Shotgun house (original) (raw)
La shotgun house (parfois nommée shotgun shack, shotgun cottage ou railroad apartments) est un type de maison américaine. Dans le Sud des États-Unis, ce style est celui de la majeure partie des maisons bâties entre la fin de la guerre de Sécession (1861-1865) et les années 1920.
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| dbo:abstract | منزل الشوزن هو مسكن محلي مستطيل الشكل وضيق، إذ لا يزيد عرضه عن 3.5 مترًا، مع غرف مرتبة واحدة خلف الأخرى وأبواب في كل نهاية من المنزل. كان هذا النمط الأكثر شيوعًا للمنزل في جنوب الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية منذ نهاية الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية (1861- 1865) وحتى عشرينيات القرن العشرين. من الأسماء البديلة كوخ الشوزن وكشك الشوزن وعرزال الشوزن، وسُمي في السكن متعدد المنازل بشقة الشوزن بتصميم مشابه لتصميم شقق السكك الحديدية. تقترح النظرية القديمة أنه يمكن تتبع هذا الأسلوب من إفريقيا إلى التأثيرات الهايتية على تصميم المنازل في نيو أورلينز، ولكن يمكن العثور على المنازل على مسافة بعيدة مثل كي ويست ومدينة يبور في فلوريدا وتكساس حتى شمال شيكاغو، إلينوي. أصبح منزل الشوزن رمزًا للفقر في منتصف القرن العشرين، على الرغم من أنه كان شائعًا في البداية لدى الطبقة الوسطى مثلما شاع لدى الفقراء. أدى التجديد الحضري إلى تدمير العديد من منازل الشوزن، ومع ذلك، أدت جهود الحفظ التاريخية في المناطق التي تأثرت بالاستطباق إلى إعادة ترميم مثل هذه المنازل. تسمح العديد من الأشكال المختلفة لمنازل الشوزن بميزات ومساحات إضافية، وحُدث العديد منها لاحتياجات الأجيال اللاحقة من المالكين. بُنيت أقدم منازل الشوزن دون السباكة الداخلية التي غالبًا ما أُضيفت في وقت لاحق ضمن الجزء الخلفي من المنزل (أحيانًا بصورة فجة). تتكون منازل الشوزن «المزدوجة» أو «مزدوجة البرميل» من منزلين يشتركان في جدار مركزي، مما يسمح بعدد أكبر من المنازل في المنطقة. تشمل منازل الشوزن ذات «ظهر الجمل» طابقًا ثانيًا في الجزء الخلفي من المنزل. يتغير مخطط الطابق الأرضي بالكامل في بعض الحالات، عند إعادة التصميم بسبب إنشاء الممرات. (ar) Der Begriff Shotgun House, deutsch Schrotflintenhaus, bezeichnet eine vor allem im Süden der USA verbreitete Form von Einfamilienhäusern. Diese Häuser werden gelegentlich auch als Shotgun Shack, Shotgun Cottage, Shotgun oder als Railroad Apartment bezeichnet. Der im Deutschen gebräuchliche Begriff „Schießhütte“ hat mit diesen Gebäuden nichts zu tun. Häuser dieses Typs wurden erstmals zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts, vor allem aber in der Zeit zwischen dem Amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg und den 1920er Jahren errichtet. Der Baustil entwickelte sich zunächst in New Orleans und breitete sich von dort bis nach Chicago und Kalifornien aus. Kennzeichnend für Shotgun Houses ist ihre sehr schmale, lange, rechteckige Form. In traditioneller Bauweise errichtete Shotgun Houses haben keinen Flur; die zwei bis fünf Zimmer des Hauses sind direkt miteinander verbunden. Im 19. Jahrhundert waren Shotgun Houses sowohl bei ärmeren Bevölkerungsgruppen als auch solchen mit mittlerem Einkommen beliebt. Im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde diese Hausbauform jedoch zu einem Symbol der Armut. In vielen Städten des US-amerikanischen Südens wurden und werden im Rahmen von Stadtsanierungen Shotgun Houses abgerissen; andernorts setzt man sich für ihre Renovierung und Erhaltung als Teil der amerikanischen Baukultur ein wie zum Beispiel in Key West, Florida. Dort stehen diese Häuser unter Denkmalschutz. (de) La shotgun house (parfois nommée shotgun shack, shotgun cottage ou railroad apartments) est un type de maison américaine. Dans le Sud des États-Unis, ce style est celui de la majeure partie des maisons bâties entre la fin de la guerre de Sécession (1861-1865) et les années 1920. (fr) "Rumah pistol" (bahasa Inggris: "shotgun house") adalah sebuah kediaman domestik empat persegi sempit, yang biasanya panjangnya tak lebih dari sekitar 12 kaki (3.5 m), dengan kamar-kamar saling membelakangi satu sama lain dan pintu di setiap ujung rumah tersebut. Ini adalah gaya rumah paling populer di dari akhir Perang Saudara Amerika (1861–65) sampai 1920an. Nama alternatifnya meliputi "shotgun shack", "shotgun hut", "shotgun cottage", dan dalam kasus rumah berdampingan, "shotgun apartment". Sebuah merupakan suatu hal serupa, namun karena setiap kamar terbuka dengan kamar berikutnya, bangunan tersebut memiliki sebuah lorong samping dimana kamar-kamar dimasukki (dengan analogi perbandingannya dengan gerbong kereta penumpang). Teori jangka panjang menyatakan bahwa gaya tersebut bermula dari Afrika pada pengaruh rancangan rumah Haiti di New Orleans, namun rumah-rumah tersebut dapat ditemukan wilayah-wilayaj jauh seperti Chicago, , , dan Texas. Meskipun awalnya dikenal dengan kalangan menengah ketimbang miskin, rumah pistol menjadi lambang kemiskinan pada pertengahan abad ke-20. Beberapa rumah tersebut digusur sebagai bagian dari pembaharuan perkotaan, sementara yang lainnya diselamatkan untuk . Yang lainnya diselamatkan dan direnovasi di kawasan-kawasan yang mengalami gentrifikasi. Beberapa ragam rumah pistol membolehkan fitur dan ruang tambahan, dan beberapa diperbaharui untuk kebutuhan generasi pemilik berikutnya. Rumah-rumah pistol tertua dibangun tanpa , dan ini sering kali kemudian ditambahkan, sering kali di belakang rumah tersebut (terkadang menyesakkan). Rumah pistol "double-barrel" atau "double" terdiri dari dua rumah yang berbagi tembok utama, membolehkan rumah-rumah lainnya mengisi kawasan tersebut. Rumah pistol "Camelback" meliputi tingkat dua di atas rumah tersebut. Dalam beberapa kasus, seluruh diubah saat dirombak ulang untuk membuat lorong. (in) A shotgun house is a narrow rectangular domestic residence, usually no more than about 12 feet (3.5 m) wide, with rooms arranged one behind the other and doors at each end of the house. It was the most popular style of house in the Southern United States from the end of the American Civil War (1861–65) through the 1920s. Alternative names include shotgun shack, shotgun hut, shotgun cottage, and in the case of a multihome dwelling, shotgun apartment; the design is similar to that of railroad apartments. A longstanding theory is that the style can be traced from Africa to Saint Dominican influences on house design in New Orleans, but the houses can be found as far away as Key West and Ybor City in Florida, and Texas, and as far north as Chicago, Illinois. Though initially as popular with the middle class as with the poor, the shotgun house became a symbol of poverty in the mid-20th century. Urban renewal has led to the destruction of many shotgun houses; however, in areas affected by gentrification, historic preservation efforts have led to the renovation of such houses. Several variations of shotgun houses allow for additional features and space, and many have been updated to the needs of later generations of owners. The oldest