Timariots (original) (raw)
Οι Τιμαριώτες, ονομασία που δινόταν στους Σπαχήδες, ήταν, κατά την περίοδο της οθωμανικής αυτοκρατορίας, εκπρόσωποι του κράτους που διαχειρίζονταν την περιουσία των κρατικών γαιών, το λεγόμενο τιμάριο, που ανήκαν όλες στο σουλτάνο.
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| dbo:abstract | Οι Τιμαριώτες, ονομασία που δινόταν στους Σπαχήδες, ήταν, κατά την περίοδο της οθωμανικής αυτοκρατορίας, εκπρόσωποι του κράτους που διαχειρίζονταν την περιουσία των κρατικών γαιών, το λεγόμενο τιμάριο, που ανήκαν όλες στο σουλτάνο. (el) Se llamaba timariot al poseedor de un feudo en Turquía. Tenía la obligación de servir personalmente a caballo en tiempo de guerra si el timar le producía poca renta, o acompañado de cierto número de soldados en función del producto obtenido de aquella. Existían tres tipos de timariotes: los yemalers, los iseles y los bernabetes. (es) Les timariots ou timariotes (timarlu en turc) sont une armée irrégulière de cavaliers légers qui servaient le sultan ottoman en temps de guerre, en échange d'un fief appelé timar. Ils constituaient une part importante et prestigieuse de l'armée ottomane, de par leur faible coût d'entretien, et conservèrent cette vocation jusqu'au XVIIe siècle. Le titre de timariot et leurs possessions perdurèrent après cette période mais devint atteint par la corruption, en étant attribué au plus offrant plutôt qu'au plus méritant. (fr) Timariot (or tımar holder; tımarlı in Turkish) was the name given to a Sipahi cavalryman in the Ottoman army. In return for service, each timariot received a parcel of revenue called a timar, a fief, which were usually recently conquered plots of agricultural land in the countryside. Far less commonly, the sultan would grant a civil servant or member of the imperial family a timar. Also non-military timar holders were obliged to supply the imperial army with soldiers and provisions. The timariots provided the backbone of the Ottoman cavalry force and the army as a whole. They were obligated to fight as cavalrymen in the Ottoman military when called upon. The timariots had to assemble with the army when at war, and had to take care of the land entrusted to him in times of peace. When at war, the timariot had to bring his own equipment and in addition a number of armed retainers (cebelu). The timariot was granted feudatory with the obligation to go mounted to war and to supply soldiers and sailors in numbers proportionate to the revenue of the appanage. The timariot owed personal service for his sword in time of war and for a certain sum of money owed a number of soldiers as a substitute (cebelu). The (cebelu) was bound to live on the timariot’s estate and look after the land. When summoned for campaign the timariot and his cebelu had to present themselves with a cuirass. When a timariot failed to obey the summon he was deprived of his timar for one or two years. Timariots were expected to bring cebelus or men-at-arms as well as their own equipment on campaign, the number of cebelu being determined by revenue. The number of the timariots in the sultan's army fluctuated between 50,000 and 90,000 men. Timariots were themselves organized by sanjak-beys who ruled over groups of timars. The sanjak-beys were subordinate to the beylerbeyi and then the sultan himself. This semi-feudal arrangement allowed for the Ottomans to organize large armies at once, thus making an imperial army from what was still essentially a medieval economy. This system of using agricultural revenue to pay troops was influenced by a similar Byzantine practice and other near-Eastern states prior to the Ottoman Empire. During peace, timariots were expected to manage the lands they were given. Each timariot did not own the land that had been granted. All agricultural lands in the Empire that were considered state property (or miri) could be granted as timars. Timariots could be removed and transferred when the sultan deemed it necessary. However, timariots were expected to collect taxes and manage the peasantry. The kanunname of each sanjak listed the specific amount of taxes and services that the timariot could collect. The central government enforced these laws rigorously, and a sipahi could lose his timar for violating regulations. The timar-holders took precautions to keep peasants on their land and were also owed certain labor from peasants, such as building a barn. The maximum amount of income from one timar was 9,999 akce per year, but most timariots did not make anywhere close to that. In the 1530s, 40 percent of timariots received less than 3,000 akce in revenue. Higher ranking officers could receive a ziamet (up to 100,000 akces) or a has (over 100,000 akce), depending on importance. The number of men and equipment the timariotes had to provide was dependent on the size of his land holdings. When the annual income of the holding was above 4.000 akçe the sipahi had to be accompanied by a soldier in a coat of mail, for income above 15.000 akçe by additional soldier for each additional 3.000 akçe. Above a certain income of the timar the sipahi horse had also to be equipped with armor of very thin steel. Tents for different purposes e.g., for treasury, kitchen, saddlery store, etc. had to be provided. This ensured that all equipment and troops for campaigns was determined in advance and Ottoman commanders knew the exact number of their forces for mobilization. When the Ottomans conquered new territory, it was common practice to grant timars to the local aristocracy of conquered lands. The Ottomans co-opted the local nobility and eased the burden of conquest. The first group of timars in the Balkans had a strong Christian majority (60 percent in Serbia and 82 percent in Bosnia in 1467-69), but the Christian sipahis gradually disappeared due to dispossession or conversion to Islam. Timar-status could be inherited, but the pieces of land were not inheritable to avoid the creation of any stable landed nobility. Timars were not