| dbo:abstract |
The Valor Ecclesiasticus (Latin: "church valuation") was a survey of the finances of the church in England, Wales and English controlled parts of Ireland made in 1535 on the orders of Henry VIII. It was colloquially called the Kings books, a somewhat ambiguous term. In 1534, King Henry parted with the Pope and the Catholic religion and by the Act of Supremacy made himself the supreme head of the church in his lands. One of his first actions in his new role was to impose taxes on the clergy. Taxes traditionally paid by clerics to the Pope were now to be given to him, and Henry also decided in late 1534 to create a new annual income tax of 10% on the income from all church lands and offices. To properly assess the new tax a survey of all church property and revenues had to be made. In January 1535, the government appointed commissions throughout the country to conduct the survey. All clergymen, parish priests, heads of monasteries, colleges, hospitals and other institutions under church auspices were commanded to give sworn testimony before their local commissioners as to their income, the lands their establishments owned and the revenues they received from all other sources. The commissioners were to examine documents and account books and from these and the testimony provide a full financial statement for every religious institution. The work of collecting the information was ordered to be completed by 30 May 1535 and the results sent in to the Exchequer in London. The commissioners were unpaid and untrained, mostly local gentry, mayors, magistrates, bishops and sheriffs, but they approached the vast task with speed and, by the summer of 1535, the government had in its hands a detailed accounting of the property and wealth of the church. Most of their work survives, preserved in 22 Latin volumes and three folders at The National Archives in Kew. Two of the volumes are illuminated manuscripts and seem to be a summary made for King Henry's personal use. (en) 教会財産査定録（きょうかいざいさんさていろく、英：Valor Ecclesiasticus）とは、1535年にイングランドで作成された記録簿。ヘンリー8世の王立委員会がイングランドとウェールズの全宗教施設領を査定・評価し作成した。 前年（1534年）に宗教改革の一環として、と十分の一税が国庫に納められることになったため、その基礎資料を整える目的でヘンリー8世の側近の最高首長代理トマス・クロムウェルが委員会を結成、任命された委員が各地を巡回・調査・査定した。王が教会財産に関心を抱いていたことも背景にあり、国内の教会や修道院の資産状況を把握すべく現地調査を命じた。 命令を受けたクロムウェルは委員を通じて教会財産を査定、半年かけて教会財産について綿密な課税台帳を作り上げた。こうして完成した教会財産査定録は翌1536年から始まった修道院解散の資料として利用され、が成立して小修道院から解散、恩寵の巡礼という反乱を挟みつつも1539年の成立で大修道院も解散が進み、修道院解散は完了した。 ドゥームズデイ・ブックに例えられた教会財産査定録は当時の教会の収入源と収入が詳細に記録され、13世紀末にローマ教皇ニコラウス4世の命令で実施され纏められた教会領・聖職禄の課税査定簿に代わり用いられるようになった。 ちなみに、クロムウェルは行政改革も手掛け、査定簿を作る目的の1つだった初収入税と十分の一税を扱う初収入税・十分の一税局を設置、1540年にへと整備された。また、1536年に修道院解散で生じた旧修道院領収入・経営を扱う機関として増収裁判所も設置した。 (ja) |
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The Valor Ecclesiasticus (Latin: "church valuation") was a survey of the finances of the church in England, Wales and English controlled parts of Ireland made in 1535 on the orders of Henry VIII. It was colloquially called the Kings books, a somewhat ambiguous term. (en) 教会財産査定録（きょうかいざいさんさていろく、英：Valor Ecclesiasticus）とは、1535年にイングランドで作成された記録簿。ヘンリー8世の王立委員会がイングランドとウェールズの全宗教施設領を査定・評価し作成した。 前年（1534年）に宗教改革の一環として、と十分の一税が国庫に納められることになったため、その基礎資料を整える目的でヘンリー8世の側近の最高首長代理トマス・クロムウェルが委員会を結成、任命された委員が各地を巡回・調査・査定した。王が教会財産に関心を抱いていたことも背景にあり、国内の教会や修道院の資産状況を把握すべく現地調査を命じた。 命令を受けたクロムウェルは委員を通じて教会財産を査定、半年かけて教会財産について綿密な課税台帳を作り上げた。こうして完成した教会財産査定録は翌1536年から始まった修道院解散の資料として利用され、が成立して小修道院から解散、恩寵の巡礼という反乱を挟みつつも1539年の成立で大修道院も解散が進み、修道院解散は完了した。 ドゥームズデイ・ブックに例えられた教会財産査定録は当時の教会の収入源と収入が詳細に記録され、13世紀末にローマ教皇ニコラウス4世の命令で実施され纏められた教会領・聖職禄の課税査定簿に代わり用いられるようになった。 (ja) |
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