Countries Ba-Bo (original) (raw)
Contents of this page:
The Bahamas - Bahrain - Bangladesh - Barbados - Belarus - Belgium - Belize - Benin - Bermuda - Bhutan - Bolivia - Bonaire - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Botswana
Bahamas, The
1648 first English settlement
1718 British crown colony3 Mar 1776 - 17 Mar 1776 American occupation 8 May 1782 - 19 Apr 1783 Spanish occupation 1969 Commonwealth of the Bahama Islands 10 Jul 1973 independence (Commonwealth of The Bahamas)
Governors 1697 - 1700 Nicholas Webb 1700 - 1701 Elias Haskett 1701 - 1705 Ellis Lightfoot Jan 1706 - 1706 Edward Birch 1706 Thomas Walker 1706 - 1718 pirate rule - Thomas Barrow - Benjamin Hornigold (b. ... - d. 1719?) - Edward Teach "Blackbeard" (b. 1680? - d. 1718) et al. 26 Jul 1718 - 1721 Woodes Rogers (1st time) (b. 1679? - d. 1732) 1721 - 1728 George Phenney Aug 1729 - 16 Jul 1732 Woodes Rogers (2nd time) (s.a.) 1732 - 1733 Richard Thompson (acting) Nov 1733 - 1740 Richard Fitzwilliams 1740 - 1758 John Tinker (b. ... - d. 1758) 1758 - 1760 John Gambier (1st time) (acting) (b. 1723 - d. 1782) 1760 - 1768 William Shirley (b. 1694 - d. 1771) 28 Nov 1768 - 1774 Thomas Shirley (b. 1727 - d. 1780) 1774 - 3 Mar 1776 Montfort Browne (1st time) 3 Mar 1776 - 17 Mar 1776 Samuel Nicholas (b. 1744 - d. 1790) (American commander) 1776 - 1778 John Gambier (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 1778 - 1779 Montfort Browne (2nd time) 1780 - 1784 John Robert Maxwell (1782-83 Spanish prisoner) 8 May 1782 - 19 Apr 1783 Bernardo de G�lvez (b. 1746 - d. 1786) (Spanish commander) 1784 - 1786 James Edward Powell 1786 - 1787 John Brown (acting) 1787 - 1796 John Murray, Earl of Dunmore (b. 1732 - d. 1809) 1796 - 14 Feb 1797 Robert Hunt (acting) 14 Feb 1797 - Jun 1797 John Forbes (b. 1750 - d. 1797) 20 Nov 1797 - 1801 William Dowdeswell (b. 1761 - d. 1828) 1801 - 1804 John Halkett (b. 1768 - d. 1852) 8 May 1804 - 1820 Charles Cameron (b. 1766? - d. 1828) 1821 - 1829 Lewis Grant (b. ... - d. 1852) 1829 - 1833 James Carmichael Smyth (b. 1779 - d. 1838) 1833 - 1835 Blayney Townley Balfour (b. 1799 - d. 1882) 1835 - 1837 William MacBean George Colebrooke (b. 1787 - d. 1870) 1837 - 1844 Francis Cockburne 1844 - 1849 George Benvenuto Mathew (b. 1807 - d. 1879) 1849 - 1854 John Gregory 1854 - 1857 Sir Alexander Bannerman (b. 1788 - d. 1864) 1857 - 1864 Charles John Bayley (b. ... - d. 1873) 1864 - 1869 Rawson William Rawson (b. 1812 - d. 1899) 1869 - 1871 Sir James Walker (b. 1809 - d. 1885) 1871 - 1873 George Cumine Strahan (b. 1838 - d. 1887) May 1873 - Jun 1874 John Pope Hennessy (b. 1834 - d. 1891) 1874 - 1880 William Robinson (b. 1836 - d. 1912) 1880 - 1881 Jeremiah Thomas Fitzgerald Callaghan (b. 1827 - d. 1881) 1882 - Jan 1884 Charles Cameron Lees (from 24 May 1883, Sir Charles Cameron Lees) (b. 1837 - d. 1898) 4 Jan 1884 - 1887 Henry Arthur Blake (b. 1840 - d. 1918) 1887 - 1895 Sir Ambrose Shea (b. 1816 - d. 1905) 1895 - 1898 Sir William Frederick Haynes Smith (b. 1839 - d. 1928) 1898 - 1904 Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter (b. 1848 - d. 1927) 29 Nov 1904 - 1912 Sir William Grey-Wilson (b. 1852 - d. 1926) 29 Oct 1912 - 1914 George Basil Haddon-Smith (b. 1861 - d. 1931) 15 Jun 1915 - 1920 William Lamond Allardyce (from 1 Jan 1916, Sir William Lamond Allardyce) (b. 1861 - d. 1930) 8 Dec 1920 - 1926 Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux (from 1 Jan 1921, Sir Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux) (b. 1870 - d. 1943) 15 Mar 1927 - 1931 Charles Orr (from 2 Jan 1928, Sir Charles Orr) (b. 1870 - d. 1945) 10 Jan 1932 - 1937 Bede Edmund Hugh Clifford (from 3 Jun 1933, Sir Bede Edmund Hugh Clifford) (b. 1890 - d. 1969) 1937 - 1940 Charles Cecil Farquharson Dundas (from 9 Jun 1938, Sir Charles Cecil Farquharson Dundas) (b. 1884 - d. 1956) 18 Aug 1940 - 1945 Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor (b. 1894 - d. 1972) 28 Jul 1945 - 1949 William Lindsay Murphy (from 1 Jan 1946, Sir William Lindsay Murphy) (b. 1887 - d. 1965) 5 Jan 1950 - 17 Sep 1950 Sir George Sandford (b. 1892 - d. 1950) 7 Dec 1950 - Dec 1953 Robert Arthur Ross Neville (from 5 Jun 1952, Sir Robert Arthur Ross Neville) (b. 1896 - d. 1987) 21 Dec 1953 - 1956 Thomas David Knox, Earl of Ranfurly (b. 1913 - d. 1988) 1 Apr 1957 - 1960 Sir Raynor Arthur (b. 1905 - d. 1973) 18 Jul 1960 - 1964 Sir Robert Stapledon (b. 1909 - d. 1975) 3 Jun 1964 - 1968 Sir Ralph Francis Alnwick Grey (b. 1910 - d. 1999) 1 Nov 1968 - 1972 Sir Francis Edward Hovell-Thurlow- Cumming-Bruce (from 29 May 1971, Francis Edward Hovell-Thurlow- Cumming-Bruce, Baron Thurlow) (b. 1912 - d. 2013) 14 Apr 1972 - 10 Jul 1973 Sir John Warburton Paul (b. 1916 - d. 2004) Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state) 10 Jul 1973 - 31 Jul 1973 Sir John Warburton Paul (acting) (s.a.) 1 Aug 1973 - 22 Jan 1979 Sir Milo Butler (b. 1906 - d. 1979) 22 Jan 1979 - 25 Jun 1988 Sir Gerald Cash (b. 1917 - d. 2003) (acting [for Butler from 2 Sep 1976] to 23 Sep 1979) 26 Jun 1988 - 1 Jan 1992 Sir Henry Taylor (b. 1903 - d. 1994) (acting to 28 Feb 1991) 2 Jan 1992 - 2 Jan 1995 Sir Clifford Darling (b. 1922 - d. 2011) 3 Jan 1995 - 13 Nov 2001 Orville Turnquest (from 22 Feb 1995, Sir Orville Turnquest) (b. 1929) 13 Nov 2001 - 30 Nov 2005 Dame Ivy Dumont (f) (b. 1930) (acting to 1 Jan 2002) 1 Dec 2005 - 1 Feb 2006 Paul Adderley (acting) (b. 1928 - d. 2012) 1 Feb 2006 - 14 Apr 2010 Arthur Dion Hanna (b. 1928 - d. 2021) 14 Apr 2010 - 8 Jul 2014 Sir Arthur Foulkes (b. 1928) 8 Jul 2014 - 28 Jun 2019 Dame Marguerite Pindling (f) (b. 1932) 28 Jun 2019 - 31 Aug 2023 Cornelius A. Smith (from 10 Sep 2019, Sir Cornelius A. Smith) (b. 1937) 1 Sep 2023 - Cynthia Pratt (from 12 Feb 2024, Dame Cynthia Pratt) (f) (b. 1945)
Chief minister 1955 - 7 Jan 1964 Roland T. Symonette (from 1 Jan 1959, Sir Roland T. Symonette) (b. 1898 - d. 1980) Premiers 7 Jan 1964 - 16 Jan 1967 Sir Roland T. Symonette (s.a.) 16 Jan 1967 - 10 May 1969 Lynden O. Pindling (b. 1930 - d. 2000) Prime ministers 10 May 1969 - 21 Aug 1992 Lynden O. Pindling (from 1 Jan 1983, Sir Lynden O. Pindling) (s.a.) 21 Aug 1992 - 3 May 2002 Hubert Ingraham (1st time) (b. 1947) 3 May 2002 - 4 May 2007 Perry Christie (1st time) (b. 1943) 4 May 2005 - 22 Jun 2005 Cynthia Pratt (f) (s.a.) (acting for Christie) 4 May 2007 - 8 May 2012 Hubert Ingraham (2nd time) (s.a.) 8 May 2012 - 11 May 2017 Perry Christie (2nd time) (s.a.) 11 May 2017 - 17 Sep 2021 Hubert Minnis (b. 1954) 17 Sep 2021 - Philip Davis (b. 1951)
Bahrain
1783 Al Khalifa lineage settles on Bahrain2 Dec 1880 - 15 Aug 1971 British protectorate 16 Aug 1971 State of Bahrain 14 Feb 2002 Kingdom of Bahrain
Rulers (hakim) - Banu `Utub dynasty - 1783 - 18 Jul 1795 Sheikh Ahmad ibn Muhammad Al Khalifa (b. ... - d. 1795) 1796 - Apr 1843 Sheikh Abdullah ibn Ahmad Al Khalifa (b. 17... - d. 1849) (jointly with the following three) 1796 - 1825 Sheikh Salman ibn Ahmad Al Khalifa (b. 17... - d. 1825) 1825 - 31 May 1834 Sheikh Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (b. ... - d. 1834) 31 May 1834 - Jun 1842 Sheikh Muhammad ibn Khalifa Al Khalifa (1st time) (b. 1813 - d. 1890) Apr 1843 - 6 Sep 1868 Sheikh Muhammad ibn Khalifa Al Khalifa (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Sep 1868 - 28 Sep 1869 Sheikh Ali ibn Khalifa Al Khalifa (b. 1814 - d. 1869) Sep 1869 - 1 Dec 1869 Sheikh Muhammad ibn Abdullah Al Khalifa (b. 1817 - d. 1877) Dec 1869 - 9 Dec 1932 Sheikh Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa (b. 1848 - d. 1932) (jointly with following) Dec 1869 - Oct 1888 Sheikh Ahmad ibn Ali Al Khalifa (b. 1850 - d. 1888) (jointly with preceding) 9 Dec 1932 - 24 Feb 1942 Sheikh Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa (b. 1872 - d. 1942) 24 Feb 1942 - 2 Nov 1961 Sheikh Salman ibn Hamad Al Khalifa (b. 1894 - d. 1961) 2 Nov 1961 - 16 Aug 1971 Sheikh Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (b. 1933 - d. 1999) Emirs 16 Aug 1971 - 6 Mar 1999 Sheikh Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (s.a.) 6 Mar 1999 - 14 Feb 2002 Sheikh Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa (b. 1950) King 14 Feb 2002 - Sheikh Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa (s.a.)
Prime ministers 19 Jan 1970 - 11 Nov 2020 Sheikh Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (b. 1935 - d. 2020) (president of the State Council to 16 Aug 1971) 11 Nov 2020 - Sheikh Salman ibn Hamad Al Khalifa (b. 1969)
British political agents 10 Feb 1900 - Oct 1904 John Calcott Gaskin (b. 1867 - d. 1931) Oct 1904 - May 1909 Francis Beville Prideaux (b. 1871 - d. 1938) May 1909 - Nov 1910 Charles Fraser Mackenzie (b. 1880 - d. 1955) Nov 1910 - Apr 1911 Stuart George Knox (b. 1869 - d. 1956) Apr 1911 - Nov 1912 David Lockhart Robertson Lorimer (b. 1876 - d. 1962) Nov 1912 - May 1914 Arthur Prescott Trevor (b. 1872 - d. 1930) May 1914 - Mar 1916 Terence Humphrey Keyes (b. 1877 - d. 1939) Mar 1916 - May 1916 Hugh Stewart (b. 1872 - d. 1931) May 1916 - Jun 1916 J.M. Da Costa (acting) Jul 1916 - Nov 1916 Trenchard Craven William Fowle (b. 1884 - d. 1940) (acting) Nov 1916 - Feb 1918 Gordon Loch (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1963) Mar 1918 - Dec 1918 George Alexander Gavin Mungavin (b. 1883 - d. 1967) Dec 1918 - Jun 1919 Norman Napier Evelyn Bray (b. 1885 - d. 1962) Nov 1919 - Nov 1920 Harold Richard Patrick Dickson (b. 1881 - d. 1959) Nov 1920 - Jan 1921 Saiyid Siddiq Hasan (acting) Jan 1921 - Sep 1926 Clive Kirkpatrick Daly (b. 1888 - d. 1966) Sep 1926 - Apr 1929 Cyril Charles Johnson Barrett (b. 1884 - d. 1933) Apr 1929 - Nov 1932 Geoffrey Prior (b. 1896 - d. 1972) Nov 1932 - Apr 1937 Gordon Loch (2nd time) (s.a.) Apr 1937 - Oct 1937 Tom Hickinbotham (1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1983) Oct 1937 - Oct 1940 Hugh Weightman (b. 1898 - d. 1949) Oct 1940 - Jan 1942 Reginald George Evelyn William Alban (b. 1899 - d. 1983) Jan 1942 - Aug 1943 Edward Wakefield (b. 1903 - d. 1969) Aug 1943 - Oct 1943 Michael Grey Dixon (acting) (b. 1910 - d. 1974) Oct 1943 - Mar 1945 Tom Hickinbotham (2nd time) (s.a.) Mar 1945 - Oct 1945 Cornelius James Pelly (1st time) (b. 1908 - d. 1985) Oct 1945 - Mar 1947 Arnold Crawshaw Galloway (b. 1901 - d. 1988) Mar 1947 - 1951 Cornelius James Pelly (2nd time) (s.a.) 1951 - 1952 William Scott Laver (b. 1909 - d. 1988) 1952 - 1954 John William Wall (b. 1910 - d. 1989) 1954 - 1959 Charles Alexander Gault (b. 1908 - d. 1996) 1959 - 1962 Edward Parr Wiltshire (b. 1910 - d. 2004) 1962 - 1965 Peter Tripp (b. 1921 - d. 2010) 1965 - 1969 Anthony Parsons (b. 1922 - d. 1996) 1969 - 1971 Alexander John Stirling (b. 1926 - d. 2014)