hereditary until a decree was passed in 1585. Those who vied for timar status were fiercely competitive and the barrier to entry was high. The sipahis were also in constant competition for control of the Ottoman military with the janissary class. (en) I Timariot (o titolari dei tımar; tımarlı in Turco) è stato un altro nome dato alla cavalleria Timarli Sipahi al servizio del Sultano dell'Impero ottomano e che in cambio ricevevano la concessione di un Feudo chiamato Timar.Il Timariot doveva unirsi all'esercito in tempo di guerra e doveva prendersi cura della terra a lui affidata in tempo di pace.Quando erano in guerra, i Timariot dovevano portare le proprie armi e inoltre un certo numero di armigeri a piedi.Il cibo era fornito durante la campagna militare. In questo modo, gli ottomani potevano rapidamente radunare un grande esercito.Quando la guerra era finita i guerrieri ritornavano alle loro terre, e in tal modo il Sultano non doveva provvedere al loro sostegno quando gli stessi non ne avevano bisogno.Inoltre le terre del Sultano venivano coltivate con cura.I contadini locali erano soggetti ai Timariot.La legge e l'ordine venivano mantenuti, le tasse venivano raccolte e chi violava la legge veniva assicurato alla giustizia.Tuttavia il Timariot non poteva imporre sanzioni fino a quando non aveva ricevuto un verdetto da un giudice locale di conformità alla legge imperiale.Un titolare di Timar non poteva possedere la terra; la proprietà terriera è mantenuta dallo stato ottomano. (it) Тімаріоти, Тімарли (тур. timarlı) — нерегулярне кавалерійське ополчення, збиране військовими властями Османської імперії з власників земельних наділів — тімарів. Тімаріоти були зобов'язані служити в діючій армії (під час походів), а також брати участь в каральних акціях проти виступів і злочинності, за що в мирний час отримували дохід зі свого тімару. (uk) Тимариоты или Тимарлы (тур. timarlı) — иррегулярное кавалерийское ополчение в средневековых тюркских государствах, собираемое властями из держателей земельных наделов — тимаров. Тимариоты были обязаны служить в действующей армии (во время походов), а также участвовать в карательных акциях против выступлений и преступности, за что в мирное время получали доход со своего тимара. Система тимаров унаследовала многие черты византийской пронии и в Осмаской империи появилась при султане Орхане I (1326—1359), награждавшем пожалованиями отличившихся воинов. Тимариоты сохраняли своё военное значение до середины 17 века, но их титулы были отменены намного позже. Тимариоты объединялись в полки (тур. alay) и дивизии (санджаки, дословно — знамёна). Общее руководство армией осуществлял бейлербей. По переписи 1525 года, тимариотами числились 37 818 человек. (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | Οι Τιμαριώτες, ονομασία που δινόταν στους Σπαχήδες, ήταν, κατά την περίοδο της οθωμανικής αυτοκρατορίας, εκπρόσωποι του κράτους που διαχειρίζονταν την περιουσία των κρατικών γαιών, το λεγόμενο τιμάριο, που ανήκαν όλες στο σουλτάνο. (el) Se llamaba timariot al poseedor de un feudo en Turquía. Tenía la obligación de servir personalmente a caballo en tiempo de guerra si el timar le producía poca renta, o acompañado de cierto número de soldados en función del producto obtenido de aquella. Existían tres tipos de timariotes: los yemalers, los iseles y los bernabetes. (es) Les timariots ou timariotes (timarlu en turc) sont une armée irrégulière de cavaliers légers qui servaient le sultan ottoman en temps de guerre, en échange d'un fief appelé timar. Ils constituaient une part importante et prestigieuse de l'armée ottomane, de par leur faible coût d'entretien, et conservèrent cette vocation jusqu'au XVIIe siècle. Le titre de timariot et leurs possessions perdurèrent après cette période mais devint atteint par la corruption, en étant attribué au plus offrant plutôt qu'au plus méritant. (fr) Тімаріоти, Тімарли (тур. timarlı) — нерегулярне кавалерійське ополчення, збиране військовими властями Османської імперії з власників земельних наділів — тімарів. Тімаріоти були зобов'язані служити в діючій армії (під час походів), а також брати участь в каральних акціях проти виступів і злочинності, за що в мирний час отримували дохід зі свого тімару. (uk) Timariot (or tımar holder; tımarlı in Turkish) was the name given to a Sipahi cavalryman in the Ottoman army. In return for service, each timariot received a parcel of revenue called a timar, a fief, which were usually recently conquered plots of agricultural land in the countryside. Far less commonly, the sultan would grant a civil servant or member of the imperial family a timar. Also non-military timar holders were obliged to supply the imperial army with soldiers and provisions. (en) I Timariot (o titolari dei tımar; tımarlı in Turco) è stato un altro nome dato alla cavalleria Timarli Sipahi al servizio del Sultano dell'Impero ottomano e che in cambio ricevevano la concessione di un Feudo chiamato Timar.Il Timariot doveva unirsi all'esercito in tempo di guerra e doveva prendersi cura della terra a lui affidata in tempo di pace.Quando erano in guerra, i Timariot dovevano portare le proprie armi e inoltre un certo numero di armigeri a piedi.Il cibo era fornito durante la campagna militare. (it) Тимариоты или Тимарлы (тур. timarlı) — иррегулярное кавалерийское ополчение в средневековых тюркских государствах, собираемое властями из держателей земельных наделов — тимаров. Тимариоты были обязаны служить в действующей армии (во время походов), а также участвовать в карательных акциях против выступлений и преступности, за что в мирное время получали доход со своего тимара. Система тимаров унаследовала многие черты византийской пронии и в Осмаской империи появилась при султане Орхане I (1326—1359), награждавшем пожалованиями отличившихся воинов. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Τιμαριώτες (el) Timariot (es) Timariote (fr) Timariot (it) Timariots (en) Тимариоты (ru) Тімаріоти (uk) |
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