Slavery in Ethiopia (original) (raw)
L'esclavage en Éthiopie a existé pendant des siècles. Cette pratique faisait partie intégrante de la société éthiopienne, depuis ses débuts jusqu'au XXe siècle. Les esclaves étaient traditionnellement issus des peuples nilotiques qui habitaient l'arrière-pays sud de l'Éthiopie. Les prisonniers de guerre étaient une autre source d'esclaves, bien que la perception et le traitement de ces prisonniers étaient nettement différents. Des esclaves étaient également vendus à l'étranger dans le cadre de la traite arabo-musulmane, servant de concubines, de gardes du corps, de domestiques et de trésoriers. En réponse à la pression des alliés occidentaux de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'Éthiopie a officiellement aboli l'esclavage et la servitude involontaire en 1942. Le 26 août 1942, l'empereur Hailé S
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| dbo:abstract | L'esclavage en Éthiopie a existé pendant des siècles. Cette pratique faisait partie intégrante de la société éthiopienne, depuis ses débuts jusqu'au XXe siècle. Les esclaves étaient traditionnellement issus des peuples nilotiques qui habitaient l'arrière-pays sud de l'Éthiopie. Les prisonniers de guerre étaient une autre source d'esclaves, bien que la perception et le traitement de ces prisonniers étaient nettement différents. Des esclaves étaient également vendus à l'étranger dans le cadre de la traite arabo-musulmane, servant de concubines, de gardes du corps, de domestiques et de trésoriers. En réponse à la pression des alliés occidentaux de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'Éthiopie a officiellement aboli l'esclavage et la servitude involontaire en 1942. Le 26 août 1942, l'empereur Hailé Sélassié proclame l'interdiction de l'esclavage. (fr) Slavery in Ethiopia existed for centuries, going as far back as 1495 BC. There are also sources indicating the export of slaves from the Aksumite Kingdom (100–940 AD). The practice formed an integral part of Ethiopian society, Ethiopians willingly became slaves and sold themselves to many countries like Egypt, Persia and many Arabian countries, including those who did not approve of the institution, such as Emperor Menelik II (1889–1913) and Emperor Haile Selassie (Ethiopia's regent, 1916–1930 and Emperor of Ethiopia, 1930–1974), are said to have owned slaves by the thousands (Pankhurst, 1968, p. 75.). Slaves were arbitrarily taken throughout the land though in particular with Ethiopia's southern hinterland as war captives were another source of slaves, though the perception, treatment and duties of these prisoners was markedly different. One of the first written laws to regulate slavery in the Ethiopian region was The Fetha Nagast (The Law of the Kings), a traditional law for Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. Under this law, one category of people that could legally be enslaved was prisoners of war. It declared: [The state of] Liberty is in accord with the law of reason, for all men share liberty on the basis of natural law. But war and the strength of horses bring some to the service of others, because the law of war and of victory rendered the vanquished slaves of the victors. — Fetha Nagast The law also provided for the enslavement of non-believers and the children of slaves. Slavery could also be imposed as a punishment for committing certain crimes, also known as “punitive enslavement.” Emperor Menilek's 1899 decree mandating the enslavement of thieves and people who sold slaves in violation of his ban is a good example of this form of enslavement. Emperor Tewodros II (1855–1869) and Emperor Yohannes IV (1872–1889) both attempted to end slavery in 1854 and 1884 respectively. Slavery in Ethiopia was largely the result of criminal activity and prisoners of war brought about by rival ideological factions and territorial disputes of expanding principalities, legacy of inheritance, and religious conflict. Emperor Menelik II was no different in his aversion to the institution of slavery, although he was not always consistent in his actions as he would ironically punish slavers with slavery. In 1876 he issued a proclamation in which he prohibited Christians from buying and selling slaves in his territories and mandated that any Muslim caught traveling with slaves should be taken into custody and tried. (Pankhurst, 1968, p. 100.) This law was ineffective, in part because Menelik himself violated its terms by, among other things, continuing to levy taxes from slave markets in an attempt to undermine slave traders in areas beyond his control. Upon his ascent to the throne in 1889, he again issued a decree abolishing slavery. (Encyclopaedia Aethiopica 680.) However, he made an exception for prisoners of war and he used this exception to enslave war captives by the thousands. As noted above, he also used slavery and enslavement as a tool for punishing enemies of the state. Menelik's administration had succeeded in reducing slavery but Menelik found himself with more slaves as a result of having punished so many slave owners and received profits from the trade which presented a moral conundrum to the image of Ethiopia as expressed by the Hatian