White Terror (Taiwan) (original) (raw)
Bílý teror (ZZ: 白色恐怖; TZ: 白色恐怖; PY: Báisè kǒngbù; EN: White Terror) je označení období stanného práva a omezení práv daných ústavou na Tchaj-wanu. Stanné právo platilo mezi lety 1947-1987, vyhlášeno bylo Kuomintangem (KMT) v čele s Čankajškem, z čehož také vyplývá název období (bílý = inicializovaný státem). Jednalo se především o zatýkání a zabíjení potencionálních špionů a sympatizantů komunistické strany během a po čínské občanské válce, avšak většina obětí byla z řad běžného obyvatelstva.
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| dbo:abstract | Bílý teror (ZZ: 白色恐怖; TZ: 白色恐怖; PY: Báisè kǒngbù; EN: White Terror) je označení období stanného práva a omezení práv daných ústavou na Tchaj-wanu. Stanné právo platilo mezi lety 1947-1987, vyhlášeno bylo Kuomintangem (KMT) v čele s Čankajškem, z čehož také vyplývá název období (bílý = inicializovaný státem). Jednalo se především o zatýkání a zabíjení potencionálních špionů a sympatizantů komunistické strany během a po čínské občanské válce, avšak většina obětí byla z řad běžného obyvatelstva. (cs) El Terror blanco en Taiwán (chino tradicional: 白色恐怖, chino simplificado: 白色恐怖, pinyin: báisè kǒngbù) fue la represión de disidentes políticos a partir del incidente del 28 de febrero de 1947. El periodo de ley marcial duro 38 años y 57 días, desde el 19 de mayo de 1949 hasta el 15 de julio de 1987. El período de tiempo en el que regía la ley marcial en Taiwán fue el más largo de la historia en el momento en que fue levantada, solamente sobrepasada por la ley marcial en Siria que duró medio siglo, desde 1963 hasta el 2011. (es) La Terreur blanche de Taïwan (chinois : 白色恐怖 ; pinyin : báisè kǒngbù) est une période qui commença lors du massacre 228, le 28 février 1947, après que la population se fut soulevée contre le gouvernement contrôlé par le Kuomintang (parti nationaliste chinois), dirigé par Tchang Kaï-chek. Celui-ci établit la loi martiale, qui resta en place du 19 mai 1949 au 15 juillet 1987. Pendant ces 38 ans de terreur, 140 000 personnes, principalement des intellectuels ou des membres de l'élite sociale, ont été emprisonnés par peur de leur sympathie pour le Parti communiste chinois ou de leur résistance au gouvernement nationaliste de la République de Chine, et entre 3 000 et 4 000, selon les estimations, ont été exécutées. (fr) Di Taiwan, Teror Putih (Hanzi: 白色恐怖; Pinyin: báisè kǒngbù) adalah sebuah penindasan terhadap para pembangkang politik setelah Insiden 28 Februari. Periode darurat militer tersebut berlangsung selama 38 tahun 57 hari dari 19 Mei 1949 sampai 15 Juli 1987. Periode darurat militer Taiwan tersebut telah menjadi periode darurat militer terlama di dunia pada masa itu, sampai pada akhirnya disalip oleh darurat militer separuh abad Suriah, yang berlangsung dari 1963 sampai 2011. (in) In Taiwan, the term White Terror (Chinese: 白色恐怖; pinyin: Báisè Kǒngbù) describes the political repression of civilians living on the island and surrounding areas under its control by the government, under the rule of the Kuomintang (KMT). The period of White Terror is generally considered to have begun when martial law was declared in Taiwan on 19 May 1949, which was enabled by the 1948 Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion, and ended on 21 September 1992 with the repeal of Article 100 of the Criminal Code, allowing for the prosecution of "anti-state" activities. The Temporary Provisions were repealed a year earlier on 22 April 1991 and martial law was lifted on 15 July 1987. The period of White Terror generally does not include