:Northeast_Los_Angeles dbr:Rancho_Encinal_y_Buena_Esperanza dbr:Rancho_Lomas_de_Santiago dbr:Rancho_San_Miguelito dbr:Rancho_Vallecitos_de_San_Marcos dbr:Rancho_Bolsa_del_Potrero_y_Moro_Cojo dbr:Rancho_Cañada_de_la_Segunda dbr:Rancho_Paso_de_Robles dbr:Rancho_Calleguas dbr:Rancho_Guadalupe dbr:Rancho_Rosa_Castilla dbr:Rancho_San_Julian dbr:Redwood_Grove dbr:Rancho_Tepusquet dbr:Rancho_Las_Baulines dbr:Rancho_Los_Cerritos dbr:Rancho_Tía_Juana dbr:Rancho_Boca_de_la_Playa dbr:Rancho_Santa_Ana_y_Quien_Sabe dbr:Rancho_Sisquoc dbr:Rancho_Jimeno dbr:Rancho_Cañada_de_Raymundo dbr:Rancho_Las_Positas_y_La_Calera dbr:Rancho_Rinconada_de_Los_Gatos dbr:Rancho_Cañada_de_Herrera dbr:Rancho_San_Jacinto_y_San_Gorgonio dbr:Rancho_San_Pablo dbr:Quatrocentão dbr:Two_Years_Before_the_Mast dbr:City_Heights,_San_Diego dbr:Edward_Berwick_(pioneer) dbr:El_Monte,_California dbr:El_Sobrante,_Riverside_County,_California dbr:Elizabeth_Lake_(Los_Angeles_County,_California) dbr:Encino,_Los_Angeles dbr:Freestone,_California dbr:Fremont,_California dbr:Gaviota_Coast dbr:George_Dexter_Whitcomb dbr:Glendora_Historical_Society dbr:Misión_Santa_Catarina_Virgen_y_Mártir dbr:Mission_District,_San_Francisco dbr:Mission_San_Diego_de_Alcalá dbr:Mission_San_Francisco_Solano dbr:Mission_Santa_Clara_de_Asís dbr:Monrovia,_California dbr:Monterey,_California dbr:Morgan_Hill,_California dbr:Mormon_Battalion dbr:Moss_Landing,_California dbr:Mount_Sutro dbr:Mount_Vaca dbr:Coombsville dbr:Rancho_Buena_Vista_(Soberanes) dbr:Rancho_Milpitas_(Pastor) dbr:Rancho_Sanjon_de_Santa_Rita dbr:Rancho_Arroyo_Grande dbr:Rancho_Arroyo_del_Rodeo dbr:Rancho_Cahuenga dbr:Rancho_Cañada_de_los_Osos_y_Pecho_y_Islay dbr:Rancho_Collayomi dbr:Rancho_Punta_de_la_Concepcion dbr:Rancho_San_Jose_de_Buenos_Ayres dbr:1959_San_Diego_F3H_crash dbr:Andrés_Pico dbr:Aptos_Creek dbr:Arcadia,_California dbr:Argüello dbr:Bassett,_California dbr:Berryessa_family_of_California dbr:Leland_Stanford_Winery dbr:Live_Oak,_Santa_Cruz_County,_California dbr:Livermore,_California dbr:Llagas-Uvas,_California dbr:Loma_Chiquita,_California dbr:Los_Angeles_County,_California dbr:Los_Cerritos_Ranch_House dbr:Los_Encinos_State_Historic_Park dbr:Los_Vaqueros_Reservoir dbr:Lucas_Valley dbr:Luis_Antonio_Argüello dbr:Luis_María_Peralta dbr:Madrone,_Morgan_Hill,_California dbr:Malpaso_Creek dbr:Cahuenga,_California dbr:California_Indian_Reservations_and_Cessions dbr:California_Land_Act_of_1851 dbr:California_grizzly_bear dbr:California_mission_clash_of_cultures dbr:Shirlee_Zane dbr:Sierra_Nevada dbr:Simi_Valley,_California dbr:Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas dbr:Snell_Valley dbr:Stanislaus_County,_California dbr:Stanislaus_River dbr:Star_of_Oregon_(ship) dbr:Stone_House_(Lake_County,_California) dbr:Stoney_Point_(California) dbr:Cliff_May dbr:Francisco_Guerrero_y_Palomares dbr:Francisco_Pérez_Pacheco dbr:Hahamog'na dbr:Hahamongna,_California dbr:Halleck,_Peachy_&_Billings dbr:Joseph_Yves_Limantour dbr:Josiah_Belden dbr:José_Antonio_Carrillo dbr:José_Darío_Argüello dbr:José_María_Alviso dbr:José_María_de_Echeandía dbr:José_Noriega dbr:José_de_la_Guerra_y_Noriega dbr:José_de_los_Santos_Berreyesa dbr:José_del_Carmen_Lugo dbr:Rancho_La_Ballona dbr:Rancho_Punta_del_Año_Nuevo dbr:Santiago_Argüello dbr:Palos_Verdes_Peninsula dbr:Rancho_El_Pinole dbr:Rancho_El_Piojo dbr:Rancho_Pismo dbr:Manuel_Dominguez dbr:Manuel_Victoria dbr:Maritime_history_of_California dbr:Rancho_Ex-Mission_Soledad dbr:Rancho_Punta_de_Quentin dbr:Rancho_Sierra_Vista dbr:Avila_Adobe dbr:Azusa,_California dbr:Baldwin_Hills,_Los_Angeles dbr:Baldwin_Hills/Crenshaw,_Los_Angeles dbr:Baldwin_Hills_(mountain_range) dbr:Baldwin_Lake_(Los_Angeles_County,_California) dbr:Ballona_Creek dbr:Briones_Regional_Park dbr:Buena_Park,_California dbr:Centinela_Adobe dbr:Central_Valley_Project dbr:Aguardiente dbr:Agustín_V._Zamorano dbr:Tijuana dbr:Toluca_Lake,_Los_Angeles |
| is dbp:governmentType of |
dbr:Rancho_Tía_Juana dbr:Rancho_San_Francisquito_(Dalton) dbr:Rancho_Santa_Anita dbr:Rancho_Huerta_de_Cuati dbr:Rancho_La_Merced dbr:Rancho_Potrero_Grande dbr:Rancho_San_Antonio_Abad |
| is dbp:settlementType of |
dbr:Rancho_Los_Laureles dbr:Rancho_Thompson |
| is dbp:subdivision of |
dbr:Rancho_Tía_Juana dbr:Rancho_San_Francisquito_(Dalton) dbr:Rancho_Tujunga dbr:Rancho_Santa_Anita dbr:Rancho_Huerta_de_Cuati dbr:Rancho_La_Merced dbr:Rancho_Potrero_Grande dbr:Rancho_San_Antonio_Abad |
| is rdfs:seeAlso of |
dbr:Rancho_del_Arroyo_Chico |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of |
wikipedia-en:Ranchos_of_California |
