Citizens' Councils (original) (raw)

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Les Citizens' Councils (« Conseils des citoyens »), également appelés White Citizens' Councils (« Conseils des citoyens blancs ») sont un ancien réseau de sympathisants d'organisations suprématistes blanches aux États-Unis, essentiellement dans le Sud du pays.

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dbo:abbreviation WCC
dbo:abstract Das White Citizens Council (WCC) war eine amerikanische Organisation, welche die Ideen einer weißen Vorherrschaft propagierte. Sie wurde am 11. Juli 1954 gegründet und ab 1956 als Citizens Councils of America weiter geführt. Mit über 60.000 Mitgliedern, die meisten davon in den Südstaaten, war sie ein maßgeblicher Gegner der Rassenintegration bzw. der Bürgerrechtsbewegung in den 1950ern und -60ern. Das WCC setzte dabei auf den ökonomischen Boykott und andere Formen der Einschüchterung von schwarzen Bürgerrechtsaktivisten, darunter auch möglichst zu verhindern, dass die Betreffenden einen Arbeitsplatz fanden. In den 1970er Jahren schwand der Einfluss des WCC beständig, nachdem es Mitte der 1960er Jahre zur Verabschiedung verschiedener Bürgerrechtsgesetze gekommen war und die Bundesregierung die Bürgerrechte verstärkt durchsetzte. 1985 wurde als Nachfolgeorganisation das Council of Conservative Citizens gegründet. (de) The Citizens' Councils (commonly referred to as the White Citizens' Councils) were an associated network of white supremacist, segregationist organizations in the United States, concentrated in the South and created as part of a white backlash against the US Supreme Court's landmark Brown v. Board of Education ruling. The first was formed on July 11, 1954. The name was changed to the Citizens' Councils of America in 1956. With about 60,000 members across the Southern United States, the groups were founded primarily to oppose racial integration of public schools: the logical conclusion of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling. The Councils also worked to oppose voter registration efforts in the South (where most African Americans had been disenfranchised since the late 19th century) and integration of public facilities in general during the 1950s and 1960s. Members employed tactics such as economic boycotts, unjustified termination of employment, propaganda, and outright violence. By the 1970s the influence of the Councils had waned considerably due to the passage of federal civil rights legislation. The councils' mailing lists and some of their board members found their way to the St. Louis-based Council of Conservative Citizens, founded in 1985. (en) El Citizens' Council ("Consejo de Ciudadanos"), comúnmente conocido como el White Citizens' Council ("Consejo de Ciudadanos Blancos"), era una red asociada de organizaciones supremacistas blancas en los Estados Unidos, concentradas en el Sur. El primero se formó el 11 de julio de 1954. Después de 1956, adoptó el nombre de Citizens' Councils of America. Con alrededor de 60.000 miembros en los Estados Unidos, en su mayoría en el Sur, los Citizens' Councils se fundaron principalmente para oponerse a la integración racial de las escuelas públicas tras el fallo de la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos en 1954 de que las escuelas públicas segregadas eran inconstitucionales. También se opusieron a los esfuerzos de registro de votantes en el Sur, donde la mayoría de los negros habían sido privados de sus derechos desde principios del siglo XX, y a la integración de instalaciones públicas durante las décadas de 1950 y 1960. Sus miembros utilizaron tácticas de intimidación que incluían boicots económicos, despidos de personas, propaganda y amenazas y actos de violencia contra activistas de derechos civiles. En la campaña de las elecciones presidenciales de 1968 apoyaron la candidatura del racista George Wallace, del Partido Independiente Americano, que se oponía al desmantelamiento del sistema de segregación racial y que obtuvo la victoria en cinco estados del antiguo Sur confederado, el único candidato de un tercer partido que en unas presidenciales lo lograría desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Por esas fechas el Citizens' Council llegó a alcanzar los doscientos cincuenta mil afiliados, presentando una apariencia más respetable que la del abiertamente racista Ku Klux Klan.