the 228 Incident of 1947, in which the KMT killed at least 18,000 Taiwanese civilians in response to a popular uprising, and also summarily executed many local political and intellectual elites. The two are frequently discussed in tandem as it was the catalyst that motivated the KMT to begin the White Terror. Martial law was declared and lifted twice during the 228 Incident. Following the 228 Incident, the KMT retreated from mainland China to Taiwan during the closing stages of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. Wanting to consolidate its rule on its remaining territories, the KMT imposed harsh political suppression measures, which included enacting martial law, executing suspected leftists or those they suspected to be sympathetic toward the communists. Others targeted included Taiwanese locals and indigenous peoples who participated in the 228 Incident, such as Uyongʉ Yata'uyungana, and those accused of dissidence for criticizing the government. The KMT carried out persecutions against those who criticized or opposed the government, accusing them of attempting to subvert the regime, while excessively expanding the scope of punishment throughout this period. It made use of the Taiwan Garrison Command (TGC), a secret police, as well as other intelligence units by enacting special criminal laws as tools for the government to purge dissidents. Basic human rights and the right to privacy were disregarded, with mass pervasive monitoring of the people, filings of sham criminal cases against anyone who were suspected as being a dissident, as well as labelling any individuals who were not conforming a pro-regime stance as being communist spies, often without merit. It is estimated that about 3,000 to 4,000 civilians were executed by the government during the White Terror. The government was also suspected of carrying out against exiles in other countries. Pro-democracy demonstrations attempted during this period, such as the Kaohsiung Incident, were harshly suppressed. The KMT ruled as a one-party state, with the existence of any other political parties strictly outlawed, resulting in non-existent competitive elections; unapproved tangwai candidates that won elections such as Hsu Hsin-liang would be spuriously impeached and often forced into exile. Even so, such restricted elections were marred by overt voter fraud, most notably during the Zhongli incident. The ideology, theory and repression ruling pattern of Chiang Kai-shek's KMT's regime in mainland China and subsequently in Taiwan has been compared by some academics and scholars to fascist regimes elsewhere, such as Nazi Germany, with the National Revolutionary Army heavily dependent and inspired by the German military mission during the Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941) until Adolf Hitler decided to withdraw in 1938 to align with Imperial Japan. When Chiang retreated to Taiwan in 1949, his regime refused to establish a parliamentary democracy, but continued a variation of the fascist state in Taiwan. The legacy of authoritarianism and fascism during the White Terror in Taiwan has persisted until today, and political discussions about this topic continues to be highly controversial on the island. (en) 台湾（中華民国）において白色テロ（はくしょくテロ、白色恐怖）とは、二・二八事件以降のにおいて中国国民党政府が反体制派に対して行った政治的弾圧のこと。1987年に戒厳令が解除されるまでの期間、反体制派とみなされた多くの国民が投獄・処刑された。戒厳令が解除された後、台湾政府は正式に謝罪し、犠牲者に対する補償のための財団を設立した。二二八和平公園や緑島人権文化園区といったメモリアルも造られた。また、二・二八事件やその後の白色テロ時代を描写した芸術作品も数多く発表されている。 (ja) Em Taiwan, o Terror Branco (chinês: 白色恐怖, pinyin: báisè kǒngbù) foi a supressão de dissidentes políticos após o Incidente de 28 de Fevereiro. O período de lei marcial durou 38 anos e 57 dias de 19 de maio de 1949 a 15 de julho de 1987. O período de lei marcial de Taiwan havia sido o mais longo período de lei marcial no mundo no momento em que foi levantado, mas desde então tem sido superado pela lei marcial de meio século síria, que durou de 1963 a 2011. (pt) Vita terrorn i Taiwan, syftar på förföljelsen av politiska dissidenter, samt undertryckandet av offentlig diskussion om 28 februari-händelsen under perioden med militärt undantagstillstånd i Taiwan, vilken varade från 19 maj 1949 till 15 juli 1987, i 38 år och 57 dagar. Taiwans period med militärt undantagstillstånd var den längsta i världen när den upphörde, men har sedan dess överträffas av Syrien, sedan 1963, och Västbanken, sedan 1967. Sedan den nationalistledda regeringen förlorat kontrollen över sina besittningar i Kina till Kinas kommunistiska parti och retirerade till Taiwan 1949, uppstod ett upplevt behov av att undertrycka kommunistiska och självständighetssträvanden i Taiwan, varför undantagstillståndet inte upphävdes förrän 1987. Under den vita terrorn fängslades omkring 140 000 taiwaneser, varav cirka 3 eller 4 tusen avrättades för sin verkliga eller upplevda opposition mot Guomindangs (kinesiska nationalistpartiets) regering ledd av Chiang Kai-shek. De flesta som åtalades stämplades av Goumingtang som "bandit-spioner" (匪谍), vilket innebär spioner för kinesiska kommunister, och de bestraffades som sådana. Vita terrorn lämnade många taiwaneser med en djupt rotad bitterhet mot Guomindang, Chiang Kai-shek, och fastlandskineserna. Guomindang dödade oftast öns intellektuella och sociala elit av rädsla för att de skulle gå emot Guomindangs styre eller sympatisera med kommunismen. Ett stort antal av vita terrorns övriga offer var fastlandskineser, av vilka mångas evakuering till Taiwan berodde på Guomindang. Då de ofta kommit ensamma till Taiwan, hade dessa flyktingar sämre skydd än lokala taiwaneser. Många av de fastlandskineser som överlevde den vita terrorn i Taiwan, som och Li Ao, kom senare att verka för Taiwans demokratisering och reformeringen av Guomindang. Rädslan för att diskutera den vita terrorn och 28 februari-händelsen minskade gradvis i och med upphävandet av det militära undantagstillståndet 1987, och kulminerade i inrättandet av ett offentligt minnesmärke och en ursäkt från president Lee Teng-hui 1995. (sv) Білий терор (кит: 白色恐怖; піньінь: báisè kǒngbù) — переслідування політичної опозиції (лівих, а також корінного населення) на Тайвані в період авторитарного правління партії Гоміньдан. Це не тільки події, які носять назву Інцидент 228, але і весь період з 1947 до 1987 року. (uk) Белый террор (кит: 白色恐怖; пиньинь: báisè kǒngbù) — преследование политической оппозиции (левой и представляющей интересы коренного населения) на Тайване в период авторитарного правления партии Гоминьдан. Это не только события, которые носят название Инцидент 228, но и весь период с 1947 до 1987 года. (ru) 臺灣白色恐怖時期，是指從1949年5月20日始至1991年6月3日為止，從中華民國臺灣省政府和臺灣省警備總司令部發布《臺灣省戒嚴令》，在「臺灣地區」實施戒嚴開始，直到白色恐怖三大惡法中最後一個法令《戡亂時期檢肅匪諜條例》廢除為止。由中國國民黨主政之中華民國政府藉由公權力迫害持不同政見者，塑造對己有利之恐怖政治氛圍之時期。臺灣省政府主席兼臺灣省警備總司令陳誠上將頒布《臺灣省戒嚴令》，宣告自1949年5月20日起在臺灣省全境實施戒嚴。同年5月24日經由中華民國立法院三讀通過《懲治叛亂條例》，為針對中國共產黨叛亂的特殊狀況而實施，實際上，透過此「特別刑法」造成許多冤假錯案，剷除異己、鞏固威權主義的領導中心，對於批評或反對政府者、持不同政見者（如主張臺灣獨立、左翼等等）進行整肅迫害，任意冠上意圖顛覆政權之罪名，將刑罰範圍過分擴張。臺灣警備總司令部等情治單位，藉由特別刑法充當政府整肅異己的工具，罔顧基本人權、民主、自由等、無孔不入地監控人民，對言行可疑人士或持不同政見者炮製假案、扣上匪諜的帽子，在全國各地濫捕、濫殺、刑求毆打及沒收財產，造成大量冤死、冤獄、傷殘，人民的生命、財產、健康以及心靈上遭受嚴重損害。 雖然中華民國政府宣告自1987年7月15日起解嚴，「名義上」白色恐怖已經結束，臺灣平民不再受到嚴厲的軍法審判，但是《懲治叛亂條例》以及《中華民國刑法第一百條》仍然持續鎮壓與中央政府持不同政見者。1991年5月9日，法務部調查局幹員在未知會國立清華大學校方的情況下，於清晨五時許進入清大學生宿舍，拘提歷史研究所碩士生廖偉程，引發臺灣社會與大學校園劇烈反彈。5月9日，清大學生到調查局臺北市調查處靜坐抗議。5月12日，抗議的教授及學生於中正紀念堂靜坐，二十多名教授遭到鎮暴警察以棍棒毆打。5月15日，上千名臺灣各大學學生發動罷課，並佔領臺北車站大廳靜坐六天五夜，要求「廢除懲治叛亂條例、反對政治迫害」。5月17日，立法院通過廢除《懲治叛亂條例》，5月22日正式宣告廢止。1998年6月17日立法院通過補償條例，成立「戒嚴時期不當叛亂暨匪諜審判案件補償基金會」。十五年間補償10067件，其中死刑809人，包括：二二八事件、澎湖七一三事件、孫立人部屬郭廷亮案、大力水手事件、李敖、雷震案、美麗島事件（除了林義雄可能因林宅血案未破案而堅持不領補償金）等。但約1500名受難者未提出申請。基金會執行長希望基金會結束營運後，能與二二八事件紀念基金會合併成為「國家人權基金會」，繼續保障未申請者的權益。 (zh) |
