Sobel (Sierra Leone) (original) (raw)
Sobel (portmanteau of soldier + rebel) is a term which has been used within the politics of Sierra Leone to refer to members of the army of Sierra Leone who committed rebel attacks. In 1997, members of the armed forces known as the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) staged a coup. The military, who had been fighting against rebel insurgents known as the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), joined forces with those rebels and turned their guns on the population, with considerable loss of life and numerous atrocities. However, the practice of military support to rebels predates that time as soldiers were involved in supplying guns and ammunition to rebels as early as 1993 and the word "sobel" appeared in common use from 1994.
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| dbo:abstract | Sobel (portmanteau of soldier + rebel) is a term which has been used within the politics of Sierra Leone to refer to members of the army of Sierra Leone who committed rebel attacks. In 1997, members of the armed forces known as the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) staged a coup. The military, who had been fighting against rebel insurgents known as the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), joined forces with those rebels and turned their guns on the population, with considerable loss of life and numerous atrocities. However, the practice of military support to rebels predates that time as soldiers were involved in supplying guns and ammunition to rebels as early as 1993 and the word "sobel" appeared in common use from 1994. Though the RUF’s public facade was opposition to the corrupt government, it rapidly became more of a group of bandits. In initially opposing the RUF, the military carried out numerous atrocities against civilians in rebel areas, incurring the population's hatred. According to Feldman and Arrous, this further lowered morale among the soldiers and this, combined with low government rations, convinced the soldiers, who were called "sobels" ("soldiers by day - rebels by night") by the affected villagers, to join the rebels. This was also the time of fighting over blood diamonds, when it became lucrative to appear to be serving as soldiers while at the same time exploiting the mineral resources. The quality and discipline of the army had declined after 1991, when it was expanded from 3,000 to 16,000 men in order to combat the RUF, with those recruited not being properly screened and having "no sense of direction, ambition, discipline, or loyalty". Though Sierra Leone is where the “sobel” neologism originated, similar situations may be observed in other parts of Africa. For example, Feldman and Arrous highlight the role of Tuareg fighters in Mali and Niger. Peace treaties to end Tuareg rebellions have sometimes integrated the former rebels into national armies. On occasions, these rebels became disenchanted with the army, resulting in their deserting and returning to being rebels. (en) Sobel (portmanteau de soldado + rebelde) é um termo que tem sido usado dentro da política de Serra Leoa para se referir a membros do exército de Serra Leoa que cometeram ataques rebeldes. Em 1997, membros das forças armadas conhecidas como Conselho Revolucionário das Forças Armadas deram um golpe de Estado. Os militares, que lutavam contra insurgentes rebeldes conhecidos como Frente Revolucionária Unida, uniram forças com esses rebeldes e voltaram suas armas contra a população, com considerável perda de vidas e inúmeras atrocidades. No entanto, a prática de apoio militar aos rebeldes é anterior àquela época em que os soldados estavam envolvidos no fornecimento de armas e munições aos rebeldes já em 1993 e a palavra "sobel" apareceu em uso comum a partir de 1994. Embora a fachada pública da Frente Revolucionária Unida fosse oposição ao governo corrupto, rapidamente se tornou mais um grupo de bandidos. Ao se opor inicialmente a Frente Revolucionária Unida, os militares realizaram inúmeras atrocidades contra civis em áreas rebeldes, incorrendo no ódio da população. De acordo com Feldman e Arrous, isso baixou ainda mais o moral entre os soldados e, combinado com as baixas rações do governo, convenceu os soldados, que eram chamados de "sobels" (em inglês: "soldiers by day, rebels by night", "soldados de dia - rebeldes de noite") pelos aldeões afetados, a juntarem-se aos rebeldes. Esta foi também a época da luta por diamantes de sangue, quando se tornou lucrativo parecer estar servindo como soldados e, ao mesmo tempo, explorar os recursos minerais. A qualidade e a disciplina do exército declinaram depois de 1991, quando foi ampliado de 3.000 para 16.000 homens para combater a Frente Revolucionária Unida, com os recrutados não sendo devidamente selecionados e sem "senso de direção, ambição, disciplina ou lealdade". Embora Serra Leoa seja a origem do neologismo “sobel”, situações semelhantes podem ser observadas em outras partes da África. Por exemplo, Feldman e Arrous destacam o papel dos combatentes tuaregues no Mali e no Níger. Os tratados de paz para acabar com as rebeliões tuaregues às vezes integraram os ex-rebeldes em exércitos nacionais. Em algumas ocasiões, esses rebeldes ficaram desencantados com o exército, resultando em sua deserção e retorno à condição de rebeldes. (pt) |
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| dbo:wikiPageLength | 3558 (xsd:nonNegativeInteger) |
| dbo:wikiPageRevisionID | 1023407367 (xsd:integer) |
| dbo:wikiPageWikiLink | dbr:Republic_of_Sierra_Leone_Armed_Forces dbr:Revolutionary_United_Front dbr:Armed_Forces_Revolutionary_Council dbr:Mali dbr:Portmanteau dbr:Tuareg_people dbr:Niger dbr:Rebellion dbc:Sierra_Leone_Civil_War dbr:Blood_diamond dbc:Politics_of_Sierra_Leone dbr:Neologism dbr:Politics_of_Sierra_Leone |
| dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate | dbt:Reflist |
| dcterms:subject | dbc:Sierra_Leone_Civil_War dbc:Politics_of_Sierra_Leone |
| gold:hypernym | dbr:Term |
| rdfs:comment | Sobel (portmanteau of soldier + rebel) is a term which has been used within the politics of Sierra Leone to refer to members of the army of Sierra Leone who committed rebel attacks. In 1997, members of the armed forces known as the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) staged a coup. The military, who had been fighting against rebel insurgents known as the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), joined forces with those rebels and turned their guns on the population, with considerable loss of life and numerous atrocities. However, the practice of military support to rebels predates that time as soldiers were involved in supplying guns and ammunition to rebels as early as 1993 and the word "sobel" appeared in common use from 1994. (en) Sobel (portmanteau de soldado + rebelde) é um termo que tem sido usado dentro da política de Serra Leoa para se referir a membros do exército de Serra Leoa que cometeram ataques rebeldes. Em 1997, membros das forças armadas conhecidas como Conselho Revolucionário das Forças Armadas deram um golpe de Estado. Os militares, que lutavam contra insurgentes rebeldes conhecidos como Frente Revolucionária Unida, uniram forças com esses rebeldes e voltaram suas armas contra a população, com considerável perda de vidas e inúmeras atrocidades. No entanto, a prática de apoio militar aos rebeldes é anterior àquela época em que os soldados estavam envolvidos no fornecimento de armas e munições aos rebeldes já em 1993 e a palavra "sobel" apareceu em uso comum a partir de 1994. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | Sobel (Sierra Leone) (en) Sobel (Serra Leoa) (pt) |
| owl:sameAs | freebase:Sobel (Sierra Leone) wikidata:Sobel (Sierra Leone) dbpedia-pt:Sobel (Sierra Leone) https://global.dbpedia.org/id/4v9zv |
| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:Sobel_(Sierra_Leone)?oldid=1023407367&ns=0 |
| foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf | wikipedia-en:Sobel_(Sierra_Leone) |
| is dbo:wikiPageDisambiguates of | dbr:Sobel_(disambiguation) |
| is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of | dbr:Revolutionary_United_Front dbr:Sierra_Leone_Civil_War dbr:Sobel_(disambiguation) |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Sobel_(Sierra_Leone) |