Political residents in the Persian Gulf (for Bahrain, Kuwait, Muscat and Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States; in Bushehr, Iran, to 1946, then in Bahrain) Dec 1822 - Sep 1823 John Mcleod (b. ... - d. 1851) Oct 1823 - Dec 1823 Henry Hardy Dec 1823 - Jan 1827 Ephraim Gerrish Stannus (b. 1784 - d. 1850) Jan 1827 - Mar 1831 David Wilson Mar 1831 - Jan 1832 Samuel Hennell (1st time) Jan 1832 - Jun 1834 David Alexander Blane Jun 1834 - Jul 1835 Samuel Hennell (2nd time) Oct 1835 - Oct 1837 James Morrison (b. 1790 - d. 1857) Oct 1837 - Apr 1838 Thomas Mackenzie May 1838 - Mar 1852 Samuel Hennell Mar 1852 - Jul 1855 Arnold Burrowes Kemball (b. 1820 - d. 1908) Oct 1855 - Apr 1862 Felix Jones Apr 1862 - Nov 1862 Herbert Frederick Disbrowe (b. 1826 - d. 1890) Nov 1862 - Oct 1872 Lewis Pelly (b. 1825 - d. 1892) Oct 1872 - Mar 1891 Edward Charles Ross (b. 1836 - d. 1913) 1891 - May 1893 Adelbert Talbot (b. 1845 - d. 1920) May 1893 - Jun 1893 Stuart Hill Godfrey (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1941) Jun 1893 - Jul 1893 James Hayes Sadler (1st time) (b. 1851 - d. 1922) (acting) Jul 1893 - Dec 1893 James Adair Crawford (acting) (b. 1857 - d. 1936) Dec 1893 - Jan 1894 James Hayes Sadler (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) Jan 1894 - Jun 1897 Frederick Alexander Wilson (b. 1842 - d. 1899) Jun 1897 - Apr 1900 Malcolm John Meade (b. 1854 - d. 1933) Apr 1900 - Apr 1904 Charles Arnold Kemball (b. 1860 - d. 1943) Apr 1904 - Oct 1920 Percy Cox (from 12 Dec 1911, Sir Percy Cox) (b. 1864 - d. 1937) Acting for Cox: Dec 1913 - 9 Feb 1914 John Gordon Lorimer (b. 1870 - d. 1914) Feb 1914 - Mar 1914 Richard Lockington Birdwood (b. 1879 - d. 1914) Mar 1914 - Nov 1914 Stuart George Knox (1st time) (b. 1869 - d. 1956) Jan 1915 - Apr 1915 Stuart George Knox (2nd time) (s.a.) Apr 1915 - Nov 1917 Arthur Prescott Trevor (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1930) 22 Dec 1917 - Sep 1919 John Hugo Hepburn Bill (b. 1877 - d. 1919) Sep 1919 - Nov 1919 Cecil Hamilton Gabriel (b. 1879 - d. 1947) Nov 1919 - Oct 1920 Arthur Prescott Trevor (2nd time) (s.a.) Oct 1920 - Nov 1920 Sir Arnold Wilson (acting) (b. 1884 - d. 1940) Nov 1920 - Apr 1924 Arthur Prescott Trevor (s.a.) Apr 1924 - Jan 1927 Francis Beville Prideaux (b. 1871 - d. 1938) Jan 1927 - Nov 1928 Lionel Berkeley Holt Haworth (from 4 Jun 1928, Sir Lionel Berkeley Holt Haworth) (b. 1873 - d. 1951) Nov 1928 - Apr 1929 Sir Frederick William Johnston (b. 1872 - d. 1947) Apr 1929 - Nov 1929 Cyril Charles Johnson Barrett (b. 1884 - d. 1933) (acting) Nov 1929 - 19 Jul 1932 Hugh Vincent Biscoe (from 3 Jun 1932, Sir Hugh Vincent Biscoe) (b. 1881 - d. 1932) Jul 1932 - Aug 1939 Trenchard Craven William Fowle (from 11 May 1937, Sir Trenchard Craven William Fowle) (b. 1884 - d. 1940) Sep 1939 - May 1946 Charles Geoffrey Prior (from 2 Jun 1943, Sir Charles Geoffrey Prior) (b. 1896 - d. 1972) May 1946 - 1953 Rupert Hay (from 1947, Sir Rupert Hay) (b. 1893 - d. 1962) 22 Oct 1953 - 1958 Bernard Burrows (from 9 Jun 1955, Sir Bernard Burrows) (b. 1910 - d. 2002) 8 Nov 1958 - 1961 Sir George Humphrey Middleton (b. 1910 - d. 1998) 1961 - 1966 Sir William Luce (b. 1907 - d. 1977) 1966 - 1970 Sir Stewart Crawford (b. 1913 - d. 2002) 1970 - 1971 Geoffrey Arthur (from 12 Jun 1971, Sir Geoffrey Arthur) (b. 1920 - d. 1984)
Bangladesh
14 Aug 1947 part of Pakistan (previously part of British India) 26 Mar 1971 independence proclaimed (People's Republic of Bangladesh) 16 Dec 1971 de facto independence (capitulation of Pakistan)
Presidents 11 Apr 1971 - 12 Jan 1972 Mujibur Rahman (1st time) (b. 1920 - d. 1975) (Pakistani prisoner to 8 Jan 1972) 11 Apr 1971 - 10 Jan 1972 Syed Nazrul Islam (b. 1925 - d. 1975) (acting for Mujibur Rahman) 12 Jan 1972 - 24 Dec 1973 Abu Sayeed Chowdhury (b. 1921 - d. 1987) 24 Dec 1973 - 25 Jan 1975 Mohammad Mohammadullah (b. 1921 - d. 1999) (acting to 27 Jan 1974) 25 Jan 1975 - 15 Aug 1975 Mujibur Rahman (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 Aug 1975 - 6 Nov 1975 Khandakar Mushtaq Ahmed (b. 1918 - d. 1996) 6 Nov 1975 - 21 Apr 1977 Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem (b. 1916 - d. 1997) (also chief martial law administrator 7 Nov 1975 - 29 Nov 1976) 21 Apr 1977 - 30 May 1981 Ziaur Rahman (b. 1936 - d. 1981) (also chief martial law administrator 29 Nov 1976 - 6 Apr 1979) 30 May 1981 - 24 Mar 1982 Abdus Sattar (b. 1906 - d. 1985) (acting to 20 Nov 1981) 24 Mar 1982 - 27 Mar 1982 Hossain Mohammad Ershad (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 2019) (chief martial law administrator 24 Mar 1982 - 30 Mar 1984) 27 Mar 1982 - 11 Dec 1983 A.F.M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury (b. 1915 - d. 2001) 11 Dec 1983 - 6 Dec 1990 Hossain Mohammad Ershad (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Dec 1990 - 10 Oct 1991 Shahabuddin Ahmed (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 2022) (acting) 10 Oct 1991 - 9 Oct 1996 Abdur Rahman Biswas (b. 1926 - d. 2017) 9 Oct 1996 - 14 Nov 2001 Shahabuddin Ahmed (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Nov 2001 - 21 Jun 2002 A.Q.M. Badruddoza Chowdhury (b. 1932 - d. 2024) 21 Jun 2002 - 6 Sep 2002 Jamiruddin Sircar (acting) (b. 1931) 6 Sep 2002 - 12 Feb 2009 Iajuddin Ahmed (b. 1931 - d. 2012) 12 Feb 2009 - 20 Mar 2013 Zillur Rahman (b. 1929 - d. 2013) 20 Mar 2013 - 24 Apr 2023 Abdul Hamid (b. 1944) (acting to 24 Apr 2013) 24 Apr 2023 - Mohammad Shahabuddin Chuppu (b. 1949)
Prime ministers 11 Apr 1971 - 12 Jan 1972 Tajuddin Ahmed (b. 1925 - d. 1975) 12 Jan 1972 - 26 Jan 1975 Mujibur Rahman (s.a.) 26 Jan 1975 - 15 Aug 1975 Mohammad Mansoor Ali (b. 1919 - d. 1975) 29 Jun 1978 - 12 Mar 1979 Mashiur Rahman (senior minister) (b. 1924 - d. 1979) 15 Apr 1979 - 24 Mar 1982 Shah Azizur Rahman (b. 1925 - d. 1988) 30 Mar 1984 - 9 Jul 1986 Ataur Rahman Khan (b. 1905 - d. 1991) 9 Jul 1986 - 27 Mar 1988 Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury (b. 1928 - d. 2006) 27 Mar 1988 - 12 Aug 1989 Moudud Ahmed (b. 1940 - d. 2021) 12 Aug 1989 - 6 Dec 1990 Kazi Zafar Ahmed (b. 1940 - d. 2015) 20 Mar 1991 - 30 Mar 1996 Khaleda Zia (f) (1st time) (b. 1945) 30 Mar 1996 - 23 Jun 1996 Mohammad Habibur Rahman (b. 1930 - d. 2014) (chief adviser) 23 Jun 1996 - 15 Jul 2001 Sheikh Hasina Wajed (f) (1st time) (b. 1947) 15 Jul 2001 - 10 Oct 2001 Latifur Rahman (chief adviser) (b. 1936 - d. 2017) 10 Oct 2001 - 29 Oct 2006 Khaleda Zia (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 29 Oct 2006 - 11 Jan 2007 Iajuddin Ahmed (chief adviser) (s.a.) 11 Jan 2007 - 12 Jan 2007 Fazlul Haque (b. 1938) (acting chief adviser) 12 Jan 2007 - 6 Jan 2009 Fakhruddin Ahmed (chief adviser) (b. 1940) 6 Jan 2009 - 5 Aug 2024 Sheikh Hasina Wajed (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 8 Aug 2024 - Mohammad Yunus (chief adviser) (b. 1940)
Barbados
1627 British colony
1833 - 1885 part of the Windward Islands (with the governor of
Barbados also governor of the Windward Islands)3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962 part of the Federation of the West Indies (see under Trinidad and Tobago) 30 Nov 1966 independence 30 Nov 2021 republic
Governors Dec 1697 - 1701 Ralph Grey (b. _c._1661 - d. 1706) 1701 - 1703 John Farmer (acting) 1703 - 1706 Sir Bevil Granville (b. 16... - d. 1706) 1707 - 1710 Mitford Crow (b. 16... - d. 1719) 1710 - 1711 George Lillington (acting) 1711 - Jan 1714 Robert Lowther (1st time) (b. 1681 - d. 1745) Jan 1714 - 1715 William Sharpe (acting) 1715 - 1720 Robert Lowther (2nd time) (s.a.) 1720 - 1721 John Frere (acting) 1721 - 1722 Samuel Cox (acting) 1722 - 1727 Henry Worsley (b. ... - d. 1740) 1727 - 1731 Thomas Catesby Paget (b. 1689 - d. 1742) 1731 James Dotin (1st time) (acting) 1731 - 1732 Walter Chetwynd (b. ... - d. 1732) 1733 - 29 Mar 1735 Emanuel Scrope, Viscount Howe (b. _c._1699 - d. 1735) 1735 - 1737 James Dotin (2nd time) 1737 - 1738 Orlando Bridgeman 1738 Humphrey Howarth 1738 - 1739 Thomas Gage, Viscount Gage (b. ... - d. 1754) May 1739 - 1740 Robert Byng (b. ... - d. 1741) 1740 James Dotin (3rd time) 1742 - 1747 Sir Thomas Robinson (b. _c._1700 - d. 1777) 1747 - 1756 Henry Grenville (b. 1717 - d. 1784) 1756 - 1766 Charles Pinfold (b. 1709 - d. 1788) 1766 - 1768 Samuel Rous (1st time) (acting) 1768 - 1772 William Spry (b. ... - d. 1802) 1772 Samuel Rous (2nd time) (acting) 1772 - 1779 Edward Hay (b. 1722 - d. 1779) 1779 - 1780 John Dotin (1st time) (acting) 1780 - 1782 James Cunninghame 1783 - 1784 John Dotin (2nd time) (acting) 1784 - 1793 David Parry 1793 - 1794 William Bishop (1st time) (acting) 1794 - 1800 George Poyntz Ricketts (b. 1749 - d. 1800) 1800 - 1801 William Bishop (2nd time) (acting) 1802 - 1806 Francis Humberstone Mackenzie, Baron Seaforth (b. 1754 - d. 1815) 1806 - 1810 John Spooner (acting) 1810 - 1815 Sir George Beckwith (b. 1753 - d. 1823) 10 May 1815 - 16 Oct 1816 Sir James Leith (b. 1763 - d. 1816) 1817 John Foster Alleyne (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1823) 1817 - 1820 Stapleton Cotton, Viscount Combermere (b. 1773 - d. 1865) 1820 John Brathwaite Skeete (acting) 1821 Samuel Hinds (acting) 1821 - 1829 Sir Henry Warde (b. 1766 - d. 1834) 1829 - 1833 Sir James Lyon 1833 - 1836 Sir Lionel Smith (b. 1778 - d. 1842) 1836 - 14 Jun 1841 Sir Evan John Murray MacGregor (b. 1785 - d. 1841) 1841 - 1842 Henry Charles Darling (acting) (b. 1780 - d. 1845) Feb 1842 - 1846 Sir Charles Edward Grey (b. 1785 - d. 1865) 1846 - 1848 William Reid (b. 1791 - d. 1858) 1848 - 1856 William MacBean George Colebrooke (b. 1787 - d. 1870) 1856 - 4 Jan 1862 Francis Hincks (b. 1807 - d. 1885) 4 Jan 1862 - 1868 James Walker (b. 1809 - d. 1885) 1868 - 1875 Rawson William Rawson (b. 1812 - d. 1899) 1875 Sanford Freeling (acting) (b. 1828 - d. 1894) Nov 1875 - 1876 John Pope Hennessy (b. 1834 - d. 1891) 1876 - 1880 George Cumine Strahan (b. 1838 - d. 1887) 1880 Dominic Jacotin Gamble (acting) (b. 1823 - d. 1887) 1880 - 1885 William Robinson (from 24 May 1883, Sir William Robinson) (b. 1836 - d. 1912) 1885 - 1889 Sir Charles Cameron Lees (b. 1837 - d. 1898) 1889 - 1891 Sir Walter Joseph Sendall (b. 1833 - d. 1904) 1892 - 1900 Sir James Shaw Hay (b. 1839 - d. 1924) 18 Feb 1900 - 1904 Sir Frederic Mitchell Hodgson (b. 1851 - d. 1925) 24 Oct 1904 - 1910 Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter (b. 1848 - d. 1927) Jul 1910 - 13 Feb 1911 John Alder Burdon (acting) (b. 1866 - d. 1933) 13 Feb 1911 - 1918 Sir Leslie Probyn (b. 1862 - d. 1938) 27 Sep 1918 - 1925 Charles Richard Mackey O'Brien (from 1 Jan 1920, Sir Charles Richard Mackey O'Brien) (b. 1859 - d. 1935) 31 Dec 1925 - Jan 1933 William Charles Fleming Robertson (from 3 Jun 1927, Sir William Charles Fleming Robertson) (b. 1867 - d. 1937) 21 Jan 1933 - 12 Mar 1933 Harry Scott Newlands (b. 1884 - d. 1933) 5 Aug 1933 - Mar 1938 Mark Young (from 4 Jun 1934, Sir Mark Young) (b. 1886 - d. 1974) 6 Aug 1938 - 1941 John Waddington (from 8 Jun 1939, Sir John Waddington) (b. 1890 - d. 1957) 23 Oct 1941 - 1946 Sir Grattan Bushe (b. 1886 - d. 1961) 5 Feb 1947 - 1949 Sir Hilary Rudolph Robert Blood (b. 1893 - d. 1967) 1 Nov 1949 - 1953 Alfred William Lungley Savage (from 1 Jan 1951, Sir Alfred William Lungley Savage) (b. 1903 - d. 1980) 14 May 1953 - 1959 Sir Robert Arundell (b. 1904 - d. 1989) 8 Oct 1959 - 29 Nov 1966 Sir John Montague Stow (b. 1911 - d. 1997) Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state) 30 Nov 1966 - 18 May 1967 Sir John Montague Stow (s.a.) 18 May 1967 - 9 Aug 1976 Sir Winston Scott (b. 1900 - d. 1976) 9 Aug 1976 - 17 Nov 1976 Sir William Douglas (1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 2003) (acting) 17 Nov 1976 - 9 Jan 1984 Deighton Lisle Ward (from 19 Nov 1976, Sir Deighton Lisle Ward) (b. 1909 - d. 1984) 10 Jan 1984 - 24 Feb 1984 Sir William Douglas (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 24 Feb 1984 - 6 Jun 1990 Sir Hugh Springer (b. 1913 - d. 1994) 6 Jun 1990 - 19 Dec 1995 Dame Nita Barrow (f) (b. 1916 - d. 1995) 19 Dec 1995 - 1 Jun 1996 Sir Denys Williams (acting) (b. 1929 - d. 2014) 1 Jun 1996 - 31 Oct 2011 Sir Clifford Husbands (b. 1926 - d. 2017) 1 Nov 2011 - 30 May 2012 Elliot Belgrave (1st time) (b. 1931) (acting) 30 May 2012 - 1 Jun 2012 Sandra Mason (f) (1st time) (b. 1949) (acting) 1 Jun 2012 - 30 Jun 2017 Elliot Belgrave (from 8 Jun 2012, Sir Elliot Belgrave) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jul 2017 - 8 Jan 2018 Sir Philip Greaves (acting) (b. 1931) 8 Jan 2018 - 29 Nov 2021 Sandra Mason (from 6 Feb 2018, Dame Sandra Mason) (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) President 30 Nov 2021 - Dame Sandra Mason (f) (s.a.)
Premiers 1 Feb 1954 - 17 Apr 1958 Grantley Herbert Adams (from 13 Jun 1957, Sir Grantley Herbert Adams) (b. 1898 - d. 1971) 17 Apr 1958 - 8 Dec 1961 Hugh Gordon Cummins (b. 1891 - d. 1970) 8 Dec 1961 - 18 Nov 1966 Errol Barrow (b. 1920 - d. 1987) Prime ministers 18 Nov 1966 - 3 Sep 1976 Errol Barrow (1st time) (s.a.) 3 Sep 1976 - 11 Mar 1985 J.M.G. Adams (b. 1931 - d. 1985) 11 Mar 1985 - 29 May 1986 Bernard St. John (b. 1931 - d. 2004) 29 May 1986 - 1 Jun 1987 Errol Barrow (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jun 1987 - 7 Sep 1994 Erskine Sandiford (b. 1937 - d. 2023) 7 Sep 1994 - 16 Jan 2008 Owen Arthur (b. 1949 - d. 2020) 16 Jan 2008 - 23 Oct 2010 David Thompson (b. 1961 - d. 2010) 23 Oct 2010 - 25 May 2018 Freundel Stuart (b. 1951) 25 May 2018 - Mia Mottley (f) (b. 1965)
Basutoland: see Lesotho.
Bau: see under Fiji.
Bay Islands: see under Honduras.
Bechuanaland: see Botswana.
