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Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia precludes the Commonwealth of Australia (i.e., the federal parliament) from making laws for establishing any religion, imposing any religious observance, or prohibiting the free exercise of any religion. Section 116 also provides that no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth. The product of a compromise in the pre-Federation constitutional conventions, Section 116 is based on similar provisions in the United States Constitution. However, Section 116 is more narrowly drafted than its US counterpart, and does not preclude the states of Australia from making such laws. Section 116 has been interpreted narrowly by the High Court of Australia: while the definition of "religion" adopted by the court is broad and flexible, the scope of the protection of religions is circumscribed. The result of the court's approach has been that no court has ever ruled a law to be in contravention of Section 116, and the provision has played only a minor role in Australian constitutional history. Among the laws that the High Court has ruled not to be in contravention of Section 116 are laws that provided government funding to religious schools, that authorised the dissolution of a branch of the Jehovah's Witnesses, and that enabled the forcible removal of Indigenous Australian children from their families. Federal Governments have twice proposed the amendment of Section 116, principally to apply its provisions to laws made by the states. On each occasion—in 1944 and 1988—the proposal failed in a referendum. (en) 澳大利亚联邦宪法第一百一十六条禁止澳大利亚联邦议会设立国教或是以法律强加任何宗教仪式或禁止信教自由，还规定不能以宗教考试作为出任联邦政府公职的先决条件。澳大利亚联邦成立前，各英属殖民地召开制宪大会，经过反复磋商和妥协制订联邦宪法，成立澳大利亚联邦。第一百一十六条以美国联邦宪法中的类似规定为基础，但内容上存在缩减，没有限制各州政府制订相应法律。 澳大利亚高等法院对第一百一十六条的解读倾于狭隘，该院对“宗教信仰”的定义广泛而灵活，但对宗教信仰保护范围的理解存在诸多限制。这种做法导致联邦成立以来，澳大利亚法院还没有裁定过任何法律违反宪法第一百一十六条，条文中的规定在上也基本没有起什么作用。根据高等法院的裁决，无论是政府为宗教办学提供资助，还是授权解散耶和华见证人分会，甚至允许把澳大利亚原住民孩童强制同家人分离的法律，都不违反联邦宪法第一百一十六条。 澳大利亚联邦政府曾于1944和1988年两次为第一百一十六条提出修正案，主要目标是要令其规定同样适用于各州，但均未经公投通过。 (zh) |
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澳大利亚联邦宪法第一百一十六条禁止澳大利亚联邦议会设立国教或是以法律强加任何宗教仪式或禁止信教自由，还规定不能以宗教考试作为出任联邦政府公职的先决条件。澳大利亚联邦成立前，各英属殖民地召开制宪大会，经过反复磋商和妥协制订联邦宪法，成立澳大利亚联邦。第一百一十六条以美国联邦宪法中的类似规定为基础，但内容上存在缩减，没有限制各州政府制订相应法律。 澳大利亚高等法院对第一百一十六条的解读倾于狭隘，该院对“宗教信仰”的定义广泛而灵活，但对宗教信仰保护范围的理解存在诸多限制。这种做法导致联邦成立以来，澳大利亚法院还没有裁定过任何法律违反宪法第一百一十六条，条文中的规定在上也基本没有起什么作用。根据高等法院的裁决，无论是政府为宗教办学提供资助，还是授权解散耶和华见证人分会，甚至允许把澳大利亚原住民孩童强制同家人分离的法律，都不违反联邦宪法第一百一十六条。 澳大利亚联邦政府曾于1944和1988年两次为第一百一十六条提出修正案，主要目标是要令其规定同样适用于各州，但均未经公投通过。 (zh) Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia precludes the Commonwealth of Australia (i.e., the federal parliament) from making laws for establishing any religion, imposing any religious observance, or prohibiting the free exercise of any religion. Section 116 also provides that no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth. The product of a compromise in the pre-Federation constitutional conventions, Section 116 is based on similar provisions in the United States Constitution. However, Section 116 is more narrowly drafted than its US counterpart, and does not preclude the states of Australia from making such laws. (en) |
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