Universal value (original) (raw)

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（英語：Universal value），又可翻譯為普世思想、普世情緒，泛指那些不分领域的善良价值观， 。

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dbo:abstract A value is a universal value if it has the same value or worth for all, or almost all, people. Spheres of human value encompass morality, aesthetic preference, human traits, human endeavour, and social order. Whether universal values exist is an unproven conjecture of moral philosophy and cultural anthropology, though it is clear that certain values are found across a great diversity of human cultures, such as primary attributes of physical attractiveness (e.g. youthfulness, symmetry) whereas other attributes (e.g. slenderness) are subject to aesthetic relativism as governed by cultural norms. This objection is not limited to aesthetics. Relativism concerning morals is known as moral relativism, a philosophical stance opposed to the existence of universal moral values. The claim for universal values can be understood in two different ways. First, it could be that something has a universal value when everybody finds it valuable. This was Isaiah Berlin's understanding of the term. According to Berlin, "...universal values....are values that a great many human beings in the vast majority of places and situations, at almost all times, do in fact hold in common, whether consciously and explicitly or as expressed in their behaviour..." Second, something could have universal value when all people have reason to believe it has value. Amartya Sen interprets the term in this way, pointing out that when Mahatma Gandhi argued that non-violence is a universal value, he was arguing that all people have reason to value non-violence, not that all people currently value non-violence. Many different things have been claimed to be of universal value, for example, fertility, pleasure, and democracy. The issue of whether anything is of universal value, and, if so, what that thing or those things are, is relevant to psychology, political science, and philosophy, among other fields. (en) Общечелове́ческие це́нности — теоретически существующие моральные ценности, содержание которых не связано непосредственно с конкретным историческим периодом развития общества или конкретной этнической традицией, но, наполняясь в каждой социокультурной традиции собственным конкретным смыслом воспроизводится, тем не менее, в любом типе культуры в качестве ценности. (см. также моральный абсолютизм). Отношение к понятию варьируется от полного отрицания существования такой вещи, как «общечеловеческие ценности», до постулирования их конкретного списка. Одной из промежуточных позиций является, например, формулируемая Фрэнсисом Фукуямой идея о том, что в условиях современного мира, где никакое сообщество людей не существует изолированно от других, для мирного сосуществования культур некоторая общая система ценностей просто необходима (однако, необходимость общей системы ценностей — не означает существования этой общей системы ценностей). (ru) Universella värden är ett västerländskt politiskt begrepp som innebär att vissa liberala principer är allmängiltiga och därför omfattar alla människor, överallt i världen, oavsett kulturella eller politiska förutsättningar. Efter franska revolutionen formaliserades dessa rättigheter till vad som finns idag, men grunden för dem är lagda redan under antiken, för mer än 2000 år sedan. Universella värden är exempelvis mänskliga rättigheter, demokrati, yttrandefrihet, åsiktsfrihet och allmän och lika rösträtt. Dessa värden innebär en strävan mot självstyre och ökad frihet för individen. Tanken om dessa universella värden har mött kritik såväl politisk som religiöst, historiskt inte minst från den kristna kyrkan. I modern tid har demokratin som universellt värde ifrågasatts av bland annat statsvetaren Samuel P. Huntington i boken där han driver tesen att alla människor inte vill ha demokrati och att det därför inte heller kan anses vara ett universellt värde. I boken skriver han att västerlandets universalism (filosofiskt och teologiskt begrepp) är något som inte passar hela världen. (sv) （英語：Universal value），又可翻譯為普世思想、普世情緒，泛指那些不分领域的善良价值观， 。 (zh)
dbo:wikiPageExternalLink http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-intrinsic-extrinsic/ http://www.yourmorals.org/schwartz.2006.basic%20human%20values.pdf https://www.un.org/press/en/2003/sgsm9076.doc.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20080311200942/https:/kroc.nd.edu/ocpapers/op_16_1.pdf http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-pluralism/
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dbp:id idBolin1999 (en) idDiamond2001 (en) idJahanbegloo1991 (en) idMason2006 (en) idPettit1996 (en) idSchwartz1987 (en) idSchwartz1992 (en) idSchwartz1994 (en) idSen1999 (en)
dbp:reference Bolin, Anne, and Patricia Whelehan . Perspectives on Human Sexuality. SUNY Press. (en) Schwartz, S. H. . 'Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theory and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries'. In M. Zanna , Advances in Experimental Social Psychology . New York: Academic Press: 1-65. (en) Sen, Amartya . 'Democracy as a Universal Value'. Journal of Democracy, 10 : 3-17. (en) Jahanbegloo, Ramin, . Conversations With Isaiah Berlin. McArthur & Co. Reprinted 2007, Halban Publishers. , (en) Diamond, Larry Jay, and Marc F. Plattner . The Global Divergence of Democracies. Johns Hopkins University Press. (en) Pettit, Philip . The Common Mind: An Essay on Psychology, Society, and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press. (en) Schwartz, S. H. . 'Are there Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values?'. Journal of Social Issues, 50 : 19–45. (en) Schwartz, S. H. and W. Bilsky . 'Toward a Universal Psychological Structure of Human Values'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53: 550-562. (en) Mason, Elinor, . 'Value pluralism'. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. . (en)
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rdfs:comment （英語：Universal value），又可翻譯為普世思想、普世情緒，泛指那些不分领域的善良价值观， 。 (zh) A value is a universal value if it has the same value or worth for all, or almost all, people. Spheres of human value encompass morality, aesthetic preference, human traits, human endeavour, and social order. Whether universal values exist is an unproven conjecture of moral philosophy and cultural anthropology, though it is clear that certain values are found across a great diversity of human cultures, such as primary attributes of physical attractiveness (e.g. youthfulness, symmetry) whereas other attributes (e.g. slenderness) are subject to aesthetic relativism as governed by cultural norms. This objection is not limited to aesthetics. Relativism concerning morals is known as moral relativism, a philosophical stance opposed to the existence of universal moral values. (en) Universella värden är ett västerländskt politiskt begrepp som innebär att vissa liberala principer är allmängiltiga och därför omfattar alla människor, överallt i världen, oavsett kulturella eller politiska förutsättningar. Efter franska revolutionen formaliserades dessa rättigheter till vad som finns idag, men grunden för dem är lagda redan under antiken, för mer än 2000 år sedan. (sv) Общечелове́ческие це́нности — теоретически существующие моральные ценности, содержание которых не связано непосредственно с конкретным историческим периодом развития общества или конкретной этнической традицией, но, наполняясь в каждой социокультурной традиции собственным конкретным смыслом воспроизводится, тем не менее, в любом типе культуры в качестве ценности. (см. также моральный абсолютизм). (ru)
rdfs:label Valor Universal (es) Universal value (en) Universella värden (sv) Общечеловеческие ценности (ru) 普世價值 (zh)
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