Belarus
21 Feb 1918 - 9 Dec 1918 German occupation 9 Mar 1918 Belorussian Republic declared 25 Mar 1918 independence declared (Belorussian People's Republic), not recognized by Germany 10 Dec 1918 Russian control reestablished 1 Jan 1919 Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 27 Feb 1919 part of "Litbel" (Lithuanian-Belorussian S.S.R.) (see under Lithuania) 1 Sep 1919 Polish occupation� Jul 1920 Russian occupation� 1 Aug 1920 Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 30 Dec 1922 founding component of Soviet Union (see Soviet republics) 25 Aug 1991 independence declared 19 Sep 1991 Republic of Belarus (use of "Belorussian S.S.R." allowed until 1993) 25 Dec 1991 final independence (dissolution of the Soviet Union)
Russian governors-general (1801-22 military governors) of Belorussia (1773-76 Pskov and Mogilyov, 1776-96 Polotsk and Mogilyov, 1802-22 Vitebsk and Mogilyov, 1823-56 Vitebsk, Mogilyov, and Smolensk) 1773 - 1782 Graf Zakhar Chernyshev (b. 1722 - d. 1784) 1782 - 1796 Pyotr Passek (b. 1736 - d. 1804) 1796 - 1801 Grigory Osipov (b. 1739 - d. 1802) 1801 - 1803 Aleksandr Rimsky-Korsakov (b. 1753 - d. 1840) 1803 - 1806 Ivan Mikhelson (b. 1740 - d. 1807) 1806 - 1811 vacant 1811 - 1812 Gertsog Aleksandr Vyurtembergsky (1st time) (b. 1771 - d. 1833) 1812 - 1815 vacant 1815 - 1822 Gertsog Aleksandr Vyurtembergsky (2nd time) (s.a.) 1823 - 22 May 1836 Knyaz Nikolay Khovansky (b. 1777 - d. 1837) 22 May 1836 - 1845 Pyotr Dyakov (b. 1788 - d. 1860) 1845 - 10 Jun 1853 Knyaz Andrey Golitsyn (b. 1792 - d. 1863) 6 Aug 1853 - 1854 Pavel Ignatyev (b. 1797 - d. 1880) 1855 - 29 Feb 1856 Knyaz Mikhail Urusov (b. 1802 - d. 1883) Chairmen of the Rada 18 Mar 1918 - May 1918 Ivan Syerada (b. 1879 - d. af.1943) May 1918 - Jun 1918 Pavel Alyaksyuk (b. 1892 - d. 19...) Jun 1918 - 3 Dec 1918 Iosif Lyosik (b. 1884 - d. 1940) Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Workers-and-Peasants' Soviet Government 1 Jan 1919 - 4 Feb 1919 Dzmitryi Zhylunovich (b. 1887 - d. 1937) Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee 4 Feb 1919 - 27 Feb 1919 Alyaksandr Myasnikou (b. 1886 - d. 1925) 13 Dec 1919 - 1920 Pyotr Krecheuski (b. 1879 - d. 1928) (chairman Rada)� Dec 1919 - Jul 1920 Ivan Syerada� (s.a.) 1 Aug 1920 - 16 Jun 1937 Alyaksandr Charvyakou (b. 1892 - d. 1937) Chairmen of the Rada (in exile) Nov 1920 - 8 Mar 1928 Pyotr Krecheuski (s.a.) 8 Mar 1928 - 6 Mar 1943 Vasil Zakharka (b. 1877 - d. 1943) 6 Mar 1943 - 29 May 1970 Mikalay Abramchyk (b. 1903 - d. 1970) May 1970 - Nov 1982 Vikentsiy Zhuk-Hryshkyevich (b. 1903 - d. 1989) Nov 1982 - 1997 Jazep Sazhych (b. 1917 - d. 2007) 1997 Barys Rahula (acting) (b. 1920 - d. 2005) 1997 - Ivonka Survilla (f) (b. 1936) Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet 18 Sep 1991 - 26 Jan 1994 Stanislau Shushkevich (b. 1934 - d. 2022) 26 Jan 1994 - 28 Jan 1994 Vyachaslau Kuznyatsou (acting) (b. 1947) 28 Jan 1994 - 20 Jul 1994 Myechyslau Hryb (b. 1938) President 20 Jul 1994 - Alyaksandr Lukashenka (b. 1954)
Chairmen of the People's Secretariat 9 Mar 1918 - May 1918 Jazep Varonka (b. 1891 - d. 1952) May 1918 - Jun 1918 Raman Skirmunt (b. 1868 - d. af.1939) Jun 1918 Ivan Syerada (s.a.) Jun 1918 - Oct 1918 Anton Luckievich (b. 1884 - d. 1942) Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (from 1920 in exile) Oct 1918 - 13 Dec 1919 Anton Luckievich (s.a.) 13 Dec 1919 - 23 Aug 1923 Vaclau Lastouski (b. 1883 - d. 1938) 23 Aug 1923 - Oct 1925 Alyaksandr Tsvikievich (b. 1888 - d. 1937) Oct 1925 - 6 Mar 1943 Vasil Zakharka (s.a.) 6 Mar 1943 - 21 Jun 1948 Mikalay Abramchyk (s.a.) Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars 1 Aug 1920 - 17 Mar 1924 Alyaksandr Charvyakou (s.a.) Chairman of the Council of Ministers 7 Apr 1990 - 21 Jul 1994 Vyachaslau Kebich (b. 1936 - d. 2020) Prime ministers 21 Jul 1994 - 18 Nov 1996 Mikhail Chyhir (b. 1948) 18 Nov 1996 - 18 Feb 2000 Syarhey Linh (b. 1937) (acting to 19 Feb 1997) 18 Feb 2000 - 1 Oct 2001 Uladzimir Yarmoshyn (b. 1942) (acting to 14 Mar 2000) 1 Oct 2001 - 10 Jul 2003 Henadz Navitski (b. 1949) (acting to 10 Oct 2001) 10 Jul 2003 - 28 Dec 2010 Syarhey Sidorski (b. 1954) (acting to 19 Dec 2003) 28 Dec 2010 - 27 Dec 2014 Mikhail Myasnikovich (b. 1950) 27 Dec 2014 - 18 Aug 2018 Andrey Kabyakow (b. 1960) 18 Aug 2018 - 4 Jun 2020 Syarhey Rumas (b. 1969) 4 Jun 2020 - Roman Golovchenko (b. 1973)
�During Polish and Russian occupation, there were two rebel revivals in part of the country of the Belorussian People's Republic.
Belgian Congo: see Congo (Kinshasa).
Belgium
1556 Spanish Netherlands
1713 Austrian Netherlands11 Jan 1790 - 2 Dec 1790 United Belgian States in revolt against Habsburg rule 1 Oct 1795 annexed to France 15 Feb 1814 Belgian territory separated from France (Gouvernement-g�n�ral de la Belgique) 12 May 1815 incorporation of the Belgian lands and Li�ge into the Kingdom of the Netherlands 4 Oct 1830 independence proclaimed (Belgium) 7 Feb 1831 Kingdom of Belgium 19 Apr 1839 independence recognized by Netherlands 4 Aug 1914 - 11 Nov 1918 occupied by Germany 10 May 1940 - 3 Sep 1944 occupied by Germany
Governor 1692 - 1706 Maximilian II, elector of Bavaria (b. 1662 - d. 1726) Statthalter May 1716 - Dec 1724 Eugen Prinz von Savoyen (b. 1663 - d. 1736) Jan 1725 - Sep 1725 Wirich Philipp Graf Daun (interim) (b. 1669 - d. 1741) Sep 1725 - 26 Aug 1741 Maria Elisabeth Erzherzogin von �sterreich (f) (b. 1680 - d. 1741) Aug 1741 - Mar 1743 Friedrich August Gervas Graf Harrach (interim) (b. 1696 - d. 1749) Mar 1743 - 4 Jul 1780 Karl Alexander Prinz von Lothringen (acting to Jan 1744) (b. 1712 - d. 1780) (jointly with following) Jan 1744 - 16 Dec 1744 Maria Anna Erzherzogin von �sterreich (f) (b. 1718 - d. 1744) Nov 1780 - Nov 1789 Marie Christine Erzherzogin von �sterreich (f) (1st time) (b. 1742 - d. 1798) + Albert Prinz von Sachsen-Teschen (1st time) (b. 1738 - d. 1822) Mar 1790 - Nov 1792 Marie Christine Erzherzogin von �sterreich (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) + Albert Prinz von Sachsen-Teschen (2nd time) (s.a.) Mar 1793 - Aug 1794 Karl Ludwig Erzherzog von �sterreich (b. 1771 - d. 1847) Presidents of the Sovereign Congress 11 Jan 1790 - 1790 Fran�ois de N�lis (b. 1736 - d. 1798) 8 Nov 1790 - 1790 Hendrik Herman Werner Frans Anton van Crumpipen (b. 1738 - d. 1811) Governors-general (on behalf of the Allied Powers) 15 Feb 1814 - 18 Feb 1814 Eug�ne Jean Baptiste, comte de Robiano (acting) (b. 1741 - d. 1820) 18 Feb 1814 - 23 Mar 1814 Fr�d�ric Auguste Alexandre, duc de Beaufort-Spontin (b. 1751 - d. 1817) 23 Mar 1814 - 5 May 1814 August Friedrich Karl Hermann Freiherr von der Horst (b. 1780 - d. 1861) 5 May 1814 - 1 Aug 1814 Charles, baron de Vincent = Karl Freiherr von Vincent (b. 1757 - d. 1834) (Gouverneur-g�n�ral militaire de la Belgique et du pays de Li�ge) 1 Aug 1814 - 12 May 1815 Willem van Oranje-Nassau (b. 1772 - d. 1843) declined to serve in person and designated a Lieutenant: Godert Alexander Gerard Philip van der Capellen (from 28 Aug 1814, Jonkheer Godert Alexander Gerard Philip van der Capellen) (b. 1778 - d. 1848) 24 Sep 1830 - 25 Feb 1831 Administrative Commission (from 26 Sep 1830, Provisional Government) - Emmanuel van der Linden, baron d'Hooghvorst (b. 1781 - d. 1866) (to 12 Nov 1830) - Charles Rogier (b. 1800 - d. 1885) (signs as chairman on 25 Sep 1830, but never again) - F�lix, comte de M�rode (b. 1791 - d. 1857) (from 26 Sep 1830) - Alexandre Gendebien (b. 1789 - d. 1869) (from 26 Sep 1830) - Sylvain Van de Weyer (b. 1802 - d. 1874) (from 26 Sep 1830) - Andr� �douard Jolly (b. 1799 - d. 1883) - Feuillen Charles Marie Joseph, baron de Coppin de Fala�n (b. 1800 - d. 1887) - Joseph van der Linden (b. 1782 - d. 1846) - Louis de Potter (b. 1786 - d. 1859) (28 Sep - 13 Nov 1830) - Joseph Nicolay (b. _c._1798 - d. 1842) (25 Sep - 10 Oct 1830) Regent 25 Feb 1831 - 21 Jul 1831 �rasme Louis, baron Surlet de Chokier (b. 1769 - d. 1839) Kings� - Saxe-Cobourg et -Gotha (Wettin) dynasty - 21 Jul 1831 - 10 Dec 1865 L�opold I (b. 1790 - d. 1865) 10 Dec 1865 - 17 Dec 1865 Charles Rogier (s.a.) (acting head of state) 17 Dec 1865 - 17 Dec 1909 L�opold II (b. 1835 - d. 1909) 17 Dec 1909 - 23 Dec 1909 Franz Schollaert (b. 1851 - d. 1917) (acting head of state) 23 Dec 1909 - 17 Feb 1934 Albert I (b. 1875 - d. 1934) 26 Aug 1914 - 2 Dec 1914 Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz (b. 1843 - d. 1916) (governor-general) 2 Dec 1914 - 18 Apr 1917 Moritz Ferdinand Freiherr von Bissing (governor-general) (b. 1844 - d. 1917) 17 May 1917 - 11 Nov 1918 Ludwig Freiherr von Falkenhausen (b. 1844 - d. 1936) (governor-general) 17 Feb 1934 - 23 Feb 1934 Charles, comte de Broqueville (b. 1860 - d. 1940) (acting head of state) 23 Feb 1934 - 16 Jul 1951 L�opold III (b. 1901 - d. 1983) (German prisoner 28 May 1940 - 8 May 1945; in exile in Switzerland 8 May 1945 - 22 Jul 1950) 20 May 1940 - 18 Jul 1944 Alexander von Falkenhausen (b. 1878 - d. 1966) (military governor for occupied Netherlands and Belgium to 29 May 1940, then for Belgium and northern France) 18 Jul 1944 - Sep 1944 Josef Groh� (Reichskommissar) (b. 1902 - d. 1988) 20 Sep 1944 - 20 Jul 1950 Charles (regent) (b. 1903 - d. 1983) 11 Aug 1950 - 16 Jul 1951 Baudouin (regent) (b. 1930 - d. 1993) 16 Jul 1951 - 17 Jul 1951 Joseph Pholien (b. 1884 - d. 1968) (acting head of state) 17 Jul 1951 - 31 Jul 1993 Baudouin I (s.a.) (declared incapacitated at his own request, 4-5 Apr 1990) 4 Apr 1990 - 5 Apr 1990 Wilfried Martens (b. 1936 - d. 2013) (acting head of state) 31 Jul 1993 - 9 Aug 1993 Jean-Luc Dehaene (b. 1940 - d. 2014) (acting head of state) 9 Aug 1993 - 21 Jul 2013 Albert II (b. 1934) 21 Jul 2013 - Philippe (b. 1960)
Prime minister 11 Jan 1790 - 2 Dec 1790 Hendrik van der Noot (b. 1731 - d. 1827) Cabinet chiefs 26 Feb 1831 - 27 Feb 1831 Albert Joseph Goblet (1st time) Lib (b. 1790 - d. 1873) 27 Feb 1831 - 10 Mar 1831 �tienne Constantin de Gerlache Cat (b. 1785 - d. 1871) 10 Mar 1831 - 23 Mar 1831 Albert Joseph Goblet (2nd time) Lib (s.a.) 23 Mar 1831 - 3 Aug 1831 �tienne No�l Joseph, chevalier de Sauvage Lib (b. 1789 - d. 1867) 3 Aug 1831 - 12 Nov 1831 Charles Marie de Brouck�re (1st time) Lib (b. 1796 - d. 1860) 12 Nov 1831 - 26 Mar 1832 F�lix Amand de M�elenaere Lib (b. 1794 - d. 1862) 26 Mar 1832 - 17 Sep 1832 Charles Marie de Brouck�re (2nd time) Lib (s.a.) 17 Sep 1832 - 20 Oct 1832 Albert Joseph Goblet (3rd time) Lib (s.a.) 20 Oct 1832 - 4 Aug 1834 Joseph Lebeau (1st time) Lib (b. 1794 - d. 1865) 4 Aug 1834 - 18 Apr 1840 Barth�lemy Th�odore, chevalier de Theux de Meylandt (1st time) Cat (b. 1794 - d. 1874) 18 Apr 1840 - 13 Apr 1841 Joseph Lebeau (2nd time) Lib (s.a.) 13 Apr 1841 - 30 Jul 1845 Jean Baptiste Nothomb Lib (b. 1805 - d. 1881) 30 Jul 1845 - 31 Mar 1846 Sylvain Van de Weyer Lib (s.a.) 31 Mar 1846 - 12 Aug 1847 Barth�lemy Th�odore, comte de Theux de Meylandt (2nd time) Cat (s.a.) 12 Aug 1847 - 31 Oct 1852 Charles Rogier (1st time) Lib (s.a.) 31 Oct 1852 - 30 Mar 1855 Henri de Brouck�re Lib (b. 1801 - d. 1891) 30 Mar 1855 - 9 Nov 1857 Pierre Jacques Fran�ois De Decker Cat (b. 1812 - d. 1891) 9 Nov 1857 - 3 Jan 1868 Charles Rogier (2nd time) Lib (s.a.) 3 Jan 1868 - 2 Jul 1870 Walth�re Fr�re-Orban (1st time) Lib (b. 1812 - d. 1896) 2 Jul 1870 - 7 Dec 1871 Jules Joseph, baron d'Anethan Cat (b. 1803 - d. 1888) 7 Dec 1871 - 21 Aug 1874 Barth�lemy Th�odore, comte de Theux de Meylandt (3rd time) Cat (s.a.) 21 Aug 1874 - 19 Jun 1878 Jules Malou (1st time) Cat (b. 1810 - d. 1886) 19 Jun 1878 - 16 Jun 1884 Walth�re Fr�re-Orban (2nd time) Lib (s.a.) 16 Jun 1884 - 26 Oct 1884 Jules Malou (2nd time) Cat (s.a.) 26 Oct 1884 - 26 Mar 1894 Auguste Beernaert Cat (b. 1829 - d. 1912) 26 Mar 1894 - 25 Feb 1896 Jules Philippe Marie de Burlet Cat (b. 1844 - d. 1897) 25 Feb 1896 - 24 Jan 1899 Paul de Smet de Naeyer (1st time) Cat (b. 1843 - d. 1913) 24 Jan 1899 - 5 Aug 1899 Jules Vandenpeereboom Cat (b. 1843 - d. 1917) 5 Aug 1899 - 2 May 1907 Paul de Smet de Naeyer (from 26 May 1900, Paul, comte de Smet de Naeyer) (2nd time) Cat (s.a.) 2 May 1907 - 31 Dec 1907 Jules de Trooz Cat (b. 1857 - d. 1907) 9 Jan 1908 - 17 Jun 1911 Franz Schollaert Cat (s.a.) 17 Jun 1911 - 31 May 1918 Charles, baron de Broqueville Cat (s.a.) (from Aug 1914 in France exile) Aug 1914 - Jul 1917 Maximilian von Sandt (b. 1861 - d. 1918) (chief of civil administration) 31 May 1918 - 21 Nov 1918 Geraard Cooreman Cat (b. 1852 - d. 1926) Prime ministers 21 Nov 1918 - 20 Nov 1920 L�on Delacroix Cat (b. 1867 - d. 1929) 20 Nov 1920 - 16 Dec 1921 Henri Carton de Wiart Cat (b. 1869 - d. 1951) 16 Dec 1921 - 13 May 1925 Georges Theunis (1st time) Cat (b. 1873 - d. 1966) 13 May 1925 - 17 Jun 1925 Alo�s van de Vyvere Cat (b. 1871 - d. 1961) 17 Jun 1925 - 20 May 1926 Prosper, vicomte Poullet Cat (b. 1868 - d. 1937) 20 May 1926 - 6 Jun 1931 Henri Jaspar Cat (b. 1870 - d. 1939) 6 Jun 1931 - 22 Oct 1932 Jules Renkin Cat (b. 1862 - d. 1934) 22 Oct 1932 - 20 Nov 1934 Charles, comte de Broqueville Cat (s.a.) 20 Nov 1934 - 25 Mar 1935 Georges Theunis (2nd time) Cat (s.a.) 25 Mar 1935 - 24 Nov 1937 Paul van Zeeland Cat (b. 1893 - d. 1973) 24 Nov 1937 - 15 May 1938 Paul Emile Janson Lib (b. 1872 - d. 1944) 15 May 1938 - 22 Feb 1939 Paul-Henri Spaak (1st time) Soc (b. 1899 - d. 1972) 22 Feb 1939 - 12 Feb 1945 Hubert Pierlot Cat (b. 1883 - d. 1963) (25 May 1940 - 8 Sep 1944 in exile [first in France, from 25 Oct 1940 in London]) 12 Feb 1945 - 13 Mar 1946 Achille Van Acker (1st time) Soc (b. 1898 - d. 1975) 13 Mar 1946 - 31 Mar 1946 Paul-Henri Spaak (2nd time) Soc (s.a.) 31 Mar 1946 - 3 Aug 1946 Achille Van Acker (2nd time) Soc (s.a.) 3 Aug 1946 - 20 Mar 1947 Camille Huysmans Soc (b. 1871 - d. 1968) 20 Mar 1947 - 11 Aug 1949 Paul-Henri Spaak (3rd time) Soc (s.a.) 11 Aug 1949 - 8 Jun 1950 Gaston Eyskens (1st time) S-C (b. 1905 - d. 1988) 8 Jun 1950 - 15 Aug 1950 Jean Duvieusart S-C (b. 1900 - d. 1977) 15 Aug 1950 - 15 Jan 1952 Joseph Pholien S-C (s.a.) 15 Jan 1952 - 23 Apr 1954 Jean Van Houtte S-C (b. 1907 - d. 1991) 23 Apr 1954 - 26 Jun 1958 Achille Van Acker (3rd time) Soc (s.a.) 26 Jun 1958 - 25 Apr 1961 Gaston Eyskens (2nd time) S-C (s.a.) 25 Apr 1961 - 28 Jul 1965 Th�o Lef�vre S-C (b. 1914 - d. 1973) 28 Jul 1965 - 19 Mar 1966 Pierre Harmel S-C (b. 1911 - d. 2009) 19 Mar 1966 - 17 Jun 1968 Paul Vanden Boeynants (1st time) S-C (b. 1919 - d. 2001) 17 Jun 1968 - 26 Jan 1973 Gaston Eyskens (3rd time) CVP (s.a.) 26 Jan 1973 - 25 Apr 1974 Edmond Leburton Soc (b. 1915 - d. 1997) 25 Apr 1974 - 20 Oct 1978 L�o Tindemans CVP (b. 1922 - d. 2014) 20 Oct 1978 - 3 Apr 1979 Paul Vanden Boeynants (2nd time) CVP (s.a.) 3 Apr 1979 - 6 Apr 1981 Wilfried Martens (1st time) CVP (s.a.) 6 Apr 1981 - 17 Dec 1981 Mark Eyskens CVP (b. 1933) 17 Dec 1981 - 7 Mar 1992 Wilfried Martens (2nd time) CVP (s.a.) 7 Mar 1992 - 12 Jul 1999 Jean-Luc Dehaene CVP (s.a.) 12 Jul 1999 - 20 Mar 2008 Guy Verhofstadt VLD (b. 1953) 20 Mar 2008 - 30 Dec 2008 Yves Leterme (1st time) CD&V (b. 1960) 30 Dec 2008 - 25 Nov 2009 Herman Van Rompuy CD&V (b. 1947) 25 Nov 2009 - 6 Dec 2011 Yves Leterme (2nd time) CD&V (s.a.) 6 Dec 2011 - 11 Oct 2014 Elio Di Rupo PS (b. 1951) 11 Oct 2014 - 27 Oct 2019 Charles Michel MR (b. 1975) 27 Oct 2019 - 1 Oct 2020 Sophie Wilm�s (f) MR (b. 1975) 1 Oct 2020 - Alexander De Croo VLD (b. 1975)
Party abbreviations: Cat=Catholic, CD&V=Christian Democratic and Flemish, CVP=Christian People's Party, Lib=Liberal, MR=Reformist Movement, PS=Socialist Party (French), Soc=Socialist, S-C=Social-Christian, VLD=Flemish Liberals and Democrats-Citizens Party (from 2007, Open VLD)
�Title Roi des Belges (French); Koning der Belgen (Dutch); K�nig der Belgier (German) ("king of the Belgians"). Under the constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium there was initially no official language, but French was legally authoritative; French and Dutch became official jointly from 15 May 1898, joined by German from 31 Oct 1991.
