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The dowry system in India refers to the durable goods, cash, and real or movable property that the bride's family gives to the groom, his parents and his relatives as a condition of the marriage. Dowry is referred to dahez in Hindi and as jahez in Urdu. The dowry system can put great financial burden on the bride's family. In some cases, the dowry system leads to crime against women, ranging from emotional abuse and injury to even deaths. The payment of dowry has long been prohibited under specific Indian laws including the Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 approved by the Parliament of India and subsequently by Sections 304B and 498A of the Indian Penal Code. The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 defines dowry: "Dowry means any property or valuable security given or agreed to be given either directly or indirectly - (a) by one party in marriage to the other party in marriage; or (b) by the parents of either party to a marriage or by any other person to either party to marriage or to any other persons;at or before or after the marriage as consideration for the marriage of the said parties, but does not include dower or mahr in the case of persons to whom the Muslim Personal law applies." A court judgement clarifies the legal definition of dowry as "Dowry" in the sense of the expression contemplated by Dowry Prohibition Act is a demand for property of valuable security having an inextricable nexus with the marriage, i.e., it is a consideration from the side of the bride's parents or relatives to the groom or his parents and/or guardian for the agreement to wed the bride-to-be. Article 3 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 specifies that the penalty for giving or taking dowry does not apply to presents that are given at the time of a marriage to the bride or groom is when no demand for them has been made. Although Indian laws against dowries have been in effect for decades, they have been largely criticised as being ineffective. The practice of dowry deaths and murders continues to take place unchecked in many parts of India, which has further added to the concerns of enforcement. Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code required the groom and his family to be automatically arrested if a wife complains of dowry harassment. The law was widely abused, and in 2014, the Supreme Court ruled that arrests cannot be made without a magistrate's approval. (en) ダヘーズ（ヒンディー語: दहेज़、ウルドゥー語: دہیز）とは、インドでみられる結婚に関わる持参金制度のことである。語源はアラビア語のジャヒーズ（جهيز）。英語でダウリー（dowry）とも呼ばれる。 持参金の制度自体は、世界中で広く見られる習慣であり、金銭以外の価値のある物品（貴金属類、電化製品、不動産など）を含める地域もある。インドでは、結婚の際に新婦側家族が新郎側家族と話し合い、持参金、もしくは物品（貴金属類、宝石、家電製品など）の新郎側に贈ることである。贈られた物は新郎新婦の財産となる。 ヒンドゥー教徒に限定なく、インドのイスラム教徒にも広がっている。1961年に、が成立したが、今も違法に行われている。 (ja) |
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http://ncrb.gov.in/ https://insysdnet.com/politics-law/misuse-section-498a-legal-terrorism-2/%23:~:text=Section%20498a%20of%20Indian%20penal,demands%20of%20their%20in%2Dlaws. |
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They marry without either giving or taking dowries, but the women as soon as they are marriageable are brought forward by their fathers in public, to be selected by the victor in wrestling or boxing or running or someone who excels in any other manly exercise. (en) The implements of the wedding rejoicings are brought forward. No gift is settled between them. The man gives only a present to the wife, as he thinks fit, and a marriage gift in advance, which he has no right to claim back, but the wife may give it back to him of her own will . (en) They make their marriages accordance with this principle, for in selecting a bride they care nothing whether she has a dowry and a handsome fortune, but look only to her beauty and other advantages of the outward person. (en) |
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~ Arrian, Indika in Megasthenes and Arrian, 3rd Century BC (en) ~ Al-Biruni, Chapter on Matrimony in India, about 1035 AD (en) Arrian, The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, 3rd Century BC (en) |
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ダヘーズ（ヒンディー語: दहेज़、ウルドゥー語: دہیز）とは、インドでみられる結婚に関わる持参金制度のことである。語源はアラビア語のジャヒーズ（جهيز）。英語でダウリー（dowry）とも呼ばれる。 持参金の制度自体は、世界中で広く見られる習慣であり、金銭以外の価値のある物品（貴金属類、電化製品、不動産など）を含める地域もある。インドでは、結婚の際に新婦側家族が新郎側家族と話し合い、持参金、もしくは物品（貴金属類、宝石、家電製品など）の新郎側に贈ることである。贈られた物は新郎新婦の財産となる。 ヒンドゥー教徒に限定なく、インドのイスラム教徒にも広がっている。1961年に、が成立したが、今も違法に行われている。 (ja) The dowry system in India refers to the durable goods, cash, and real or movable property that the bride's family gives to the groom, his parents and his relatives as a condition of the marriage. Dowry is referred to dahez in Hindi and as jahez in Urdu. A court judgement clarifies the legal definition of dowry as Article 3 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 specifies that the penalty for giving or taking dowry does not apply to presents that are given at the time of a marriage to the bride or groom is when no demand for them has been made. (en) |
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Dowry system in India (en) ダヘーズ (ja) |
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