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| dbp:b | y (en) |
| dbp:c | 白色恐怖 (en) |
| dbp:caption | 0001-02-28 (xsd:gMonthDay) |
| dbp:commons | Category:White Terror (en) |
| dbp:date | 1947 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:fatalities | (en) At least 3,000 to 4,000 executed, not including 228 incident or extrajudicial executions (en) |
| dbp:imageSize | 300 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:l | White Terror (en) |
| dbp:location | Taiwan and other ROC-controlled islands (en) |
| dbp:motive | Consolidate rule over Taiwan after retreat from mainland China (en) |
| dbp:n | y (en) |
| dbp:p | Báisè Kǒngbù (en) |
| dbp:partof | Chinese Civil War, Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan, and Cold War (en) |
| dbp:perps | Government of the Republic of China under the Kuomintang (en) |
| dbp:poj | Pe̍h-sek Khióng-pò͘ (en) |
| dbp:portal | Genocide (en) History (en) Law (en) Politics (en) Taiwan (en) |
| dbp:q | White Terror (en) |
| dbp:s | y (en) |
| dbp:target | Leftists, political dissidents, intellectuals (en) |
| dbp:title | White Terror (en) |
| dbp:type | dbr:Police_state dbr:Mass_murder dbr:Political_repression dbr:Politicide |
| dbp:v | y (en) |
| dbp:victims | At least 140,000 imprisoned (en) |
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| dbp:wikt | White Terror (en) |
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| gold:hypernym | dbr:Suppression |
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| rdfs:comment | Bílý teror (ZZ: 白色恐怖; TZ: 白色恐怖; PY: Báisè kǒngbù; EN: White Terror) je označení období stanného práva a omezení práv daných ústavou na Tchaj-wanu. Stanné právo platilo mezi lety 1947-1987, vyhlášeno bylo Kuomintangem (KMT) v čele s Čankajškem, z čehož také vyplývá název období (bílý = inicializovaný státem). Jednalo se především o zatýkání a zabíjení potencionálních špionů a sympatizantů komunistické strany během a po čínské občanské válce, avšak většina obětí byla z řad běžného obyvatelstva. (cs) El Terror blanco en Taiwán (chino tradicional: 白色恐怖, chino simplificado: 白色恐怖, pinyin: báisè kǒngbù) fue la represión de disidentes políticos a partir del incidente del 28 de febrero de 1947. El periodo de ley marcial duro 38 años y 57 días, desde el 19 de mayo de 1949 hasta el 15 de julio de 1987. El período de tiempo en el que regía la ley marcial en Taiwán fue el más largo de la historia en el momento en que fue levantada, solamente sobrepasada por la ley marcial en Siria que duró medio siglo, desde 1963 hasta el 2011. (es) Di Taiwan, Teror Putih (Hanzi: 白色恐怖; Pinyin: báisè kǒngbù) adalah sebuah penindasan terhadap para pembangkang politik setelah Insiden 28 Februari. Periode darurat militer tersebut berlangsung selama 38 tahun 57 hari dari 19 Mei 1949 sampai 15 Juli 1987. Periode darurat militer Taiwan tersebut telah menjadi periode darurat militer terlama di dunia pada masa itu, sampai pada akhirnya disalip oleh darurat militer separuh abad Suriah, yang berlangsung dari 1963 sampai 2011. (in) 台湾（中華民国）において白色テロ（はくしょくテロ、白色恐怖）とは、二・二八事件以降のにおいて中国国民党政府が反体制派に対して行った政治的弾圧のこと。1987年に戒厳令が解除されるまでの期間、反体制派とみなされた多くの国民が投獄・処刑された。