- Ministries, etc. (from 1900)
- Regions and communities
Bouillon
25 Oct 1795 annexed to France 30 May 1814 - 1 Jan 1815 Allied administration (see Belgium, above) Mar 1815 French occupation 22 Jul 1815 part of Luxembourg 1831 part of Belgium
Dukes - La Tour d'Auvergne dynasty - 31 Jan 1696 - 16 May 1730 Emmanuel-Th�odose (b. 1668 - d. 1730) 16 May 1730 - 24 Oct 1771 Charles-Godefroy (b. 1706 - d. 1771) 24 Oct 1771 - 3 Dec 1792 Godefroy-Charles-Henri (b. 1728 - d. 1792) 3 Dec 1792 - 24 Apr 1794 Jacques-L�opold-Charles-Godefroy (b. 1746 - d. 1802) 24 Apr 1794 - 25 Oct 1795 Committee of Execution - Claude-Pierre Jobard - Remacle Poncelet - Fran�ois-G�rard Pirson - Pierre Castilhon - R�n�aume-Latache - Dominique Millard - Jean-Joseph Nannan 1 Jan 1815 - Mar 1815 Philippe (b. 1754 - d. 1816)
Li�ge
343 traditional date of founding of the bishopric of Li�ge14 Apr 972 the bishop becomes a prince of the Reich, an immediate vassal of the king 28 Nov 1792 - 4 Mar 1793 occupied by France 8 May 1793 the French National Convention decrees the incorporation of Li�ge into France (ineffective at the time) 27 Jul 1794 occupied by France, and treated as if incorporated, together with the Belgian provinces 1 Oct 1795 formal annexation to France; thereafter Li�ge undergoes the same developments as the rest of Belgium
Prince-bishops (title Prince-�v�que de Li�ge, comte de Looz, marquis de Franchimont, etc.) 25 Oct 1694 - 12 Nov 1723 Joseph-Cl�ment, duc de Bavi�re (b. 1671 - d. 1723) 7 Dec 1724 - 5 Dec 1743 Georges II Louis de Berghes (b. 1662 - d. 1743) 10 Mar 1744 - 27 Jan 1763 Jean XI Th�odore, duc de Bavi�re (b. 1703 - d. 1763) 8 Apr 1763 - 22 Oct 1771 Charles-Nicolas-Alexandre, comte d'Oultremont (b. 1716 - d. 1771) 14 Mar 1772 - 30 Apr 1784 Fran�ois-Charles, comte de Vellbrueck (b. 1719 - d. 1784) 15 Aug 1784 - 13 Sep 1790 C�sar-Constantin-Fran�ois, comte de Hoensbroek (1st time) (b. 1724 - d. 1792) 13 Sep 1790 - 10 Jan 1791 Ferdinand-Maximilien M�riadec de Rohan, prince de Gu�men�e, archev�que de Cambrai (regent) (b. 1738 - d. 1813) 11 Jan 1791 - 3 Jun 1792 C�sar-Constantin-Fran�ois, comte de Hoensbroek (2nd time) (s.a.) 3 Jun 1792 - 16 Aug 1792 Alexandre-Constantin-Joseph de Nassau, comte de Corroy (b. 1738 - d. 1804) (Grand Dean of the Cathedral Chapter) 16 Aug 1792 - 28 Nov 1792 Fran�ois-Antoine-Marie-Constantin, comte de M�an et de Beaurieux (1st time) (b. 1756 - d. 1817) 5 Mar 1793 - 21 Apr 1793 Friedrich Josias, Prinz von und zu Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld (b. 1737 - d. 1815) (imperial administrator) 21 Apr 1793 - 20 Jul 1794 Fran�ois-Antoine-Marie-Constantin, comte de M�an et de Beaurieux (2nd time) (s.a.)
Limburg
1106 Duchy of Limburg10 Dec 1703 the Austrian Habsburg rulers become Dukes of Limburg 11 Jan 1790 - 2 Dec 1790 part of the United Belgian States 15 Dec 1792 annexed to France 28 Apr 1793 Habsburg rule restored 1 Oct 1795 annexed to France (Ourthe d�partement) 15 Feb 1814 part of the "Belgian" Netherlands (province of Li�ge) 4 Oct 1830 part of Belgium (province of Li�ge)
Neutral Moresnet
26 Jun 1816 part of Moresnet, claimed by both The Netherlands and Prussia, is "temporarily neutralized" and put under a common administration 1830 Belgium replaces Netherlands as claimant and administrator 27 Jun 1915 administration by Prussia only Nov 1918 administration by Belgium only 10 Jan 1920 annexed to Belgium
Netherlands royal commissioners 8 Dec 1817 - 2 Dec 1823 Werner Jacob 2 Dec 1823 - 1830 Joseph Brand�s Belgian royal commissioners 8 Jun 1835 - 1840 Lambert Ernst (b. 1798 - d. 1871) 1 Feb 1840 - 1889 Mathieu Cr�mer (b. 1805 - d. 1889) 30 Nov 1889 - 27 Mar 1915 Fernand Jacques Bleyfuesz (1st time) (b. 1858 - d. 1935) 27 Mar 1915 - 27 Jun 1915 Bayer (acting) Nov 1918 - 10 Jan 1920 Fernand Jacques Bleyfuesz (2nd time) (s.a.) Prussian royal commissioners 6 Aug 1817 - 1819 Wilhelm Hardt 22 Apr 1819 - Mar 1836 Johann Martin Daniel Mayer (b. ... - d. 1836) 9 Jul 1836 - 9 Nov 1853 Heinrich Martins 11 Aug 1852 - 7 Jan 1866 Amand Pierre von Harenne (b. 1813 - d. 1866) (head of police administration to 16 Jan 1854) 12 Dec 1866 - 10 Jul 1867 August Freiherr von der Heydt (b. 1825 - d. 1867) 1868 - 1871 Edward G�lcher (b. 18... - d. 1871) 18 Jun 1871 - 1893 Alfred Theodor Sternickel (b. 1825 - d. 1894) 18 Apr 1893 - 1 Jan 1909 Alfred G�lcher 13 Jan 1909 - 1913 Walter The Losen (b. 1880 - d. 1919) 2 Nov 1913 - Nov 1918 Spiess (acting)
Mayors 1817 - 21 Feb 1859 Arnold Timoth�e de Lasaulx (b. 1774 - d. 1861) (acting) 21 Feb 1859 - 30 May 1859 Adolf Hubert van Scherpenzeel-Thim (b. 1824 - d. ...) 1 Jul 1859 - 3 Feb 1882 Joseph Kohl 3 Feb 1882 - 20 Jun 1885 ... 20 Jun 1885 - 15 Mar 1915 Hubert Schmetz (b. 18... - d. 1915) 29 Mar 1915 - 7 Dec 1918 Wilhelm Kyll 7 Dec 1918 - 10 Jan 1920 Pierre Grignard
Belize
1665 first English settlement
1862 crown colony (British Honduras)1 Jun 1973 renamed Belize 21 Sep 1981 independence
Superintendents (subordinated to the governor of Jamaica) 1749 - 1758 Robert Hodgson, Sr. 1760 - 1767 Joseph Otway 1767 - 1775 Robert Hodgson, Jr. 1776 John Ferguson 1776 - 10 Mar 1787 James Lawrie (b. 1722 - d. _c._1800) 1787 - Jun 1790 Edward Marcus Despard (b. 1751 - d. 1803) Jun 1790 - Mar 1791 Peter Hunter (b. 1746 - d. 1805) Mar 1791 - Jan 1797 vacant Jan 1797 - 1800 Thomas Barrow (1st time) 1800 - 1802 Richard Basset Jan 1803 - 1805 Thomas Barrow (2nd time) 1805 - 1806 Gabriel Gordon 1806 - 1809 Alexander Mark Kerr Hamilton (b. 1767 - d. 1842) 1809 - 1814 John Nugent Smyth 1814 - 1822 George Arthur (b. 1784 - d. 1854) 1822 - 1823 Alleyne Hampden Pye (acting) (b. 17... - d. 1833) 1823 - 1829 Edward Codd 1829 - 1830 Archibald MacDonald (1st time) 1830 - 1837 Francis Cockburn (b. 1780 - d. 1868) 1837 - 1843 Archibald MacDonald (2nd time) 1843 - 1851 Charles St. John Fancourt (b. 1804 - d. 1875) 1851 - 1854 Philip Edmond Wodehouse (b. 1811 - d. 1887) 1854 - 1857 William Stevenson 1857 - 1862 Frederick Seymour (b. 1820 - d. 1869) Lieutenant governors (subordinated to the governor of Jamaica) 1862 - 1864 Frederick Seymour (s.a.) 1864 - 1867 John Gardiner Austin (b. 1812 - d. 1900) 1867 - 1870 James Robert Longden (b. 1827 - d. 1891) 1870 - 1874 William Wellington Cairns (b. 1828 - d. 1888) 1874 - 1877 Robert Miller Mundy (b. 1813 - d. 1892) 1877 - 1883 Frederick Palgrave Barlee (b. 1827 - d. 1884) 13 May 1883 - 1884 Robert William Harley (from 24 May 1883, Sir Robert William Harley) (b. 1829 - d. 1892) Governors 1884 - 1891 Roger Tuckfield Goldsworthy (from 2 Jan 1889, Sir Roger Tuckfield Goldsworthy) (b. 1839 - d. 1900) 1891 - 1897 Sir Alfred Moloney (b. 1848 - d. 1913) 1897 - 1903 David Wilson (from 3 Jun 1899, Sir David Wilson) (b. 1838 - d. 1924) 1903 - 1904 Philip Clark Cork (acting) (b. 1854 - d. 1936) 15 Apr 1904 - 1906 Bickham Sweet-Escott (from 9 Nov 1904, Sir Bickham Sweet-Escott) (b. 1857 - d. 1941) 13 Aug 1906 - 1913 Eric John Eagles Swayne (from 24 Jun 1910, Sir Eric John Eagles Swayne) (b. 1863 - d. 1929) 19 May 1913 - 1917 Wilfred Collet (from 1 Jan 1915, Sir Wilfred Collet) (b. 1856 - d. 1929) 29 Jan 1918 - 4 Sep 1918 William Hart Bennett (b. 1861 - d. 1918) 4 Sep 1918 - 22 Mar 1919 Robert Walter (acting) (b. 1873 - d. 1959) 22 Mar 1919 - 1925 Eyre Hutson (from 2 Jan 1922, Sir Eyre Hutson) (b. 1864 - d. 1936) 16 Apr 1925 - 1932 John Alder Burdon (from 3 Jun 1927, Sir John Alder Burdon) (b. 1866 - d. 1933) 9 Mar 1932 - 1934 Sir Harold Baxter Kittermaster (b. 1879 - d. 1939) 2 Nov 1934 - 1939 Alan Burns (from 1 Jan 1936, Sir Alan Burns) (b. 1887 - d. 1980) 24 Feb 1940 - 1 Jul 1946 John Adams Hunter (from 11 Jun 1942, Sir John Adams Hunter) (b. 1890 - d. 1962) 1 Jul 1946 - 14 Jan 1947 Arthur Wolffsohn (acting) (b. 1888 - d. 1967) 14 Jan 1947 - 1948 Gerald Hawkesworth (from 1 Jan 1948, Sir Gerald Hawkesworth) (b. 1897 - d. 1949) 28 Feb 1949 - 1952 Ronald Herbert Garvey (from 8 Jun 1950, Sir Ronald Herbert Garvey) (b. 1903 - d. 1991) 21 Oct 1952 - 1955 Patrick Renison (from 1 Jan 1955, Sir Patrick Renison) (b. 1911 - d. 1965) 17 Jan 1956 - 1961 Colin Thornley (from 13 Jun 1957, Sir Colin Thornley) (b. 1907 - d. 1983) 9 Dec 1961 - 1966 Sir Peter Stallard (b. 1915 - d. 1995) 11 Jul 1966 - Jan 1972 Sir John Warburton Paul (b. 1916 - d. 2004) 26 Jan 1972 - 1976 Richard Neil Posnett (b. 1919 - d. 2009) 1 Jun 1976 - 1980 Peter Donovan McEntee (b. 1920 - d. 2002) 2 Mar 1980 - 21 Sep 1981 James Hennessy (b. 1923 - d. 2024) Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state) 21 Sep 1981 - 17 Nov 1993 Minita Gordon (from 14 Feb 1984, Dame Minita Gordon) (f) (b. 1930 - d. 2021) 17 Nov 1993 - 30 Apr 2021 Colville Young (from 22 Feb 1994, Sir Colville Young) (b. 1932) 30 Apr 2021 - 27 May 2021 Stuart Leslie (acting) (b. 1964) 27 May 2021 - Froyla Tzalam (from 10 Jun 2022, Dame Froyla Tzalam) (f)
Prime ministers 7 Apr 1961 - 17 Dec 1984 George Cadle Price (1st time) (b. 1919 - d. 2011) (first minister to 1 Jan 1964, then premier to 21 Sep 1981) 17 Dec 1984 - 7 Nov 1989 Manuel Esquivel (1st time) (b. 1940 - d. 2022) 7 Nov 1989 - 3 Jul 1993 George Cadle Price (2nd time) (s.a.) 3 Jul 1993 - 28 Aug 1998 Manuel Esquivel (2nd time) (s.a.) 28 Aug 1998 - 8 Feb 2008 Said Musa (b. 1944) 8 Feb 2008 - 12 Nov 2020 Dean Barrow (b. 1951) 12 Nov 2020 - Johnny Brice�o (b. 1960)
Bencoolen: see under Indonesia.