​ En la década de 1970, tras la aprobación de la legislación federal sobre derechos civiles y su aplicación por parte del gobierno federal, la influencia de los Councils' había disminuido considerablemente. Las listas de correo de los Councils' y algunos de los miembros de su junta se integraron en el Council of Conservative Citizens con sede en St. Louis, fundado en 1985. (es) Les Citizens' Councils (« Conseils des citoyens »), également appelés White Citizens' Councils (« Conseils des citoyens blancs ») sont un ancien réseau de sympathisants d'organisations suprématistes blanches aux États-Unis, essentiellement dans le Sud du pays. (fr) I Consigli dei Cittadini Bianchi (in inglese: White Citizens' Councils, WCC) sono stati una rete di organizzazioni di potere bianco degli Stati Uniti d'America, concentrati negli Stati Uniti meridionali. Il primo consiglio fu formato l'11 luglio 1954. Con circa sessantamila membri, i gruppi furono fondati con lo scopo principale di opporsi all'integrazione razziale nelle scuole, alle iscrizioni degli elettori nelle liste elettorali e all'integrazioni delle strutture pubbliche durante gli anni cinquanta e sessanta. I membri usavano dure tattiche di intimidazione, compresi boicottaggi economici, licenziamenti dal posto di lavoro, propaganda e violenza contro cittadini e attivisti per i diritti civili. (it)
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dbp:abbreviation WCC (en)
dbp:align right (en)
dbp:caption Citizens' Councils logo (en) A 1968 advertisement for Jackson area schools operated by the Council (en)
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dbp:name Citizens' Councils (en)
dbp:purpose Maintaining segregation and white supremacy in the South. (en)
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rdfs:comment Les Citizens' Councils (« Conseils des citoyens »), également appelés White Citizens' Councils (« Conseils des citoyens blancs ») sont un ancien réseau de sympathisants d'organisations suprématistes blanches aux États-Unis, essentiellement dans le Sud du pays. (fr) The Citizens' Councils (commonly referred to as the White Citizens' Councils) were an associated network of white supremacist, segregationist organizations in the United States, concentrated in the South and created as part of a white backlash against the US Supreme Court's landmark Brown v. Board of Education ruling. The first was formed on July 11, 1954. The name was changed to the Citizens' Councils of America in 1956. With about 60,000 members across the Southern United States, the groups were founded primarily to oppose racial integration of public schools: the logical conclusion of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling. (en) Das White Citizens Council (WCC) war eine amerikanische Organisation, welche die Ideen einer weißen Vorherrschaft propagierte. Sie wurde am 11. Juli 1954 gegründet und ab 1956 als Citizens Councils of America weiter geführt. Mit über 60.000 Mitgliedern, die meisten davon in den Südstaaten, war sie ein maßgeblicher Gegner der Rassenintegration bzw. der Bürgerrechtsbewegung in den 1950ern und -60ern. Das WCC setzte dabei auf den ökonomischen Boykott und andere Formen der Einschüchterung von schwarzen Bürgerrechtsaktivisten, darunter auch möglichst zu verhindern, dass die Betreffenden einen Arbeitsplatz fanden. (de) El Citizens' Council ("Consejo de Ciudadanos"), comúnmente conocido como el White Citizens' Council ("Consejo de Ciudadanos Blancos"), era una red asociada de organizaciones supremacistas blancas en los Estados Unidos, concentradas en el Sur. El primero se formó el 11 de julio de 1954. Después de 1956, adoptó el nombre de Citizens' Councils of America. Con alrededor de 60.000 miembros en los Estados Unidos, en su mayoría en el Sur, los Citizens' Councils se fundaron principalmente para oponerse a la integración racial de las escuelas públicas tras el fallo de la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos en 1954 de que las escuelas públicas segregadas eran inconstitucionales. También se opusieron a los esfuerzos de registro de votantes en el Sur, donde la mayoría de los negros habían sido privados de (es) I Consigli dei Cittadini Bianchi (in inglese: White Citizens' Councils, WCC) sono stati una rete di organizzazioni di potere bianco degli Stati Uniti d'America, concentrati negli Stati Uniti meridionali. (it)
rdfs:label Citizens' Councils (en) White Citizens Council (de) Citizens' Council (es) Citizens' Councils (fr) Consigli dei Cittadini Bianchi (it)
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