general Benito Sylvain who visited Ethiopia in 1895-96 and served as dejazmach in Meneliks army. In an endeavor to end slavery Menelik increased the tax such as the case with slaves brought into Shewa and each one that was sold there. The exact number of slaves owned by Menelik is disputed. Coastal raids in the south by the Emperor's Army we're known to free slaves and by the same token make slaves of those guilty of having broke the law or went against the Fetha Nagast. Because slavery was so widespread at the time Ethiopians who could afford to own slaves but refused to pay taxes on them were either placed into a kind of debtors' prison or subjected to slavery themselves to pay off the tax in an attempt to reduce the incentive to own slaves. Some argue his attempt of the abolition of slavery was first implemented in 1910 with a letter to jimma Oromo king Abba Jifar, ruler of Jimma at the time, was thought to have sold Shenquella slaves to the Indian Ocean slave trade. The abolition of slavery as far as a modern written constitution became a high priority for the Haile Selassie government in 1942. The abolition of slavery was put into law during the Italian occupation period with the issue of two laws in October 1935 and April 1936. Emperor Haile Selassie put this in a written constitution in 1942. After the Italians were expelled Ethiopia officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, by making it a law on 26 August 1942. (en) A escravidão na Etiópia foi um fenômeno integrante da sociedade etíope desde sua formação até o século XX. Os escravos eram tradicionalmente retirados dos grupos nilóticos que habitavam o interior do sul da Etiópia, bem como grupos . Prisioneiros de guerra eram outra fonte de escravos, embora o tratamento e deveres desses escravos fosse marcadamente diferente em comparação aos demais. Os escravos também eram vendidos no exterior como parte do tráfico árabe de escravos, servindo como concubinas, guarda-costas, servos e tesoureiros. A escravidão na Etiópia foi abolida pela primeira vez durante o período de ocupação italiana, com a emissão de duas leis em outubro de 1935 e abril de 1936. O governo italiano aboliu escravidão como, além da intenção de libertar o povo etíope da escravidão, justificativa moral e valida para sua população e a comunidade internacional para a inclusão da Etiópia a seu império colonial. Após o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial, a recém-restaurada monarquia etíope, em resposta à pressão dos invasores aliados, a Etiópia aboliu oficialmente a escravidão e a servidão involuntária em 26 de agosto de 1942. (pt) |
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| dbp:text | [The state of] Liberty is in accord with the law of reason, for all men share liberty on the basis of natural law. But war and the strength of horses bring some to the service of others, because the law of war and of victory rendered the vanquished slaves of the victors. (en) |
| dbp:title | Fetha Nagast (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | L'esclavage en Éthiopie a existé pendant des siècles. Cette pratique faisait partie intégrante de la société éthiopienne, depuis ses débuts jusqu'au XXe siècle. Les esclaves étaient traditionnellement issus des peuples nilotiques qui habitaient l'arrière-pays sud de l'Éthiopie. Les prisonniers de guerre étaient une autre source d'esclaves, bien que la perception et le traitement de ces prisonniers étaient nettement différents. Des esclaves étaient également vendus à l'étranger dans le cadre de la traite arabo-musulmane, servant de concubines, de gardes du corps, de domestiques et de trésoriers. En réponse à la pression des alliés occidentaux de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'Éthiopie a officiellement aboli l'esclavage et la servitude involontaire en 1942. Le 26 août 1942, l'empereur Hailé S (fr) Slavery in Ethiopia existed for centuries, going as far back as 1495 BC. There are also sources indicating the export of slaves from the Aksumite Kingdom (100–940 AD). The practice formed an integral part of Ethiopian society, Ethiopians willingly became slaves and sold themselves to many countries like Egypt, Persia and many Arabian countries, including those who did not approve of the institution, such as Emperor Menelik II (1889–1913) and Emperor Haile Selassie (Ethiopia's regent, 1916–1930 and Emperor of Ethiopia, 1930–1974), are said to have owned slaves by the thousands (Pankhurst, 1968, p. 75.). (en) A escravidão na Etiópia foi um fenômeno integrante da sociedade etíope desde sua formação até o século XX. Os escravos eram tradicionalmente retirados dos grupos nilóticos que habitavam o interior do sul da Etiópia, bem como grupos . Prisioneiros de guerra eram outra fonte de escravos, embora o tratamento e deveres desses escravos fosse marcadamente diferente em comparação aos demais. Os escravos também eram vendidos no exterior como parte do tráfico árabe de escravos, servindo como concubinas, guarda-costas, servos e tesoureiros. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | Esclavage en Éthiopie (fr) Slavery in Ethiopia (en) Escravidão na Etiópia (pt) |
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