Benin
Jan 1894 French protectorate 22 Jun 1894 Colony of Dahomey and Dependencies 17 Oct 1899 part of French West Africa (see under Senegal) 27 Oct 1946 French overseas territory 4 Dec 1958 autonomy (Republic of Dahomey) 1 Aug 1960 independence 30 Nov 1975 People's Republic of Benin 1 Mar 1990 Republic of Benin
Governors 22 Jun 1894 - 3 Jul 1899 Victor Ballot (b. 1853 - d. 1939) 3 Jul 1899 - 8 Oct 1899 Jean-Baptiste Fonssagrives (b. 1862 - d. 1910) (acting) 8 Oct 1899 - 26 Nov 1900 Pierre Pascal (acting) 26 Nov 1900 - 5 May 1906 Victor Liotard (b. 1858 - d. 1916) 5 May 1906 - 9 Jun 1906 Joseph �tienne Gabriel Lhuerre (acting) 9 Jun 1906 - 8 Mar 1908 Charles Marchal (b. 1855 - d. 1917) (acting to 16 Jul 1906) 8 Mar 1908 - 22 Sep 1908 Marie Antoine Gaudart (acting) 22 Sep 1908 - 9 Oct 1908 Auguste Brunet (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1957) 9 Oct 1908 - 25 Apr 1909 Jean Jules �mile Peuvergne (b. 1849 - d. 19...) 25 Apr 1909 - 6 Mar 1911 Henri Malan (b. 1869 - d. 1912) 29 Jun 1909 - 10 Feb 1910 Rapha�l Antonetti (b. 1872 - d. 1938) (acting for Malan) 6 Mar 1911 - 11 Jun 1911 Rapha�l Antonetti (acting) (s.a.) 24 Jun 1911 - 9 May 1912 �mile Merwart (b. 1869 - d. 1960) 9 May 1912 - 7 Apr 1917 Charles Henri Adrien Noufflard (b. 1872 - d. 1952) (acting to 11 Jul 1912) 7 Apr 1917 - 29 Aug 1928 Gaston L�opold Joseph Fourn (b. 1868 - d. 1952) (acting to Jul 1919) 29 Aug 1928 - 4 Apr 1929 Lucien Eug�ne Geay (acting) (b. 1900 - d. 1976) 4 Apr 1929 - 8 Feb 1931 Fran�ois Joseph Reste (b. 1879 - d. 1976) 8 Feb 1931 - 7 Jan 1932 Th�ophile Antoine Pascal Tellier (b. 1872 - d. 1955) 7 Jan 1932 - 2 Aug 1932 Louis Placide Blacher (b. 1883 - d. 1960) 2 Aug 1932 - 22 Jul 1933 Louis Aujas (acting) (b. 1876 - d. 1962) 22 Jul 1933 - 24 Aug 1934 Marcel de Coppet (b. 1881 - d. 1968) 24 Aug 1934 - 15 Feb 1935 Jean Desanti (acting) (b. 1899 - d. 1944) 15 Feb 1935 - 12 Jan 1937 Maurice Bourgine (b. 1879 - d. 1963) 12 Jan 1937 - 7 Aug 1937 Henri �tienne Martinet (1st time) (b. 1896 - d. 1941) (acting) 7 Aug 1937 - 7 Apr 1938 Ernest Gayon (acting) 7 Apr 1938 - 1 Jun 1938 Henri �tienne Martinet (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 1 Jun 1938 - 27 Aug 1940 Armand Annet (b. 1888 - d. 1973) 27 Aug 1940 - 18 Sep 1940 Pierre Jean Andr� Saliceti (b. 1893 - d. 1946) (acting) 18 Sep 1940 - 26 Aug 1943 L�on Truitard (b. 1885 - d. 1972) 26 Aug 1943 - 21 May 1946 Maurice Assier de Pompignan (b. 1889 - d. 1952) 21 May 1946 - 14 Jan 1948 Robert Legendre (acting) 14 Jan 1948 - Nov 1948 Jean Chambon (b. 1896 - d. 1965) 13 Jan 1949 - 19 Sep 1949 Jacques Boissier (b. 1910 - d. 1967) 19 Sep 1949 - Nov 1951 Claude Valluy (acting) Nov 1951 - 21 Jun 1955 Charles Bonfils (b. 1908 - d. 2001) 21 Jun 1955 - 21 Mar 1958 Marc Casimir Biros (b. 1905 - d. 1995) 21 Mar 1958 - 15 Jul 1958 Bernard Hepp (acting) (b. 1919 - d. 1986) 15 Jul 1958 - 4 Dec 1958 Ren� Tirant (acting) (b. 1907 - d. 1978) High commissioner 4 Dec 1958 - 1 Aug 1960 Ren� Tirant (s.a.) Presidents 1 Aug 1960 - 27 Oct 1963 Hubert Maga (1st time) (b. 1916 - d. 2000) (Head of State to 31 Dec 1960) 27 Oct 1963 - 28 Oct 1963 Provisional Government - Hubert Maga (s.a.) - Sourou Migan Apithy (b. 1913 - d. 1989) - Justin Ahomadegb� (b. 1917 - d. 2002) 28 Oct 1963 - 25 Jan 1964 Christophe Soglo (1st time) (b. 1909 - d. 1983) (Head of Provisional Government) 25 Jan 1964 - 27 Nov 1965 Sourou Migan Apithy (s.a.) 27 Nov 1965 - 29 Nov 1965 Justin Ahomadegb� (1st time) (s.a.) (acting) 29 Nov 1965 - 22 Dec 1965 Tahirou Congacou (acting) (b. 1911 - d. 1993) 22 Dec 1965 - 19 Dec 1967 Christophe Soglo (2nd time) (s.a.) 19 Dec 1967 - 20 Dec 1967 Jean-Baptiste Hach�me (b. 1929 - d. 1998) (chairman Revolutionary Committee) 20 Dec 1967 - 21 Dec 1967 Maurice Kouand�t� (1st time) (b. 1932 - d. 2003) (Head of State) 21 Dec 1967 - 17 Jul 1968 Alphonse Alley (Head of State) (b. 1930 - d. 1987) 17 Jul 1968 - 10 Dec 1969 �mile Zinsou (b. 1918 - d. 2016) 10 Dec 1969 - 13 Dec 1969 Maurice Kouand�t� (2nd time) (s.a.) (Chief-of-Staff of Army) 13 Dec 1969 - 7 May 1970 Paul-�mile de Souza (b. 1930? - d. 1999) (chairman Directory) 7 May 1970 - 7 May 1972 Hubert Maga (2nd time) (s.a.) (chairman Presidential Council) 7 May 1972 - 26 Oct 1972 Justin Ahomadegb� (2nd time) (s.a.) (chairman Presidential Council) 26 Oct 1972 - 4 Apr 1991 Mathieu K�r�kou (1st time) (b. 1933 - d. 2015) 4 Apr 1991 - 4 Apr 1996 Nic�phore Soglo (b. 1934) 4 Apr 1996 - 6 Apr 2006 Mathieu K�r�kou (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Apr 2006 - 6 Apr 2016 Yayi Boni (b. 1952) 6 Apr 2016 - Patrice Talon (b. 1958)
Prime ministers 25 May 1957 - 22 May 1959 Sourou Migan Apithy (s.a.) (vice president of the Government Council to 26 Jul 1958, president of the Government Council 26 Jul - 4 Dec 1958, president of the provisional government from 4 Dec 1958) 22 May 1959 - 31 Dec 1960 Hubert Maga (s.a.) 25 Jan 1964 - 29 Nov 1965 Justin Ahomadegb� (s.a.) 18 Dec 1967 - 17 Jul 1968 Maurice Kouand�t� (s.a.) 12 Mar 1990 - 4 Apr 1991 Nic�phore Soglo (s.a.) 8 Apr 1996 - 14 May 1998 Adrien Houngb�dji (b. 1942) 28 May 2011 - 11 Aug 2013 Pascal Koupaki (b. 1951) 18 Jun 2015 - 6 Apr 2016 Lionel Zinsou (b. 1954)
Berbice: see under Guyana.
Bermuda
1612 first English settlement
1684 crown colonyGovernors 20 Oct 1698 - 18 Dec 1700 Samuel Day (acting) 2 May 1701 - 1722 Benjamin Bennett 1722 - 1727 John Bruce Hope Nov 1727 - Aug 1728 John Trimingham (acting) 1728 - 1737 John Pitt (b. _c._1698 - d. 1754) Dec 1737 - May 1738 Andrew Auchinleck (acting) 2 Aug 1738 - 9 Nov 1744 Alured Popple (b. 1699 - d. bf.1746) Nov 1744 - Jun 1747 Francis Jones (1st time) (acting) Jul 1747 - Dec 1763 William Popple (b. _c._1701 - d. 1764) Dec 1763 - Aug 1764 Francis Jones (2nd time) (acting) Aug 1764 - 10 Sep 1780 George James Bruere (b. 1721? - d. 1780) Sep 1780 - Oct 1780 Thomas Jones (acting) Oct 1780 - Dec 1781 George Bruere (b. 1744 - d. 1786) Jan 1782 - 1 Jan 1790 William Browne (b. 1737 - d. 1802) 1 Jan 1790 - Oct 1794 Henry Hamilton (b. 1734 - d. 1796) (acting for absent Browne 27 Oct 1788 - 1 Jan 1790) 8 Nov 1794 - 27 Oct 1796 James Crawford 27 Oct 1796 - 22 Nov 1796 Henry Tucker (1st time) (acting) (b. 1742 - d. 1808) 22 Nov 1796 - 1 Dec 1796 William Campbell (b. ... - d. 1796) Dec 1796 - Feb 1798 Henry Tucker (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) Feb 1798 - Mar 1803 George Beckwith (b. 1753 - d. 1823) Mar 1803 - Apr 1805 Henry Tucker (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.) May 1805 - Jun 1806 Francis Gore (b. 1769 - d. 1852) 13 Jun 1806 - 31 Jul 1806 Henry Tucker (4th time) (acting) (s.a.) Jul 1806 - Jun 1810 John Hodgson Jun 1810 - Aug 1811 Samuel Trott (acting) Aug 1811 - Apr 1819 Sir James Cockburn 15 Apr 1819 - 25 Nov 1819 William Smith (1st time) (acting) Nov 1819 - Jun 1825 William Lumley (b. 1769 - d. 1850) Jun 1825 - Feb 1826 William Smith (2nd time) (acting) Feb 1826 - Jan 1832 Sir Hilgrove Turner (b. 1764 - d. 1843) Jan 1832 - Apr 1839 Sir Stephen Remnant Chapman (b. 1776 - d. 1851) Apr 1839 - Nov 1846 William Reid (b. 1791 - d. 1858) Nov 1846 - Dec 1846 W.N. Hutchinson (acting) Dec 1846 - Feb 1854 Sir Charles Elliot (b. 1801 - d. 1875) Feb 1854 - Oct 1854 Montgomery Williams (acting) Oct 1854 - Mar 1861 Freeman Murray (b. 1805 - d. 1885) Mar 1861 - Nov 1866 Harry St. George Ord (b. 1819 - d. 1885) Nov 1866 - Apr 1867 W.G. Hamley (acting) Apr 1867 Arnold Thompson (acting) Apr 1867 - May 1870 Frederick Edward Chapman (b. 1815 - d. 1893) May 1870 - Sep 1870 W.F. Brett (acting) Sep 1870 - Apr 1871 Sir Thomas Gore Browne (b. 1807 - d. 1887) Apr 1871 - May 1871 A.A.C. Fisher (acting) May 1871 - 1877 John Henry Lefroy (b. 1817 - d. 1890) 1877 - 22 Mar 1882 Sir Robert Laffan (b. 1821 - d. 1882) 1882 - 1888 Thomas Lionel John Galwey (b. 1822 - d. 1906) 1888 - 1892 Edward Newdigate Newdegate (b. 1825 - d. 1902) 1892 - 1896 Thomas Casey Lyons (b. 1830 - d. 1897) 1896 - 1902 George Digby Barker (from 23 May 1900, Sir George Digby Barker) (b. 1833 - d. 1914) 1902 - 1904 Sir Henry Le Guay Geary (b. 1837 - d. 1918) 1904 - 1907 Sir Robert Macgregor Stewart (b. 1842 - d. 1919) 1907 - 1908 Josceline Heneage Wodehouse (b. 1852 - d. 1930) 1908 - 1912 Frederick Walter Kitchener (from 19 Jun 1911, Sir Frederick Walter Kitchener) (b. 1858 - d. 1912) 1912 - 1917 Sir George Mackworth Bullock (b. 1851 - d. 1926) 1917 - 1922 Sir James Willcocks (b. 1857 - d. 1926) 1922 - 1927 Sir John Asser (b. 1867 - d. 1949) 1927 - 13 Sep 1930 Sir Louis Jean Bols (b. 1867 - d. 1930) 1931 - 1936 Sir Thomas Astley Cubitt (b. 1871 - d. 1939) 1936 - 1939 Sir Reginald John Thoroton Hildyard (b. 1876 - d. 1965) 8 Oct 1939 - 1941 Sir Denis Kirwan Bernard (b. 1882 - d. 1956) 4 Oct 1941 - 1943 Edward George William Tyrwhitt Knollys, Viscount Knollys (b. 1895 - d. 1966) 24 Aug 1943 - 1945 David George Brownlow Cecil, Lord Burghley (b. 1905 - d. 1981) 1945 - May 1946 William Addis (acting) (b. 1901 - d. 1978) May 1946 - 1949 Sir Ralph Leatham (b. 1886 - d. 1954) 24 Oct 1949 - 1955 Sir Alexander Hood (b. 1888 - d. 1980) Apr 1955 - Oct 1955 Alan Geoffrey Tunstall Chaplin (b. 1908 - d. 1967) (acting) 24 Oct 1955 - 1959 Sir John Woodall (b. 1897 - d. 1985) 1959 - 1964 Sir Julian Gascoigne (b. 1903 - d. 1990) 1964 - 1972 John Roland Robinson, Baron Martonmere (b. 1907 - d. 1989) Oct 1972 - 10 Mar 1973 Sir Richard Sharples (b. 1916 - d. 1973) 10 Mar 1973 - 16 Jul 1973 Ian Albert Clark Kinnear (acting) (b. 1924 - d. 2008) 16 Jul 1973 - 7 Apr 1977 Sir Edwin Leather (b. 1919 - d. 2005) 7 Apr 1977 - 6 Sep 1977 Peter Lloyd (1st time) (acting) (b. 1926 - d. 2007) 6 Sep 1977 - 30 Dec 1980 Sir Peter Ramsbotham (b. 1919 - d. 2010) 1 Jan 1981 - Feb 1981 Peter Lloyd (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) Feb 1981 - 15 Mar 1983 Sir Richard Neil Posnett (b. 1919 - d. 2009) 14 Feb 1983 - 18 Jul 1983 Mark Herdman (b. 1932 - d. 2015) (acting [for Posnett to 15 Mar 1983]) 18 Jul 1983 - 1988 John William Morrison, Viscount Dunrossil (b. 1926 - d. 2000) Oct 1988 - 1992 Sir Desmond Langley (b. 1930 - d. 2008) 25 Aug 1992 - 1997 David Waddington, Baron Waddington (b. 1929 - d. 2017) 4 Jun 1997 - 27 Nov 2001 Thorold Masefield (b. 1939) 27 Nov 2001 - 11 Apr 2002 Tim Gurney (acting) (b. 1955) 11 Apr 2002 - 12 Oct 2007 Sir John Vereker (b. 1944) 12 Oct 2007 - 12 Dec 2007 Mark Capes (acting) (b. 1954) 12 Dec 2007 - 18 May 2012 Sir Richard Gozney (b. 1951) 18 May 2012 - 23 May 2012 David B. Arkley (acting) (b. 1966) 23 May 2012 - 2 Aug 2016 George Fergusson (b. 1955) 2 Aug 2016 - 5 Dec 2016 Ginny Ferson (f) (acting) (b. 1963) 5 Dec 2016 - 12 Dec 2020 John Rankin (b. 1957) 12 Dec 2020 - 14 Dec 2020 Alison Crocket (f) (acting) 14 Dec 2020 - Rena Lalgie (f) (b. 1979?)