shotgun houses were built without indoor plumbing, which was often added later, often on the back of the house, sometimes crudely. "Double-barrel" or "double" shotgun houses are a semi-detached configuration, consisting of two houses sharing a central wall, allowing more houses to be fit into an area. "Camelback" shotgun houses include a second floor at the rear of the house. In some cases the entire floor plan is changed during remodeling to create hallways. (en) ショットガンハウス(英語:shotgun house)は、アメリカ合衆国南部に多数建設された、狭小な長方形平面を持つ住宅形式である。 (ja) Een shotgun house, ook wel shotgun shack, shotgun hut of shotgun cottage, is een smal rechthoekig woonhuis, meestal niet breder dan ongeveer 3,5 meter, met kamers die achter elkaar op rij liggen en deuren aan beide uiteinden van het huis. Tussen het einde van de Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog (1861-1865) en de jaren 1920 was dit het meest veelvoorkomende soort huis in de zuidelijke Verenigde Staten. Een huis dat in meerdere woningen is verdeeld wordt een 'shotgun apartment' genoemd. Een zogeheten 'railroad apartment' lijkt erop, maar in plaats van dat in iedere kamer de deur naar de volgende ligt, heeft een 'railroad apartment' een gang aan de zijkant van waaruit men in de kamers komt (vergelijkbaar met de compartimenten van een passagierstrein). Een lang geopperde theorie is dat de bouwstijl te herleiden is naar Afrika en door Haïtiaanse invloeden in New Orleans terecht is gekomen, maar de huizen zijn ver van New Orleans terug te vinden: van Chicago tot Texas en Florida. Hoewel shotgun houses in eerste instantie door zowel de middenklasse als door de armen werden bewoond, werden ze halverwege de 20e eeuw een symbool van armoede. Stadsvernieuwing leidde ertoe dat veel van deze huizen werden gesloopt, maar in buurten waar opwaardering plaats heeft gevonden zijn er een aantal gerenoveerd en behouden als cultureel erfgoed. Een aantal varianten van het shotgun house bieden meer mogelijkheden en ruimte, en veel ervan zijn aangepast op de behoeften van de moderne bewoner. De oudste shotgun houses hadden geen riolering, maar dit werd vaak later toegevoegd, meestal achter in het huis (en soms op een primitieve manier). Bij 'double-barrel' (dubbelloops) of 'double' (dubbele) shotgun houses werden twee shotgun houses met een gezamenlijke muur aan elkaar gebouwd, waardoor er meer woningen in een buurt pasten. De shotgun house-variant 'camelback' (kamelenrug) heeft een tweede verdieping aan de achterkant van het huis. Soms zijn de huizen zodanig verbouwd dat de hele indeling is veranderd en er gangen zijn ontstaan. (nl) 猎枪小屋 (英文包括shortgun house, shortgun shack等)是狭窄的长方形住宅，通常不超过12英尺（3.7米）宽，房间彼此之间排成一排，房屋前后两端都有门。从美国南北战争 （1861-1865） 结束到1920年代，它是美國南部最受欢迎的房屋风格，其设计与铁路公寓相似。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | La shotgun house (parfois nommée shotgun shack, shotgun cottage ou railroad apartments) est un type de maison américaine. Dans le Sud des États-Unis, ce style est celui de la majeure partie des maisons bâties entre la fin de la guerre de Sécession (1861-1865) et les années 1920. (fr) ショットガンハウス(英語:shotgun house)は、アメリカ合衆国南部に多数建設された、狭小な長方形平面を持つ住宅形式である。 (ja) 猎枪小屋 (英文包括shortgun house, shortgun shack等)是狭窄的长方形住宅，通常不超过12英尺（3.7米）宽，房间彼此之间排成一排，房屋前后两端都有门。从美国南北战争 （1861-1865） 结束到1920年代，它是美國南部最受欢迎的房屋风格，其设计与铁路公寓相似。 (zh) منزل الشوزن هو مسكن محلي مستطيل الشكل وضيق، إذ لا يزيد عرضه عن 3.5 مترًا، مع غرف مرتبة واحدة خلف الأخرى وأبواب في كل نهاية من المنزل. كان هذا النمط الأكثر شيوعًا للمنزل في جنوب الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية منذ نهاية الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية (1861- 1865) وحتى عشرينيات القرن العشرين. من الأسماء البديلة كوخ الشوزن وكشك الشوزن وعرزال الشوزن، وسُمي في السكن متعدد المنازل بشقة الشوزن بتصميم مشابه لتصميم شقق السكك الحديدية. (ar) Der Begriff Shotgun House, deutsch Schrotflintenhaus, bezeichnet eine vor allem im Süden der USA verbreitete Form von Einfamilienhäusern. Diese Häuser werden gelegentlich auch als Shotgun Shack, Shotgun Cottage, Shotgun oder als Railroad Apartment bezeichnet. Der im Deutschen gebräuchliche Begriff „Schießhütte“ hat mit diesen Gebäuden nichts zu tun. Häuser dieses Typs wurden erstmals zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts, vor allem aber in der Zeit zwischen dem Amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg und den 1920er Jahren errichtet. Der Baustil entwickelte sich zunächst in New Orleans und breitete sich von dort bis nach Chicago und Kalifornien aus. (de) "Rumah pistol" (bahasa Inggris: "shotgun house") adalah sebuah kediaman domestik empat persegi sempit, yang biasanya panjangnya tak lebih dari sekitar 12 kaki (3.5 m), dengan kamar-kamar saling membelakangi satu sama lain dan pintu di setiap ujung rumah tersebut. Ini adalah gaya rumah paling populer di dari akhir Perang Saudara Amerika (1861–65) sampai 1920an. Nama alternatifnya meliputi "shotgun shack", "shotgun hut", "shotgun cottage", dan dalam kasus rumah berdampingan, "shotgun apartment". Sebuah merupakan suatu hal serupa, namun karena setiap kamar terbuka dengan kamar berikutnya, bangunan tersebut memiliki sebuah lorong samping dimana kamar-kamar dimasukki (dengan analogi perbandingannya dengan gerbong kereta penumpang). (in) A shotgun house is a narrow rectangular domestic residence, usually no more than about 12 feet (3.5 m) wide, with rooms arranged one behind the other and doors at each end of the house. It was the most popular style of house in the Southern United States from the end of the American Civil War (1861–65) through the 1920s. Alternative names include shotgun shack, shotgun hut, shotgun cottage, and in the case of a multihome dwelling, shotgun apartment; the design is similar to that of railroad apartments. (en) Een shotgun house, ook wel shotgun shack, shotgun hut of shotgun cottage, is een smal rechthoekig woonhuis, meestal niet breder dan ongeveer 3,5 meter, met kamers die achter elkaar op rij liggen en deuren aan beide uiteinden van het huis. Tussen het einde van de Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog (1861-1865) en de jaren 1920 was dit het meest veelvoorkomende soort huis in de zuidelijke Verenigde Staten. Een huis dat in meerdere woningen is verdeeld wordt een 'shotgun apartment' genoemd. Een zogeheten 'railroad apartment' lijkt erop, maar in plaats van dat in iedere kamer de deur naar de volgende ligt, heeft een 'railroad apartment' een gang aan de zijkant van waaruit men in de kamers komt (vergelijkbaar met de compartimenten van een passagierstrein). (nl) |
| rdfs:label | منزل الشوزن (ar) Shotgun House (de) Rumah pistol (in) Shotgun house (fr) ショットガンハウス (ja) Shotgun house (nl) Shotgun house (en) 猎枪小屋 (zh) |
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| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Shotgun_house |