戒厳令が解除された後、台湾政府は正式に謝罪し、犠牲者に対する補償のための財団を設立した。二二八和平公園や緑島人権文化園区といったメモリアルも造られた。また、二・二八事件やその後の白色テロ時代を描写した芸術作品も数多く発表されている。 (ja) Em Taiwan, o Terror Branco (chinês: 白色恐怖, pinyin: báisè kǒngbù) foi a supressão de dissidentes políticos após o Incidente de 28 de Fevereiro. O período de lei marcial durou 38 anos e 57 dias de 19 de maio de 1949 a 15 de julho de 1987. O período de lei marcial de Taiwan havia sido o mais longo período de lei marcial no mundo no momento em que foi levantado, mas desde então tem sido superado pela lei marcial de meio século síria, que durou de 1963 a 2011. (pt) Білий терор (кит: 白色恐怖; піньінь: báisè kǒngbù) — переслідування політичної опозиції (лівих, а також корінного населення) на Тайвані в період авторитарного правління партії Гоміньдан. Це не тільки події, які носять назву Інцидент 228, але і весь період з 1947 до 1987 року. (uk) Белый террор (кит: 白色恐怖; пиньинь: báisè kǒngbù) — преследование политической оппозиции (левой и представляющей интересы коренного населения) на Тайване в период авторитарного правления партии Гоминьдан. Это не только события, которые носят название Инцидент 228, но и весь период с 1947 до 1987 года. (ru) La Terreur blanche de Taïwan (chinois : 白色恐怖 ; pinyin : báisè kǒngbù) est une période qui commença lors du massacre 228, le 28 février 1947, après que la population se fut soulevée contre le gouvernement contrôlé par le Kuomintang (parti nationaliste chinois), dirigé par Tchang Kaï-chek. Celui-ci établit la loi martiale, qui resta en place du 19 mai 1949 au 15 juillet 1987. (fr) In Taiwan, the term White Terror (Chinese: 白色恐怖; pinyin: Báisè Kǒngbù) describes the political repression of civilians living on the island and surrounding areas under its control by the government, under the rule of the Kuomintang (KMT). The period of White Terror is generally considered to have begun when martial law was declared in Taiwan on 19 May 1949, which was enabled by the 1948 Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion, and ended on 21 September 1992 with the repeal of Article 100 of the Criminal Code, allowing for the prosecution of "anti-state" activities. The Temporary Provisions were repealed a year earlier on 22 April 1991 and martial law was lifted on 15 July 1987. (en) Vita terrorn i Taiwan, syftar på förföljelsen av politiska dissidenter, samt undertryckandet av offentlig diskussion om 28 februari-händelsen under perioden med militärt undantagstillstånd i Taiwan, vilken varade från 19 maj 1949 till 15 juli 1987, i 38 år och 57 dagar. Taiwans period med militärt undantagstillstånd var den längsta i världen när den upphörde, men har sedan dess överträffas av Syrien, sedan 1963, och Västbanken, sedan 1967. (sv) 臺灣白色恐怖時期，是指從1949年5月20日始至1991年6月3日為止，從中華民國臺灣省政府和臺灣省警備總司令部發布《臺灣省戒嚴令》，在「臺灣地區」實施戒嚴開始，直到白色恐怖三大惡法中最後一個法令《戡亂時期檢肅匪諜條例》廢除為止。由中國國民黨主政之中華民國政府藉由公權力迫害持不同政見者，塑造對己有利之恐怖政治氛圍之時期。臺灣省政府主席兼臺灣省警備總司令陳誠上將頒布《臺灣省戒嚴令》，宣告自1949年5月20日起在臺灣省全境實施戒嚴。同年5月24日經由中華民國立法院三讀通過《懲治叛亂條例》，為針對中國共產黨叛亂的特殊狀況而實施，實際上，透過此「特別刑法」造成許多冤假錯案，剷除異己、鞏固威權主義的領導中心，對於批評或反對政府者、持不同政見者（如主張臺灣獨立、左翼等等）進行整肅迫害，任意冠上意圖顛覆政權之罪名，將刑罰範圍過分擴張。臺灣警備總司令部等情治單位，藉由特別刑法充當政府整肅異己的工具，罔顧基本人權、民主、自由等、無孔不入地監控人民，對言行可疑人士或持不同政見者炮製假案、扣上匪諜的帽子，在全國各地濫捕、濫殺、刑求毆打及沒收財產，造成大量冤死、冤獄、傷殘，人民的生命、財產、健康以及心靈上遭受嚴重損害。 (zh) |
| rdfs:label | White Terror (Taiwan) (en) Bílý teror (Tchaj-wan) (cs) Terror Blanco en Taiwán (es) Teror Putih (Taiwan) (in) Terreur blanche (Taïwan) (fr) 白色テロ (台湾) (ja) Terror Branco (Taiwan) (pt) Белый террор в Китайской Республике (Тайване) (ru) Vita terrorn (sv) Білий терор (Тайвань) (uk) 臺灣白色恐怖時期 (zh) |
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