Government leaders 10 Jun 1968 - 29 Dec 1971 Sir Henry Tucker (b. 1903 - d. 1986) 29 Dec 1971 - 18 Apr 1973 Sir Edward Richards (b. 1908 - d. 1991) Premiers 18 Apr 1973 - 29 Dec 1975 Sir Edward Richards (s.a.) 29 Dec 1975 - 30 Aug 1977 John Sharpe (b. 1921 - d. 1999) 30 Aug 1977 - 15 Jan 1982 David Gibbons (b. 1927 - d. 2014) 15 Jan 1982 - 25 Aug 1995 John Swan (from 30 Dec 1989, Sir John Swan) (b. 1935) 25 Aug 1995 - 27 Mar 1997 David Saul (b. 1939 - d. 2017) 27 Mar 1997 - 10 Nov 1998 Pamela Gordon (f) (b. 1955) 10 Nov 1998 - 29 Jul 2003 Jennifer Smith (f) (b. 1947) 29 Jul 2003 - 30 Oct 2006 Alex Scott (b. 1940) 30 Oct 2006 - 29 Oct 2010 Ewart Brown (b. 1946) 29 Oct 2010 - 18 Dec 2012 Paula Cox (f) (b. 1964?) 18 Dec 2012 - 19 May 2014 Craig Cannonier (b. 1963) 19 May 2014 - 19 Jul 2017 Michael Dunkley (b. 1958) (acting to 20 May 2014) 19 Jul 2017 - David Burt (b. 1978)
Bhutan
162. Bhutan emerges as a state17 Dec 1907 Kingdom of Bhutan
Spiritual rulers (title Shabdrun Thuktrul or Dharma Raja) 1698 - 1712 Kunga Gyaltshen (b. 1689 - d. 1713) 1712 - 1729 Phyogla Namgyal (b. 1708 - d. 1736) 1730 - 1735 Jigme Norbu (b. 1717 - d. 1735) 1735 - 1738 Mipham Wangpo (b. 1709 - d. 1738) 1738 - 1761 Jigme Dragpa I (b. 1724 - d. 1761) 1762 - 1788 Choeki Gyaltshen (b. 1762 - d. 1788) 1791 - 1830 Jigme Dragpa II (b. 1791 - d. 1830) 1831 - 1861 Jigme Norbu (b. 1831 - d. 1861) 1862 - 1904 Jigme Chogyal (b. 1862 - d. 1904) 1905 - 11 Nov 1931 Jigme Dorji (b. 1905 - d. 1931)
Rulers (title Druk Desi or Deb Raja) 1695 - 1701 Gedun Chomphel (b. 16... - d. 1701) 1701 - 1704 Ngawang Tshering 1704 - 1707 Umdze Peljor 1707 - 1719 Druk Rabgye (b. ... - d. _c._1729) 1719 - 1729 Ngawang Gyamtsho (b. ... - d. 1729) 1729 - 1736 Mipham Wangpo (s.a.) 1736 - 1739 Khuwo Peljor 1739 - 1744 Ngawang Gyaltshen 1744 - 1763 Sherab Wangchuk 1763 - 1765 Druk Phuntsho 1765 - 1768 Druk Tendzin I 1768 - 1773 Donam Lhundub (b. ... - d. 1773) 1773 - 1776 Kunga Rinchen 1776 - 1788 Jigme Singye (b. 1742 - d. 1789) 1788 - 1792 Druk Tendzin II 1792 - 1799 Tashi Namgyal (1st time) 1799 - 1803 Druk Namgyal 1803 - 1805 Tashi Namgyal (2nd time) 1805 - 1806 Sangye Tendzin 1806 - 1808 Umdze Parpop (jointly with following) 1807 - 1808 Bop Choda 1809 - 1810 Tsulthrim Drayga (b. 1790 - d. 1820) 1810 - 1811 Jigme Dragpa II (s.a.) 1811 - 1815 Yeshey Gyaltshen (b. 1781 - d. 1830) 1815 Tshaphu Dorji 1815 - 1819 Sonam Drugyal 1819 - 1823 Tendzin Drugdra 1823 - 1831 Choki Gyaltshen (1st time) 1831 - 1832 Dorji Namgyal 1832 - 1835 Adap Thrinley 1835 - 1838 Choki Gyaltshen (2nd time) 1838 - 1847 Dorji Norbu 1847 - 1850 Tashi Dorji 1850 Wangchuk Gyalpo 1850 - 1852 Jigme Norbu (at Thimphu) 1851 - 1852 Chagpa Sangye (at Punakha) 1852 - 1856 Damcho Lhundrup 1856 - 1861 Kunga Palden (at Punakha) 1856 - 1861 Sherab Tharchin (at Thimphu) 1861 - 1864 Phuntsho Namgyal 1864 Tshewang Sithub (1st time) 1864 Tsulthrim Yonten 1864 Kagyu Wangchuk 1864 - 1866 Tshewang Sithub (2nd time) 1866 - 1870 Tsondru Pekar 1870 - 1873 Jigme Namgyal (1st time) (b. 1825 - d. 1881) 1873 - 1877 Kitsep Dorji Namgyal (1st time) 1877 - 1878 Jigme Namgyal (2nd time) (s.a.) 1878 - 1879 Kitsep Dorji Namgyal (2nd time) Mar 1879 - Jun 1880 Chogyal Zangpo (b. 18... - d. 1880) 1880 - Jul 1881 Jigme Namgyal (3rd time) (s.a.) 1881 - May 1883 Lam Tshewang (b. 1836 - d. 1883) 16 May 1883 - 23 Aug 1885 Gawa Zangpo 1885 - 1901 Sangye Dorji (b. 18... - d. 1901) 1903 - 1905 Choley Yeshe Ngodub (b. 1851 - d. 1917) Kings (title Druk Gyalpo, until 1963 also Maharaja) - Wangchuk dynasty - 17 Dec 1907 - 21 Aug 1926 Ugyen Wangchuk (b. 1861 - d. 1926) 21 Aug 1926 - 24 Mar 1952 Jigme Wangchuk (b. 1906 - d. 1952) 24 Mar 1952 - 21 Jul 1972 Jigme Dorji Wangchuk (b. 1929 - d. 1972) 24 Jul 1972 - 14 Dec 2006 Jigme Singye Wangchuk (b. 1955) 14 Dec 2006 - Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuk (b. 1980)
Chief ministers (title Gongzim) 1907 - 22 Jun 1916 Ugyen Dorji (from 11 Dec 1911, Raja Ugyen Dorji) (b. 1855 - d. 1916) 1917 - 1952 Raja Sonam Tobgay Dorji (b. 1896 - d. 1953) 1952 - 1958 Jigme Palden Dorji (b. 1919 - d. 1964) Prime ministers 1958 - 5 Apr 1964 Jigme Palden Dorji (s.a.) 25 Jul 1964 - 27 Nov 1964 Dasho Lhendup Dorji (acting) (b. 1935 - d. 2007) 20 Jul 1998 - 9 Jul 1999 Lyonpo Jigmi Thinley (1st time) (b. 1952) 9 Jul 1999 - 20 Jul 2000 Lyonpo Sangay Ngedup (1st time) (b. 1953) 20 Jul 2000 - 8 Aug 2001 Lyonpo Yeshey Zimba (1st time) (b. 1952) 8 Aug 2001 - 14 Aug 2002 Lyonpo Khandu Wangchuk (1st time) (b. 1950) 14 Aug 2002 - 30 Aug 2003 Lyonpo Kinzang Dorji (1st time) (b. 1951) 30 Aug 2003 - 18 Aug 2004 Lyonpo Jigmi Thinley (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Aug 2004 - 5 Sep 2005 Lyonpo Yeshey Zimba (2nd time) (s.a.) 5 Sep 2005 - 7 Sep 2006 Lyonpo Sangay Ngedup (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 Sep 2006 - 31 Jul 2007 Lyonpo Khandu Wangchuk (2nd time) (s.a.) 31 Jul 2007 - 9 Apr 2008 Lyonpo Kinzang Dorji (2nd time) (s.a.) 9 Apr 2008 - 28 Apr 2013 Lyonchhen Jigmi Thinley (3rd time) (s.a.) 28 Apr 2013 - 27 Jul 2013 Lyonpo Sonam Tobgye (b. 1949) (chief advisor) 27 Jul 2013 - 9 Aug 2018 Lyonchhen Tshering Tobgay (1st time) (b. 1965) 9 Aug 2018 - 7 Nov 2018 Dasho Tshering Wangchuk (chief advisor) 7 Nov 2018 - 1 Nov 2023 Lyonchhen Lotay Tshering (b. 1969) 1 Nov 2023 - 28 Jan 2024 Lyonpo Chogyal Dago Rigdzin (chief advisor) 28 Jan 2024 - Lyonchhen Tshering Tobgay (2nd time) (s.a.)
Biafra: see under Nigeria.
Bolivia
1776 Upper Peru transferred from Viceroyalty of Peru to Viceroyalty
of La Plata (see Argentina)11 Aug 1825 Rep�blica Bol�var 3 Oct 1825 Bolivia; also Rep�blica Bolivia 26 Nov 1825 Bolivian Republic 28 Oct 1836 - 20 Feb 1839 component of Peru-Bolivian Confederation (see Peru) 1 Oct 1868 Republic of Bolivia (the old style lingers until 1908) 18 Mar 2009 Plurinational State of Bolivia
Liberator, invested with the Supreme Executive Power 11 Aug 1825 - 28 May 1826 Sim�n Bol�var (b. 1783 - d. 1830) 28 May 1826 - 19 Jun 1826 Antonio Jos� de Sucre (b. 1795 - d. 1830) (in charge of the Supreme Executive Power) Presidents 19 Jun 1826 - 2 Aug 1828 Antonio Jos� de Sucre (s.a.) 18 Apr 1828 - 2 Aug 1828 Jos� Mar�a P�rez de Urdininea (b. 1784 - d. 1865) (acting for Sucre) 2 Aug 1828 - 18 Dec 1828 Jos� Miguel de Velasco (1st time) (b. 1795 - d. 1859) (acting) 18 Dec 1828 - 31 Dec 1828 Pedro Blanco (provisional) (b. 1795 - d. 1829) 1 Jan 1829 - 24 May 1829 Jos� Miguel de Velasco (2nd time) (s.a.) ("accidental") 24 May 1829 - 20 Feb 1839 Andr�s de Santa Cruz (b. 1792 - d. 1865) (provisional to 15 Aug 1831; also Supreme Protector of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation 28 Oct 1836 - 20 Feb 1839) 20 Feb 1839 - 10 Jun 1841 Jos� Miguel de Velasco (3rd time) (s.a.) (Provisional Supreme Chief to 16 Jun 1839, provisional to 15 Aug 1840) 10 Jun 1841 - 9 Jul 1841 Sebasti�n de �greda (b. 1795 - d. 1875) (Provisional Chief) 9 Jul 1841 - 22 Sep 1841 Mariano Enrique Calvo (acting) (b. 1782 - d. 1842) 22 Sep 1841 - 23 Dec 1847 Jos� Ballivi�n (b. 1805 - d. 1852) (provisional to 15 Aug 1844) 23 Dec 1847 - 2 Jan 1848 Eusebio Guilarte (interim) (b. 1799 - d. 1849) 6 Jan 1848 - 18 Jan 1848 Manuel Isidoro Belzu (1st time) (b. 1808 - d. 1865) (interim) 18 Jan 1848 - 6 Dec 1848 Jos� Miguel de Velasco (4th time) (s.a.) (provisional) 6 Dec 1848 - 15 Aug 1855 Manuel Isidoro Belzu (2nd time) (s.a.) (provisional [in rebellion from 13 Oct 1848] to 15 Aug 1850) 15 Aug 1855 - 21 Oct 1857 Jorge C�rdova (b. 1822 - d. 1861) 21 Oct 1857 - 14 Jan 1861 Jos� Mar�a Linares (b. 1808 - d. 1861) (provisional [in rebellion from 9 Sep 1857]) 14 Jan 1861 - 4 May 1861 Governing Junta - Ruperto Fern�ndez (b. ... - d. 1877) - Jos� Mar�a de Ach� (b. 1810 - d. 1868) - Manuel Antonio S�nchez (b. 1810 - d. 1861) (to 9 Apr 1861) 4 May 1861 - 28 Dec 1864 Jos� Mar�a de Ach� (s.a.) (provisional to 15 Aug 1862) 28 Dec 1864 - 15 Jan 1871 Mariano Melgarejo (b. 1820 - d. 1871) (provisional to 15 Aug 1870) 15 Jan 1871 - 27 Nov 1872 Agust�n Morales (b. 1808 - d. 1872) (Supreme Chief of the Revolution [in rebellion from 26 Nov 1870] to 21 Jan 1871; provisional to 25 Aug 1872) 27 Nov 1872 - 28 Nov 1872 Juan de Dios Bosque (acting) (b. 1829 - d. 1890) 28 Nov 1872 - 9 May 1873 Tom�s Fr�as (1st time) (b. 1804 - d. 1884) 9 May 1873 - 14 Feb 1874 Adolfo Ballivi�n (b. 1831 - d. 1874) 14 Feb 1874 - 4 May 1876 Tom�s Fr�as (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 May 1876 - 28 Dec 1879 Hilari�n Daza (provisional) (b. 1840 - d. 1894) 28 Dec 1879 - 17 Jan 1880 Uladislao Silva (President of Junta) 19 Jan 1880 - 31 May 1880 Narciso Campero (1st time) (b. 1813 - d. 1896) (provisional) 31 May 1880 - 19 Jun 1880 Aniceto Arce (1st time) (acting) (b. 1824 - d. 1906) 19 Jun 1880 - 3 Sep 1884 Narciso Campero (2nd time) (s.a.) (interim from 6 Aug 1884) 3 Sep 1884 - 15 Aug 1888 Gregorio Pacheco (b. 1823 - d. 1899) 15 Aug 1888 - 11 Aug 1892 Aniceto Arce (2nd time) (s.a.) 11 Aug 1892 - 19 Aug 1896 Mariano Baptista (b. 1832 - d. 1907) 19 Aug 1896 - 12 Apr 1899 Severo Fern�ndez Alonso (b. 1849 - d. 1925) 12 Apr 1899 - 25 Oct 1899 Serapio Reyes Ortiz (b. 1822 - d. 1900) (President of Federal Junta [in rebellion from 12 Dec 1898]) 25 Oct 1899 - 14 Aug 1904 Jos� Manuel Pando (b. 1849 - d. 1917) (interim from 6 Aug 1904) 14 Aug 1904 - 12 Aug 1909 Ismael Montes (1st time) (b. 1861 - d. 1933) 12 Aug 1909 - 14 Aug 1913 Eliodoro Villaz�n (b. 1848 - d. 1939) 14 Aug 1913 - 15 Aug 1917 Ismael Montes (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 Aug 1917 - 12 Jul 1920 Jos� Guti�rrez Guerra (b. 1869 - d. 1929) 12 Jul 1920 - 13 Jul 1920 Bautista Saavedra (1st time) (b. 1870 - d. 1939) ("Political Chief") 13 Jul 1920 - 28 Jan 1921 Government Junta - Jos� Mar�a Escalier (b. 1862 - d. 1934) - Bautista Saavedra (s.a.) - Jos� Manuel Ram�rez (b. 1868 - d. 19...) 28 Jan 1921 - 3 Sep 1925 Bautista Saavedra (2nd time) (s.a.) 3 Sep 1925 - 10 Jan 1926 Felipe S. Guzm�n (provisional) (b. 1879 - d. 1932) 10 Jan 1926 - 28 May 1930 Hernando Siles Reyes (b. 1882 - d. 1942) 28 May 1930 - 25 Jun 1930 Council of Ministers (acting) - Alberto Diez de Medina Lertora (b. 1877 - d. 1932) - Germ�n Antelo Arauz (to 17 Jun 1930) - Franklin Mercado (b. 1891 - d. 19...) - Jos� David Toro (b. 1898 - d. 1977) - Jos� Aguirre Ach� (b. 1877 - d. 19...) - Fidel Vega (b. ... - d. 1939) - Carlos Banzer - Ezequiel Romec�n Calder�n (from 17 Jun 1930) 28 Jun 1930 - 5 Mar 1931 Carlos Blanco Galindo (b. 1882 - d. 1943) (chairman Military Government Junta) 5 Mar 1931 - 27 Nov 1934 Daniel Salamanca (b. 1868 - d. 1935) 28 Nov 1934 - 17 May 1936 Jos� Luis Tejada Sorzano (b. 1882 - d. 1938) 17 May 1936 - 20 May 1936 Germ�n Busch (1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1939) (provisional chairman Government Junta) 20 May 1936 - 13 Jul 1937 Jos� David Toro (s.a.) (chairman Government Junta) 13 Jul 1937 - 23 Aug 1939 Germ�n Busch (2nd time) (s.a.) (chairman Government Junta to 28 May 1938) 23 Aug 1939 - 15 Apr 1940 Carlos Quintanilla (provisional) (b. 1888 - d. 1964) 15 Apr 1940 - 20 Dec 1943 Enrique Pe�aranda (b. 1892 - d. 1969) 20 Dec 1943 - 21 Jul 1946 Gualberto Villarroel (b. 1908 - d. 1946) (chairman Government Junta to 5 Apr 1944; provisional president 5 Apr - 6 Aug 1944) 21 Jul 1946 - 15 Aug 1946 N�stor Guill�n (b. 1890 - d. 1966) (Senior Judge to 22 Jul 1946, then chairman Provisional Government Junta) 15 Aug 1946 - 10 Mar 1947 Tom�s Monje Guti�rrez (b. 1884 - d. 1954) (chairman Provisional Government Junta) 10 Mar 1947 - 22 Oct 1949 Enrique Hertzog (b. 1897 - d. 1981) 22 Oct 1949 - 16 May 1951 Mamerto Urriolagoitia (b. 1895 - d. 1974) (acting [for Hertzog from 7 May 1949] to 24 Oct 1949) 16 May 1951 - 11 Apr 1952 Hugo Ballivi�n Rojas (b. 1901 - d. 1993) (chairman military junta) 11 Apr 1952 - 16 Apr 1952 Hern�n Siles Zuazo (1st time) (b. 1914 - d. 1996) (provisional) 16 Apr 1952 - 6 Aug 1956 V�ctor Paz Estenssoro (1st time) (b. 1907 - d. 2001) 6 Aug 1956 - 6 Aug 1960 Hern�n Siles Zuazo (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Aug 1960 - 4 Nov 1964 V�ctor Paz Estenssoro (2nd time) (s.a.) Chairmen of the military junta 4 Nov 1964 - 5 Nov 1964 Alfredo Ovando Cand�a (1st time) (b. 1918 - d. 1982) 5 Nov 1964 (hours) Alfredo Ovando Cand�a (2nd time) (s.a.) + Ren� Barrientos Ortu�o (1st time) (co-chairmen) (b. 1919 - d. 1969) 5 Nov 1964 - 26 May 1965 Ren� Barrientos Ortu�o (2nd time) (s.a.) 26 May 1965 - 4 Jan 1966 Ren� Barrientos Ortu�o (3rd time) (s.a.) + Alfredo Ovando Cand�a (3rd time) (co-chairmen) (s.a.) 4 Jan 1966 - 6 Aug 1966 Alfredo Ovando Cand�a (4th