Wa States (original) (raw)
- Els estats Wa (Wa States; Meung Vax) fou una col·lecció de petits estats a Birmània sota domini britànic a l'est del Salween, a la divisió dels Estats Shan Septentrionals, sota control directe del superintendent de Lashio. És un territori muntanyós i selvàtic, on vivien diverses ètnies si bé predominen els was. El govern wa era un sistema de comunitats per poble. A l'estat de hi havia una barreja de població amb katxins, xans i panthays (xinesos musulmans) a més de was. Estats a la zona eren Manglun, (amb majoria muhso) i (lao xan). Els britànics exercien un control efectiu sobre Manglon però sobre els altres estats era nominal. Després de la II Guerra Mundial els was es van organitzar i les monarquies van desaparèixer després del 1947 quedant el seu territori integrat a l'Estat Shan però els was es van mantenir rebels i vam proclamar el seu propi estat. Als anys seixanta van formar aliança amb el Partit Comunista de Birmània. El 16 d'abril de 1989 els was que formaven a les files comunistes, que estaven destinats a servir de forces de xoc a les onades humanes preparades per l'enviat del Comitè central, Seo Thein, es van revoltar i van ocupar el quarter general comunista de Pangshang. El 17 d'abril de 1989 el president del partit comunista Ba Thein Tin, els principals dirigents i les seves famílies van fugir a Nam Hka, a la frontera xinesa. Els rebels no van voler seguir les indicacions del Front Nacional Democràtic (que va enviar una delegació) i els generales Khin Nyunt i Maung Tint van arribar a un acord d'alto el foc amb el govern que es va signar a Kunlong, a la riba del riu que marcava la frontera de Kokang, i al que es va afegir Chao Ngi Lai, cap de la resta dels efectius comunistes, als quals es va prometre un programa de desenvolupament amb molts diners. La força comunista abans de l'enfonsament estava formada per quatre grups de base ètnica: katxins, kokangs, was i un quart grup format per xans, akhes i lahus. L' va passar a dominar el mercat de l'opi i a dirigir la Regió especial Wa nº 2 de l'Estat Shan Septentrional, equivalent a l'Estat Wa (xinès 佤邦; pinyin: Wǎ Bāng) amb capital a Bangkang (xinès: 邦康; pinyin: Bāngkāng, antiga Panghsang 邦桑). La junta militar (SLORC) va aportar una important assistència econòmica i es va organitzar un govern territorial amb àmplia autonomia. (ca)
- The Wa States was the name formerly given to the Wa Land, the natural and historical region inhabited mainly by the Wa people, an ethnic group speaking an Austroasiatic language. The region is located to the northeast of the Shan States of British Burma, in the area of present-day Shan State of northern Burma (Myanmar) and the western zone of Pu'er Prefecture, Yunnan, China. Practically the whole Wa region is rugged mountainous territory with steep hills and deep valleys. There were no urban areas. A section of the historical Wa territory was included in the state of Manglon, one of the Shan States. Sir James George Scott visited the Wa States around the turn of the century and wrote about the place, taking pictures of the people and the houses of the area as well. Considered a distant and inaccessible border area by former empires, the British census of 1901 did not include the Wa States, so statistics regarding a population over 50,000 in 1911 are estimates. The oral tradition of the Wa people claims that their territory had been much larger in the distant past, an assertion that is confirmed both by Shan and Yunnan Chinese sources. The Wa also regard their ancestral territory as being at the centre of the inhabited world. Nowadays part of the area of the former Wa States is included in Wa State, an unrecognised state within Burma. (en)
- 葫蘆王地是清朝及民國時期佤族葫蘆酋長轄地的他稱,位於阿佤山區的北部區域,約為今日的耿馬傣族佤族自治縣西部、滄源佤族自治縣西部、缅甸佤邦勐冒縣北部(或緬甸官方的邁莫鎮、戶板鎮)一帶。葫蘆王地曾分屬為耿馬、孟定土司管轄,後成為「甌脫」地。 、陳燦與於中英滇緬議界時,中分葫蘆王地。認定屬地為上葫蘆,歸中。班況屬地為下葫蘆,歸英。 方國瑜在《滇西邊區考察記》的班洪風土記中,採訪到另一個較大的葫蘆地觀點,與劉萬勝等人不同。認為上下葫蘆應以公明山以南的為界,以北為上葫蘆,以南為下葫蘆。 1987年雲南大學出版的《中國西南邊疆變遷史》整理各方文獻,認為葫蘆酋長地東起滄源縣中部(勐角、勐董西部),西止南汀河口的滾弄以下至公明山的西部的一段薩爾溫江東岸,北起南汀河下游南岸,南至公明山附近。而葫蘆酋長地又分為上葫蘆地與下葫蘆地,上葫蘆地在上游兩岸至公明山北部一帶,下葫蘆地在南汀河下游以南至大南滾河下游以北一帶。 (zh)
- Meung Vax (en)
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- https://archive.org/stream/gazetteerupperb00hardgoog/gazetteerupperb00hardgoog_djvu.txt
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- http://www.chineseminority.com/who-are-they/wa-people-%E4%BD%A4/
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- Wa States (en)
- Wa States (en)
- ဝနယ် / 佤邦 (en)
- Incorporation into Shan State (en)
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- Petty kingdoms and village fiefdoms (en)
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- The Wa States in an Imperial Gazetteer of India map. Note the border with China marked with a discontinuous darker pink line —unlike Kengtung State to the south and North Hsenwi to the north. (en)
- View of the rugged mountains of the Wa country with the valleys covered in mist. (en)
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- Self-governing group of States, (en)
- then Native States under nominal control of the British Empire (en)
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- 葫蘆王地是清朝及民國時期佤族葫蘆酋長轄地的他稱,位於阿佤山區的北部區域,約為今日的耿馬傣族佤族自治縣西部、滄源佤族自治縣西部、缅甸佤邦勐冒縣北部(或緬甸官方的邁莫鎮、戶板鎮)一帶。葫蘆王地曾分屬為耿馬、孟定土司管轄,後成為「甌脫」地。 、陳燦與於中英滇緬議界時,中分葫蘆王地。認定屬地為上葫蘆,歸中。班況屬地為下葫蘆,歸英。 方國瑜在《滇西邊區考察記》的班洪風土記中,採訪到另一個較大的葫蘆地觀點,與劉萬勝等人不同。認為上下葫蘆應以公明山以南的為界,以北為上葫蘆,以南為下葫蘆。 1987年雲南大學出版的《中國西南邊疆變遷史》整理各方文獻,認為葫蘆酋長地東起滄源縣中部(勐角、勐董西部),西止南汀河口的滾弄以下至公明山的西部的一段薩爾溫江東岸,北起南汀河下游南岸,南至公明山附近。而葫蘆酋長地又分為上葫蘆地與下葫蘆地,上葫蘆地在上游兩岸至公明山北部一帶,下葫蘆地在南汀河下游以南至大南滾河下游以北一帶。 (zh)
- Els estats Wa (Wa States; Meung Vax) fou una col·lecció de petits estats a Birmània sota domini britànic a l'est del Salween, a la divisió dels Estats Shan Septentrionals, sota control directe del superintendent de Lashio. (ca)
- The Wa States was the name formerly given to the Wa Land, the natural and historical region inhabited mainly by the Wa people, an ethnic group speaking an Austroasiatic language. The region is located to the northeast of the Shan States of British Burma, in the area of present-day Shan State of northern Burma (Myanmar) and the western zone of Pu'er Prefecture, Yunnan, China. (en)
- Estats Wa (ca)
- Wa States (en)
- 葫蘆王地 (zh)
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