Tiltmeter (original) (raw)
Un tiltmètre est un instrument servant à mesurer d'infimes changements de l'horizontalité d'un niveau, que ce soit le sol ou une structure artificielle.
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| dbo:abstract | Inclinómetro o escoliómetro es un instrumento usado por la topografía, por la aviación y por los navíos para medir la inclinación del plano con respecto de la horizontal (superficie terrestre). En términos navales el inclinómetro permite medir el grado de escora de un buque respecto a su eje radial o el grado de inclinación longitudinal o axial (grado de hocicamiento en términos navales españoles). En el aspecto topográfico, los topógrafos pueden medir el ángulo de inclinación del terreno respecto del plano horizontal terrestre usando un inclinómetro de terreno, para de este modo modelar el terreno estudiado. En la industria aeronáutica, el inclinómetro permite al piloto conocer la posición de las alas respecto del falso horizonte del instrumento. Los inclinómetros también son muy usados en automovilismo, en especial en los vehículos offroad o todo terrenos. (es) Tiltmeter merupakan alat pengukur deformasi gunung yang berfungsi untuk mendeteksi pengembungan atau pengempisan tubuh sebuah gunung. Tiltmeter juga digunakan untuk mengukur kemiringan pada suatu struktur di permukaan. Alat ini dapat dipakai untuk memonitor pergerakan magma pada gunung api yang dapat mengakibatkan deformasi di permukaan akibat desakan magma. Struktur yang dipandang perlu untuk dilakukan pengukuran dengan tiltmeter adalah struktur yang secara visual telah menunjukkan adanya perubahan posisi secara horizontal atau vertikal agar dapat diketahui intensitas gerakannya. Untuk kasus sebuah gunung berapi, biasanya para ilmuwan akan memasang tiltmeter di banyak titik, mulai dari kaki gunung hingga dataran-dataran tertinggi yang diperkirakan sebagai jalur aliran lava. (in) Un tiltmètre est un instrument servant à mesurer d'infimes changements de l'horizontalité d'un niveau, que ce soit le sol ou une structure artificielle. (fr) A tiltmeter is a sensitive inclinometer designed to measure very small changes from the vertical level, either on the ground or in structures. Tiltmeters are used extensively for monitoring volcanoes, the response of dams to filling, the small movements of potential landslides, the orientation and volume of hydraulic fractures, and the response of structures to various influences such as loading and foundation settlement. Tiltmeters may be purely mechanical or incorporate vibrating-wire or electrolytic sensors for electronic measurement. A sensitive instrument can detect changes of as little as one arc second. Tiltmeters have a long history, somewhat parallel to the history of the seismometer. The very first tiltmeter was a long-length stationary pendulum. These were used in the very first large concrete dams, and are still in use today, augmented with newer technology such as laser reflectors. Although they had been used for other applications such as volcano monitoring, they have distinct disadvantages, such as their huge length and sensitivity to air currents. Even in dams, they are slowly being replaced by the modern electronic tiltmeter. Volcano and earth movement monitoring then used the water-tube, long baseline tiltmeter. In 1919, the renowned physicist, Albert A. Michelson, noted that the most favorable arrangement to obtain high sensitivity and immunity from temperature perturbations is to use the equipotential surface defined by water in a buried half-filled water pipe. This was a simple arrangement of two water pots, connected by a long water-filled tube. Any change in tilt would be registered by a difference in fill-mark of one pot compared to the other. Although extensively used throughout the world for earth-science research, they have proven to be quite difficult to operate. For example, due to their high sensitivity to temperature differentials, these always have to be read in the middle of the night. The modern electronic tiltmeter, which is slowly replacing all other forms of tiltmeter, uses a simple bubble level principle, as used in the common carpenter level. As shown in the figure, an arrangement of electrodes senses the exact position of the bubble in the electrolytic solution, to a high degree of precision. Any small changes in the level are recorded using a standard datalogger. This arrangement is quite insensitive to temperature, and can be fully compensated, using built-in thermal electronics. A newer technology using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors enables tilt angle measuring tasks to be performed conveniently in both single and dual axis mode. Ultra-high precision 2-axis MEMS driven digital inclinometer/ tiltmeter instruments are available for speedy angle measurement applications and surface profiling requiring very high resolution and accuracy of one arc second. The 2-axis MEMS driven inclinometers/ tiltmeters can be digitally compensated and precisely calibrated for non-linearity and operating temperature variation, resulting in higher angular accuracy and stability performance over wider angular measurement range and broader operating temperature range. Further, digital display of readings can effectively prevent parallax error as experienced when viewing traditional ‘bubble’ vials located at a distance. The most dramatic application of tiltmeters is in the area of volcanic eruption prediction. As shown in this figure from the USGS, the main volcano in Hawaii (Kilauea) has a pattern of filling the main chamber with magma, and then discharging to a side vent. The graph shows this pattern of swelling of the main chamber (recorded by the tiltmeter), draining of that chamber, and then an eruption of the adjoining vent. Each number at the peak of tilt, on the graph, is a recorded eruption. (en) 傾斜計（けいしゃけい）は、傾斜を測定する測定器である。広義には水準器も含む。 対象物は人、人口構造物、地盤など。 (ja) |
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| gold:hypernym | dbr:Inclinometer |
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| rdfs:comment | Un tiltmètre est un instrument servant à mesurer d'infimes changements de l'horizontalité d'un niveau, que ce soit le sol ou une structure artificielle. (fr) 傾斜計（けいしゃけい）は、傾斜を測定する測定器である。広義には水準器も含む。 対象物は人、人口構造物、地盤など。 (ja) Inclinómetro o escoliómetro es un instrumento usado por la topografía, por la aviación y por los navíos para medir la inclinación del plano con respecto de la horizontal (superficie terrestre). En términos navales el inclinómetro permite medir el grado de escora de un buque respecto a su eje radial o el grado de inclinación longitudinal o axial (grado de hocicamiento en términos navales españoles). En la industria aeronáutica, el inclinómetro permite al piloto conocer la posición de las alas respecto del falso horizonte del instrumento. (es) Tiltmeter merupakan alat pengukur deformasi gunung yang berfungsi untuk mendeteksi pengembungan atau pengempisan tubuh sebuah gunung. Tiltmeter juga digunakan untuk mengukur kemiringan pada suatu struktur di permukaan. Alat ini dapat dipakai untuk memonitor pergerakan magma pada gunung api yang dapat mengakibatkan deformasi di permukaan akibat desakan magma. (in) A tiltmeter is a sensitive inclinometer designed to measure very small changes from the vertical level, either on the ground or in structures. Tiltmeters are used extensively for monitoring volcanoes, the response of dams to filling, the small movements of potential landslides, the orientation and volume of hydraulic fractures, and the response of structures to various influences such as loading and foundation settlement. Tiltmeters may be purely mechanical or incorporate vibrating-wire or electrolytic sensors for electronic measurement. A sensitive instrument can detect changes of as little as one arc second. (en) |
| rdfs:label | Inclinómetro (es) Tiltmeter (in) Tiltmètre (fr) 傾斜計 (ja) Tiltmeter (en) |
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| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:Tiltmeter?oldid=1115788045&ns=0 |
| foaf:depiction | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Tiltbubbs.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Tiltmeter_on_Mauna_Loa.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/UWETilt.gif |
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