time) (s.a.) Presidents 6 Aug 1966 - 27 Apr 1969 Ren� Barrientos Ortu�o (s.a.) 27 Apr 1969 - 26 Sep 1969 Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas (b. 1925 - d. 2005) 26 Sep 1969 - 6 Oct 1970 Alfredo Ovando Cand�a (s.a.) 6 Oct 1970 - 7 Oct 1970 Military junta - Efra�n Guachalla Ib��ez - Fernando Sattori Ribera (b. ... - d. 2005) - Alberto Albarrac�n Crespo (b. 1922 - d. 2006) 7 Oct 1970 - 21 Aug 1971 Juan Jos� Torres Gonzales (b. 1921 - d. 1976) 21 Aug 1971 - 22 Aug 1971 Jaime Florentino Mendieta Vargas (b. 1922) + Hugo Banzer Su�rez (b. 1926 - d. 2002) + Andr�s Selich Chop (b. 1927? - d. 1973) (junta chairmen) 22 Aug 1971 - 21 Jul 1978 Hugo Banzer Su�rez (1st time) (s.a.) 21 Jul 1978 (hours) V�ctor Gonz�lez Fuentes (chairman military junta) 21 Jul 1978 - 24 Nov 1978 Juan Pereda Asb�n (b. 1931 - d. 2012) 24 Nov 1978 - 8 Aug 1979 David Padilla Arancibia (b. 1927 - d. 2016) (chairman military junta) 8 Aug 1979 - 1 Nov 1979 W�lter Guevara Arze (interim) (b. 1912 - d. 1996) 1 Nov 1979 - 16 Nov 1979 Alberto Natusch Busch (b. 1933 - d. 1994) 17 Nov 1979 - 18 Jul 1980 Lidia Gueiler Tejada (f) (interim) (b. 1921 - d. 2011) 18 Jul 1980 (hours) Junta of Commanders - Luis Garc�a Meza Tejada (b. 1929 - d. 2018) - Waldo Bernal Pereira (1st time) (b. 1934) - Ramiro Terrazas Rodr�guez (b. ... - d. 1991) 18 Jul 1980 - 4 Aug 1981 Luis Garc�a Meza Tejada (s.a.) 4 Aug 1981 - 4 Sep 1981 Junta of Commanders - Waldo Bernal Pereira (2nd time) (s.a.) - Celso Torrelio Villa (b. 1933 - d. 1999) - �scar Pammo Rodr�guez (1st time) (b. 1934) 4 Sep 1981 - 19 Jul 1982 Celso Torrelio Villa (s.a.) 19 Jul 1982 - 21 Jul 1982 Junta of Commanders - Natalio Morales Mosquera - �scar Pammo Rodr�guez (2nd time) (s.a.) - �ngel Mariscal G�mez 21 Jul 1982 - 10 Oct 1982 Guido Vildoso Calder�n (b. 1937) 10 Oct 1982 - 6 Aug 1985 Hern�n Siles Zuazo (3rd time) (s.a.) 6 Aug 1985 - 6 Aug 1989 V�ctor Paz Estenssoro (3rd time) (s.a.) 6 Aug 1989 - 6 Aug 1993 Jaime Paz Zamora (b. 1939) 6 Aug 1993 - 6 Aug 1997 Gonzalo S�nchez de Lozada (1st time) (b. 1930) 6 Aug 1997 - 7 Aug 2001 Hugo Banzer Su�rez (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 Aug 2001 - 6 Aug 2002 Jorge Quiroga Ram�rez (b. 1960) 6 Aug 2002 - 17 Oct 2003 Gonzalo S�nchez de Lozada (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Oct 2003 - 9 Jun 2005 Carlos Mesa (b. 1953) 9 Jun 2005 - 22 Jan 2006 Eduardo Rodr�guez (b. 1956) 22 Jan 2006 - 10 Nov 2019 Evo Morales (b. 1959) 12 Nov 2019 - 8 Nov 2020 Jeanine ��ez (f) (interim) (b. 1967) 8 Nov 2020 - Luis Arce (b. 1963)
- Departments (from 2006)
Bonaire
1642 Dutch colonyJan 1807 - 27 May 1815 British occupation 1828 united with other Dutch territories (see Netherlands Antilles, under Cura�ao) 10 Oct 2010 Dutch special municipality
Commanders 1690 - 1695 Jan Burggraeff (1st time) (b. 16... - d. 1714) 1695 - 1699 Isaac Lamont 1699 - 1705 Jan Burggraeff (2nd time) (s.a.) 1705 - 1712 Pieter Born (1st time) 1712 - 1714 Hans Jurgen Cramer (b. 16... - d. 1719) 1714 - 1719 Pieter Born (2nd time) 1 Dec 1719 - 30 Jul 1723 Pieter Scholten (provisional) (b. 16... - d. 1723) 30 Jul 1723 - 1738 Jan Hendrik Geerkens (b. 16... - d. 1738) (provisional to 1729) 31 May 1738 - 15 Aug 1750 Frederik Zaunslifer (provisional to 17...) 15 Aug 1750 - 1756 Johannes Philippus Eijlbracht (b. ... - d. 1756) 2 Feb 1756 - 12 Nov 1768 Theunis Dirkszoon Kock (b. ... - d. 1782) 12 Nov 1768 - 1780 Andreas Daal (b. 1733 - d. ...) 1780 - 11 Aug 1795 Christiaan Gerard Dammers (provisional to 1784) 11 Aug 1795 - 4 Jun 1796 Barent Dirkszoon Kock (1st time) (acting) 4 Jun 1796 - 30 Sep 1797 Michiel de Groot (provisional) 30 Sep 1797 - 29 Oct 1805 Barent Dirkszoon Kock (2nd time) 29 Oct 1805 - 20 Jun 1809 Johannes Palm Hzn. (interim) 29 Oct 1805 - 27 May 1815 Jean Fran�ois du Briel (British superintendent) 27 May 1815 - 11 Oct 1817 Samuel Bartholomeus van den Broek (b. 17... - d. 1817) 11 Oct 1817 - 23 Mar 1827 Isaac Debrot (b. 1771 - d. 18...) 23 Mar 1827 - 21 Mar 1840 Claas Schotborgh (b. 1775 - d. 1840) 24 Mar 1840 - Jun 1848 Jan Schotborgh Claaszoon (b. 1800 - d. 1876) Administrators (gezaghebbers) Jun 1848 - 1 Apr 1854 Jan Schotborgh Claaszoon (s.a.) Aug 1853 - 5 Jan 1859 Cornelis Boy� (b. 1805 - d. ...) (acting for Schotborgh to 1 Apr 1854) 21 Jan 1859 - 14 Dec 1865 Herman Fran�ois Gerardus Wagner (b. 1822 - d. 1904) 14 Mar 1866 - 1 Jun 1871 Edouard Denis Ernest van den Bossche (b. 1831 - d. 1908) 1 Jun 1871 - 20 Feb 1873 Jan Helenus Ferguson (acting) (b. 1826 - d. 1908) 20 Feb 1873 - 20 Oct 1881 John George Louis Illidge van Romondt (b. 1833 - d. 1896) 20 Oct 1881 - 10 Jul 1885 Johan Hendrik Waters Gravenhorst 10 Jul 1885 - 15 Mar 1890 Vincent Rogers van Romondt (b. 1843 - d. 1899) 10 Aug 1890 - 13 Jun 1910 Arend Evert Johannes van den Brandhof (b. 1861 - d. 1910) 20 Apr 1905 - 1 Jun 1907 Herman Statius Muller (acting for Brandhof) 28 Jun 1910 - 3 Sep 1920 Jacob Achilles Petrus Thielen (b. 1871 - d. 1942) (acting to 1 May 1911) Acting for Thielen: 1 Dec 1918 - 1 Mar 1919 P.L. Gorsira 27 Oct 1919 - 21 Nov 1919 Jan Louis Carel Monsanto 25 Apr 1920 - 20 Jul 1921 Carel Pieter de Haseth (b. 1882 - d. 1928) (acting for Thielen to 3 Sep 1920) 20 Jul 1921 - 6 Sep 1923 Richard Johannes Beaujon, Jr. (b. 1883 - d. 1959) 1 Oct 1923 - 20 Aug 1927 Johan Hendrik Perret Gentil Lz. (b. 1889 - d. 1950) Acting for Perret Gentil: 6 Apr 1925 - 29 Apr 1925 William Rufus Plantz (1st time) (b. 1895 - d. 1984) 22 Nov 1925 - 17 Jan 1926 William Rufus Plantz (2nd time) (s.a.) 20 Aug 1927 - 7 Feb 1928 William Rufus Plantz (s.a.) 11 Feb 1928 - 31 Dec 1934 Herman Bernard Cornelis Schotborgh (b. 1898 - d. ...) (acting to 18 Dec 1929) 1 Jan 1935 - 26 Oct 1939 Johan Marin Statius van Eps (b. 1894 - d. ...) 26 Oct 1939 - 7 Oct 1943 Pieter Hendrik van Leeuwen (b. 1893 - d. af.1948) 31 Dec 1943 - 9 Feb 1952 Xavier Henri Charles Marie Krugers (b. 1896 - d. 1986) 9 Feb 1952 - 5 Nov 1956 Willem George de Haseth (1st time) (b. 1915 - d. 1994) 20 Apr 1953 - 31 Oct 1953 J.C. van der Ree (acting for Haseth) 8 Mar 1956 - 12 Dec 1956 Hendrik Anthonius Hessling (b. 1901 - d. 1966) (acting [for Haseth to 5 Nov 1956]) 12 Dec 1956 - 1957 Antonius Johannes van Hesteren (1st time) (b. 1922) 1957 - 1958 Willem George de Haseth (2nd time) (s.a.) 1958 - 1963 Antonius Johannes van Hesteren (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Jan 1963 - 6 Jan 1969 Elias Jos� Morkos (b. 1919 - d. 1982) 23 Jun 1969 - 24 May 1973 Raymundo Pedro Saleh (b. 1937 - d. 2021) 24 May 1973 - 18 Dec 1985 Alfred Richard Wenseslau Sint Jago Dec 1985 - Feb 1986 A.J. Cecilia (acting)? 12 Feb 1986 - 1 Feb 1992 George Soliana (b. 1950) 1 Feb 1992 - Jan 1998 Frits Goedgedrag (b. 1951) Jan 1998 - 2 Dec 2003 Richard Nelson Hart (b. 1943) 2 Dec 2003 - 24 Oct 2008 Herbert Filomeno Domacass� (b. 1947?) 24 Oct 2008 - 31 Dec 2011 Glenn Thod� (b. 1965) 1 Jan 2012 - 1 Mar 2012 Peter Silberie (acting) 1 Mar 2012 - 1 Mar 2014 Lydia Emerencia (f) (b. 1954) 1 Mar 2014 - 18 Apr 2023 Edison Rijna (b. 1967) (acting to 22 Aug 2014) 18 Apr 2023 - 1 Aug 2024 Nolly Oleana (acting) 1 Aug 2024 - John Soliano (b. 1971?)
Caribbean Netherlands
Representatives of the National Government (for Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba) 10 Oct 2010 - 1 May 2011 Hans Gerritsen (acting) (b. 1958) 1 May 2011 - 1 May 2014 Wilbert Stolte (b. 1950) 1 May 2014 - 1 Sep 2014 Julian Woodley (acting) (b. 1952?) 1 Sep 2014 - 1 Jan 2018 Gilbert Isabella (b. 1961) 1 Jan 2018 - Jan Helmond (acting)
Bophuthatswana: see under South African homelands.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1463 part of Ottoman Empire13 Jul 1878 administered by Austria-Hungary 7 Oct 1908 annexed by Austria-Hungary 1 Dec 1918 part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) 10 Apr 1941 - 6 May 1945 part of independent Croatia 4 Dec 1943 part of Yugoslavia 2 Dec 1945 People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 Apr 1963 Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 Dec 1990 Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Mar 1992 independence declared 5 Oct 1996 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (from 1952, League of Communists) Dec 1943 - Mar 1965 Djuro-Stari Pucar (b. 1899 - d. 1979) Mar 1965 - 1969 Cvijetin Mijatovic (b. 1913 - d. 1993) 1969 - 1978 Branko Mikulic (b. 1928 - d. 1994) Oct 1978 - 1982 Nikola Stojanovic (b. 1933) 23 May 1983 - 28 May 1984 Hamdija Pozderac (b. 1923 - d. 1988) 28 May 1984 - May 1986 Mato Andric (b. 1928) May 1986 - 1988 Milan Uzelac (b. 1932 - d. 2005) 1988 - 29 Jun 1989 Abdulah Mutapcic (b. 1932) 29 Jun 1989 - 1990 Nijaz Durakovic (b. 1949 - d. 2012)
Presidents of the Presidium of the People's Assembly (until 26 Apr 1945, chairman of the Anti-Fascist Council of People's Liberation) 25 Nov 1943 - Nov 1946 Vojislav Kecmanovic (b. 1881 - d. 1961) Nov 1946 - Sep 1948 Djuro-Stari Pucar (s.a.) Sep 1948 - Mar 1953 Vlado Segrt (b. 1907 - d. 1991) Presidents of the People's Assembly Mar 1953 - Dec 1953 ... Dec 1953 - Jun 1963 Djuro-Stari Pucar (s.a.) Jun 1963 - 1967 Rato Dugonjic (b. 1916 - d. 1987) 1967 - 1971 Dzemal Bijedic (b. 1917 - d. 1977) 1971 - May 1974 Hamdija Pozderac (s.a.) Presidents of the Presidency May 1974 - Apr 1978 Rato Dugonjic (s.a.) Apr 1978 - Apr 1982 Raif Dizdarevic (b. 1926) Apr 1982 - 26 Apr 1983 Branko Mikulic (s.a.) 26 Apr 1983 - 26 Apr 1985 Milanko Renovica (b. 1928 - d. 2013) 26 Apr 1985 - Apr 1987 Munir Mesihovic (b. 1928) Apr 1987 - Apr 1988 Mato Andric (s.a.) Apr 1988 - Apr 1989 Nikola Filipovic (b. 1928) Apr 1989 - 20 Dec 1990 Obrad Piljak (b. 1933 - d. 2013) Chairman of the State Presidency 20 Dec 1990 - 5 Oct 1996 Alija Izetbegovic (b. 1925 - d. 2003) Chairmen of the Presidency of the Republic 5 Oct 1996 - 13 Oct 1998 Alija Izetbegovic (1st time) (s.a.) 13 Oct 1998 - 15 Jun 1999 Zivko Radisic (1st time) (b. 1937 - d. 2021) 15 Jun 1999 - 14 Feb 2000 Ante Jelavic (b. 1963) 14 Feb 2000 - 14 Oct 2000 Alija Izetbegovic (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Oct 2000 - 14 Jun 2001 Zivko Radisic (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Jun 2001 - 14 Feb 2002 Jozo Krizanovic (b. 1944 - d. 2009) 14 Feb 2002 - 28 Oct 2002 Beriz Belkic (b. 1946 - d. 2023) 28 Oct 2002 - 2 Apr 2003 Mirko Sarovic (b. 1956) 10 Apr 2003 - 27 Jun 2003 Borislav Paravac (1st time) (b. 1943) 27 Jun 2003 - 28 Feb 2004 Dragan Covic (1st time) (b. 1956) 28 Feb 2004 - 28 Oct 2004 Sulejman Tihic (1st time) (b. 1951 - d. 2014) 28 Oct 2004 - 28 Jun 2005 Borislav Paravac (2nd time) (s.a.) 28 Jun 2005 - 28 Feb 2006 Ivo Miro Jovic (b. 1950) 28 Feb 2006 - 6 Nov 2006 Sulejman Tihic (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Nov 2006 - 6 Jul 2007 Nebojsa Radmanovic (1st time) (b. 1949) 6 Jul 2007 - 6 Mar 2008 Zeljko Komsic (1st time) (b. 1964) 6 Mar 2008 - 6 Nov 2008 Haris Silajdzic (1st time) (b. 1945) 6 Nov 2008 - 6 Jul 2009 Nebojsa Radmanovic (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Jul 2009 - 6 Mar 2010 Zeljko Komsic (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Mar 2010 - 10 Nov 2010 Haris Silajdzic (2nd time) (s.a.) 10 Nov 2010 - 10 Jul 2011 Nebojsa Radmanovic (3rd time) (s.a.) 10 Jul 2011 - 10 Mar 2012 Zeljko Komsic (3rd time) (s.a.) 10 Mar 2012 - 10 Nov 2012 Bakir Izetbegovic (1st time) (b. 1956) 10 Nov 2012 - 10 Jul 2013 Nebojsa Radmanovic (4th time) (s.a.) 10 Jul 2013 - 10 Mar 2014 Zeljko Komsic (4th time) (s.a.) 10 Mar 2014 - 17 Nov 2014 Bakir Izetbegovic (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Nov 2014 - 17 Jul 2015 Mladen Ivanic (1st time) (b. 1958) 17 Jul 2015 - 17 Mar 2016 Dragan Covic (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Mar 2016 - 17 Nov 2016 Bakir Izetbegovic (3rd time) (s.a.) 17 Nov 2016 - 17 Jul 2017 Mladen Ivanic (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Jul 2017 - 17 Mar 2018 Dragan Covic (3rd time) (s.a.) 17 Mar 2018 - 20 Nov 2018 Bakir Izetbegovic (4th time) (s.a.) 20 Nov 2018 - 20 Jul 2019 Milorad Dodik (1st time) (b. 1959) 20 Jul 2019 - 20 Mar 2020 Zeljko Komsic (5th time) (s.a.) 20 Mar 2020 - 20 Nov 2020 Sefik Dzaferovic (1st time) (b. 1957) 20 Nov 2020 - 20 Jul 2021 Milorad Dodik (2nd time) (s.a.) 20 Jul 2021 - 20 Mar 2022 Zeljko Komsic (6th time) (s.a.) 20 Mar 2022 - 16 Nov 2022 Sefik Dzaferovic (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Nov 2022 - 16 Jul 2023 Zeljka Cvijanovic (f) (1st time) (b. 1967) 16 Jul 2023 - 16 Mar 2024 Zeljko Komsic (7th time) (s.a.) 16 Mar 2024 - 16 Nov 2024 Denis Becirovic (b. 1975) 16 Nov 2024 - Zeljka Cvijanovic (f) (2nd time) (s.a.)
Prime ministers 27 Apr 1945 - Sep 1948 Rodoljub Colakovic (b. 1900 - d. 1983) Sep 1948 - Mar 1953 Djuro-Stari Pucar (s.a.) Chairmen of the Executive Council Mar 1953 - Dec 1953 Djuro-Stari Pucar (s.a.) Dec 1953 - 1956 Avdo Humo (b. 1914 - d. 1983) 1956 - 1963 Osman Karabegovic (b. 1911 - d. 1996) 1963 - 1965 Hasan Brkic (b. 1913 - d. 1965) 1965 - 1967 Rudi Kolak (b. 1918 - d. 2004) 1967 - 1969 Branko Mikulic (s.a.) 1969 - Apr 1974 Dragutin Kosovac (b. 1924 - d. 2012) Apr 1974 - 28 Apr 1982 Milanko Renovica (s.a.) 28 Apr 1982 - 28 Apr 1984 Seid Maglajlija (b. 1940) 28 Apr 1984 - Apr 1986 Gojko Ubiparip (b. 1927 - d. 2000) Apr 1986 - Apr 1988 Josip Lovrenovic (b. 1929) Apr 1988 - 20 Dec 1990 Marko Ceranic Prime ministers 20 Dec 1990 - 9 Nov 1992 Jure Pelivan (b. 1928 - d. 2014) 9 Nov 1992 - 25 Oct 1993 Mile Akmadzic (b. 1939) 25 Oct 1993 - 30 Jan 1996 Haris Silajdzic (s.a.) 30 Jan 1996 - 3 Jan 1997 Hasan Muratovic (b. 1940 - d. 2020) Co-prime ministers 3 Jan 1997 - 3 Feb 1999 Haris Silajdzic (s.a.) + Boro Bosic (b. 1950) 3 Feb 1999 - 6 Jun 2000 Haris Silajdzic (s.a.) + Svetozar Mihajlovic (b. 1949) Prime ministers 6 Jun 2000 - 18 Oct 2000 Spasoje Tusevljak (b. 1952) 18 Oct 2000 - 22 Feb 2001 Martin Raguz (b. 1958) 22 Feb 2001 - 18 Jul 2001 Bozidar Matic (b. 1937 - d. 2016) 18 Jul 2001 - 15 Mar 2002 Zlatko Lagumdzija (b. 1955) 15 Mar 2002 - 23 Dec 2002 Dragan Mikerevic (b. 1955) 23 Dec 2002 - 11 Jan 2007 Adnan Terzic (b. 1960) 11 Jan 2007 - 12 Jan 2012 Nikola Spiric (b. 1956) 12 Jan 2012 - 11 Feb 2015 Vjekoslav Bevanda (b. 1956) 11 Feb 2015 - 5 Dec 2019 Denis Zvizdic (b. 1964) 5 Dec 2019 - 28 Dec 2022 Zoran Tegeltija (b. 1961) 28 Dec 2022 - Borjana Kristo (f) (b. 1961)
International High Representatives 14 Dec 1995 - 18 Jun 1997 Carl Bildt (Sweden) (b. 1949) 18 Jun 1997 - 18 Aug 1999 Carlos Westendorp (Spain) (b. 1937) 18 Aug 1999 - 27 May 2002 Wolfgang Petritsch (Austria) (b. 1947) 27 May 2002 - 31 Jan 2006 Paddy Ashdown, Baron Ashdown (United Kingdom) (b. 1941 - d. 2018) 31 Jan 2006 - 2 Jul 2007 Christian Schwarz-Schilling (Germany) (b. 1930) 2 Jul 2007 - 26 Mar 2009 Miroslav Lajc�k (Slovakia) (b. 1963) 26 Mar 2009 - 1 Aug 2021 Valentin Inzko (Austria) (b. 1949) 1 Aug 2021 - Christian Schmidt (Germany) (b. 1957)
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Presidents 31 May 1994 - 18 Mar 1997 Kresimir Zubak (b. 1947) 18 Mar 1997 - 29 Dec 1997 Vladimir Soljic (b. 1943) 29 Dec 1997 - 1 Jan 1999 Ejup Ganic (1st time) (b. 1946) 1 Jan 1999 - 1 Jan 2000 Ivo Andric-Luzanski (1st time) (b. 1956) 1 Jan 2000 - 1 Jan 2001 Ejup Ganic (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 2001 - 28 Feb 2001 Ivo Andric-Luzanski (2nd time) (s.a.) 28 Feb 2001 - 1 Jan 2002 Karlo Filipovic (b. 1954) 1 Jan 2002 - 27 Jan 2003 Safet Halilovic (b. 1951 - d. 2017) 27 Jan 2003 - 22 Feb 2007 Niko Lozancic (b. 1957) 22 Feb 2007 - 17 Mar 2011 Borjana Kristo (f) (b. 1961) 17 Mar 2011 - 9 Feb 2015 Zivko Budimir (b. 1962) 9 Feb 2015 - 28 Feb 2023 Marinko Cavara (b. 1967) 28 Feb 2023 - Lidija Bradara (f) (b. 1971)
Prime ministers 31 May 1994 - 31 Jan 1996 Haris Silajdzic (s.a.) 31 Jan 1996 - 18 Dec 1996 Izudin Kapetanovic (b. 1953) 18 Dec 1996 - 11 Jan 2001 Edhem Bicakcic (b. 1952) 11 Jan 2001 - 12 Mar 2001 Dragan Covic (acting) (b. 1956) 12 Mar 2001 - 14 Feb 2003 Alija Behmen (b. 1940 - d. 2018) 14 Feb 2003 - 22 Mar 2007 Ahmet Hadzipasic (1st time) (b. 1952 - d. 2008) 22 Mar 2007 - 23 Mar 2007 Nedzad Brankovic (1st time) (b. 1962) 23 Mar 2007 - 30 Mar 2007 Ahmet Hadzipasic (2nd time) (s.a.) 30 Mar 2007 - 25 Jun 2009 Nedzad Brankovic (2nd time) (s.a.) 25 Jun 2009 - 17 Mar 2011 Mustafa Mujezinovic (b. 1954 - d. 2019) 17 Mar 2011 - 1 Apr 2015 Nermin Niksic (1st time) (b. 1960) 1 Apr 2015 - 3 May 2023 Fadil Novalic (b. 1959) 3 May 2023 - Nermin Niksic (2nd time) (s.a.)
Republika Srpska
21 Dec 1991 Republika Srpska Bosna i Hercegovina (Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina) 12 Aug 1992 Republika Srpska (Serb Republic)
Presidents 21 Dec 1991 - 12 May 1992 Momcilo Krajisnik (b. 1945 - d. 2020) (speaker of the People's Assembly) 12 May 1992 - 19 Jul 1996 Radovan Karadzic (b. 1945) (president of Presidency to 17 Dec 1992) 19 Jul 1996 - 4 Nov 1998 Biljana Plavsic (f) (b. 1930) 4 Nov 1998 - 5 Mar 1999 Nikola Poplasen (b. 1951) (removal by international High Representative, not accepted by Poplasen, enforced 2 Sep 1999) 26 Jan 2000 - 2 Feb 2000 Mirko Sarovic (1st time) (b. 1956) (not recognized by High Representative) 16 Dec 2000 - 28 Nov 2002 Mirko Sarovic (2nd time) (s.a.) 28 Nov 2002 - 9 Nov 2006 Dragan Cavic (b. 1958) 9 Nov 2006 - 30 Sep 2007 Milan Jelic (b. 1956 - d. 2007) 1 Oct 2007 - 28 Dec 2007 Igor Radojicic (interim) (b. 1966) 28 Dec 2007 - 15 Nov 2010 Rajko Kuzmanovic (b. 1931) 15 Nov 2010 - 19 Nov 2018 Milorad Dodik (1st time) (b. 1959) 19 Nov 2018 - 15 Nov 2022 Zeljka Cvijanovic (f) (b. 1967) 15 Nov 2022 - Milorad Dodik (2nd time) (s.a.)
Prime ministers 21 Dec 1991 - 22 Apr 1992 Miodrag Simovic (b. 1952) (president of Ministerial Council) 22 Apr 1992 - 20 Jan 1993 Branko Djeric (b. 1948) 20 Jan 1993 - 18 Aug 1994 Vladimir Lukic (b. 1933) 18 Aug 1994 - 16 Oct 1995 Dusan Kozic (b. 1958) 16 Oct 1995 - 18 May 1996 Rajko Kasagic (b. 1942) 18 May 1996 - 31 Jan 1998 Gojko Klickovic (b. 1955) 31 Jan 1998 - 16 Jan 2001 Milorad Dodik (1st time) (s.a.) 16 Jan 2001 - 17 Jan 2003 Mladen Ivanic (b. 1958) 17 Jan 2003 - 17 Feb 2005 Dragan Mikerevic (b. 1955) 17 Feb 2005 - 28 Feb 2006 Pero Bukejlovic (b. 1946) 28 Feb 2006 - 15 Nov 2010 Milorad Dodik (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 Nov 2010 - 3 Feb 2011 Anton Kasipovic (acting) (b. 1956) 3 Feb 2011 - 13 Mar 2013 Aleksandar Dzombic (b. 1968) 13 Mar 2013 - 19 Nov 2018 Zeljka Cvijanovic (f) (s.a.) 19 Nov 2018 - 18 Dec 2018 Srebrenka Golic (f) (acting) (b. 1958) 18 Dec 2018 - Radovan Viskovic (b. 1964)
Brcko
14 Feb 1997 international arbitration panel decides to put Brcko area under international supervision 8 Mar 2000 Brcko District created, part of neither Republika Srpska nor Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (though for some purposes part of both)
International supervisors 7 Mar 1997 - 2 Jun 2000 Robert W. Farrand (U.S.) (b. 1934) 2 Jun 2000 - 14 Mar 2001 Gary L. Matthews (U.S.) (b. 1938) 14 Mar 2001 - 20 Apr 2001 Gerhard Sontheim (Germany) (1st time) (acting) 20 Apr 2001 - 1 Oct 2003 Henry Lee Clarke (U.S.) (b. 1941) 1 Oct 2003 - 16 Jan 2004 Gerhard Sontheim (Germany) (2nd time) (acting) 16 Jan 2004 - 1 Oct 2006 Susan R. Johnson (f) (U.S.) 1 Oct 2006 - 2 Aug 2010 Raffi Gregorian (U.S.) (b. 1964) 2 Aug 2010 - 22 Sep 2010 Gerhard Sontheim (Germany) (3rd time) (acting) 22 Sep 2010 - 21 Oct 2013 Roderick W. Moore (U.S.) (b. 1965) 21 Oct 2013 - 1 Sep 2014 Tamir Waser (U.S.) (b. 1973) 1 Sep 2014 - 3 Sep 2015 David M. Robinson (U.S.) (b. 1955) 3 Sep 2015 - 10 Oct 2017 Bruce G. Berton (U.S.) (b. 1961) 10 Oct 2017 - Nov 2018 Dennis Hearne (U.S.) (b. 1959) 7 Feb 2019 - Michael Scanlan (U.S.) (b. 1961)
Mayors Mar 1994 - 13 Nov 1997 Miodrag Pajic (b. 1950) 13 Nov 1997 - 15 Apr 1999 Borko Reljic (b. 1952) 15 Apr 1999 - 12 Nov 2003 Sinisa Kisic (b. 1954) 12 Nov 2003 - 3 Dec 2003 Ivan Krndelj (acting) (b. 1959) 3 Dec 2003 - 8 Dec 2004 Branko Damjanac (b. 1947) 8 Dec 2004 - 12 Feb 2009 Mirsad Djapo (b. 1953) 12 Feb 2009 - 14 Sep 2011 Dragan Pajic (b. 1956) 14 Sep 2011 - 23 Nov 2012 Miroslav Gavric (b. 1971) 23 Nov 2012 - 16 Nov 2016 Anto Domic (1st time) (b. 1967) 16 Nov 2016 - 10 Dec 2020 Sinisa Milic (1st time) (b. 1973) 10 Dec 2020 - 23 Dec 2020 Anto Domic (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 23 Dec 2020 - 15 Mar 2023 Esed Kadric (b. 1979) 15 Mar 2023 - 29 Nov 2024 Zijad Nisic (b. 1961) 29 Nov 2024 - Sinisa Milic (2nd time) (s.a.)
Botswana
1884 British protectorate (Bechuanaland)30 Sep 1885 area south of the Molopo River becomes a crown colony (see under South Africa) 30 Sep 1966 independence (Republic of Botswana)
Resident 1884 - Jan 1885 John Mackenzie (b. 1835 - d. 1899) Special commissioner 23 Jan 1885 - Sep 1885 Sir Charles Warren (b. 1840 - d. 1927) Resident commissioners (from 3 Oct 1963, commissioners) (subordinated to the High Commissioner for Southern Africa to 3 Oct 1963) Sep 1885 - Nov 1895 Sidney Shippard (from 21 Jun 1887, Sir Sidney Shippard) (b. 1837 - d. 1902) 19 Nov 1895 - 1897 Francis James Newton (b. 1857 - d. 1948) 21 Dec 1897 - 1900 Hamilton John Goold-Adams (b. 1858 - d. 1920) Jan 1901 - 1906 Ralph Williams (b. 1848 - d. 1927) 1906 - 1916 Francis William Panzera (b. 1851 - d. 1917) 1916 - 1917 Edward Charles Frederick Garraway (b. 1865 - d. 1932) 1917 - 1923 James Comyn Macgregor (from 25 Jul 1923, Sir James Comyn Macgregor) (b. 1861 - d. 1935) 1923 - 1927 Jules Ellenberger (b. 1871 - d. 1973) 1928 - 1930 Rowland Mortimer Daniel (b. 1873 - d. 1957) 1930 - 1937 Charles Fernand Rey (b. 1877 - d. 1968) 1937 - 1942 Charles Noble Arden Clarke (b. 1898 - d. 1962) 1942 - 1946 Aubrey Denzil Forsyth-Thompson (b. 1897 - d. 1982) 1946 - 1950 Anthony Sillery (b. 1903 - d. 1976) 1950 - 1953 Edward Beetham (b. 1905 - d. 1979) 1953 - 1955 William Forbes Mackenzie (b. 1907 - d. 1980) 1955 - 1959 Martin Osterfield Wray (b. 1912 - d. 1991) 1959 - 1965 Peter Fawcus (from 13 Jun 1964, Sir Peter Fawcus) (b. 1915 - d. 2003) 1965 - 30 Sep 1966 Hugh Norman-Walker (from 1 Jan 1966, Sir Hugh Norman-Walker) (b. 1916 - d. 1985) Presidents 30 Sep 1966 - 13 Jul 1980 Sir Seretse Khama (b. 1921 - d. 1980) 13 Jul 1980 - 31 Mar 1998 Quett Masire (from Dec 1991, Sir Ketumile Masire) (b. 1925 - d. 2017) (acting to 18 Jul 1980) 1 Apr 1998 - 31 Mar 2008 Festus Mogae (b. 1939) 1 Apr 2008 - 31 Mar 2018 Ian Khama (b. 1953) 1 Apr 2018 - 1 Nov 2024 Mokgweetsi Masisi (b. 1962) 1 Nov 2024 - Duma Boko (b. 1969)
Prime minister 3 Mar 1965 - 30 Sep 1966 Seretse Khama (from 23 Sep 1966, Sir Seretse Khama) (s.a.)
High Commission Territories
High commissioners for Southern Africa 27 Jan 1847 - 6 Mar 1901 the governors of the Cape Colony 5 May 1897 - 1 Apr 1905 Sir Alfred Milner (from 27 May 1901, Alfred Milner, Baron Milner; from 15 Jul 1902, Alfred Milner, Viscount Milner) (b. 1854 - d. 1925) 2 Apr 1905 - 31 May 1910 William Waldegrave Palmer, Earl of Selborne (b. 1859 - d. 1942) 31 May 1910 - 11 Dec 1923 the governors-general of South Africa 11 Dec 1923 - 21 Jan 1924 Sir Rudolf Bentinck (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1947) 21 Jan 1924 - 6 Apr 1931 the governors-general of South Africa 6 Apr 1931 - 6 Jan 1935 Sir Herbert Stanley (b. 1872 - d. 1955) 7 Jan 1935 - 3 Jan 1940 Sir William Clark (b. 1876 - d. 1952) 3 Jan 1940 - 24 May 1941 Sir Walter Huggard (1st time) (b. 1883 - d. 1957) (acting) 24 May 1941 - 13 May 1944 William Ormsby-Gore, Baron Harlech (b. 1885 - d. 1964) 13 May 1944 - 23 Jun 1944 Harold Eddey Priestman (acting) (b. 1888 - d. 1956) 23 Jun 1944 - 27 Oct 1944 Sir Walter Huggard (2nd time) (s.a.) 27 Oct 1944 - 1 Oct 1951 Sir Evelyn Baring (b. 1903 - d. 1973) 2 Oct 1951 - 2 Feb 1955 Sir John Le Rougetel (b. 1894 - d. 1975) 4 Mar 1955 - Aug 1958 Sir Percivale Liesching (b. 1895 - d. 1973) 15 Jan 1959 - May 1963 Sir John Maud (b. 1906 - d. 1982) May 1963 - 31 Jul 1964 Sir Hugh Stephenson (b. 1906 - d. 1972)