Countries L (original) (raw)

Rulers

Contents of this page:
Laos - Latvia - Lebanon - Lesotho - Liberia - Libya - Liechtenstein - Lithuania - Luxembourg

Ladakh: see under India.

Lagos: see under Nigeria.

Lakeba: see under Fiji.

Laos

Wiang Chhan

   1707                Kingdom of Wiang Chhan resulting from the split of the
                       Kingdom of Lan Xang
   1779 -        1782  Thai occupation
   1828                annexation by Thailand
   1887                French colony
   1941                incorporation into Kingdom of Luang Phra Bang

Kings 1707 - 1735 Setthathirath (b. _c._1685 - d. 1735) 1735 - 1760 Ong Long 1760 - 1779 Ong Bun (b. 1730 - d. 1781) 1782 - 1795 Nanthasen (b. ... - d. 1795) 1795 - 1803 Intharavong (b. ... - d. 1805) 1803 - 1828 Anuvong (b. 1767 - d. 1829)

Luang Phra Bang

   1707                Kingdom of Luang Phra Bang (officially Lan Xang Hom Khao)
   1788 -        1792  Thai rule
   179. -  2 Jun 1794  Thai rule

3 Oct 1893 French protectorate of Laos; part of French Indochina (see under Vietnam) 7 Apr 1945 - 27 Aug 1945 Japanese occupation 8 Apr 1945 royal proclamation ends French protectorate 15 Sep 1945 part of Kingdom of Laos

Kings 1707 - 1713 Kingkitsarad (b. ... - d. 1713) 1713 - 1723 Ong Kham (b. ... - d. 1731) 1723 - 1749 Thao Ang (b. ... - d. 1749) 1749 Inthaphom (b. ... - d. 1776) 1749 - 1768 Sotika-Kuman (b. bf.1734 - d. 1771) 1768 - 1788 Suryavong (b. ... - d. 1791) 1792 - 179. Anurutha (1st time) (b. 1735 - d. 1819) 2 Jun 1794 - 31 Dec 1819 Anurutha (2nd time) (s.a.) 31 Dec 1819 - 7 Mar 1837 Manthaturad (b. 1772 - d. 1837) (regent for Anurutha 1817 - 31 Dec 1819; lives as a monk in Bangkok 1825-26, leaving Luang Phra Bang to be administered by Siamese officials) 1837 - 1838 Unkeo (regent) (b. ... - d. 1850) 1838 - 23 Sep 1850 Sukha-S�m (b. 1797 - d. 1850) 23 Sep 1850 - 1 Oct 1868 Chantha-Kuman (b. 1799 - d. 1868) 1 Oct 1868 - 15 Dec 1895 Unkham (b. 1811 - d. 1895) 15 Dec 1895 - 25 Mar 1904 Sakkarin (b. 1840 - d. 1904) (regent for Unkham Apr 1888 - 15 Dec 1895) 26 Mar 1904 - 15 Sep 1945 Sisavang Vong (b. 1885 - d. 1959)

Prime minister 1941 - 10 Oct 1945 Prince Phetsarath (b. 1890 - d. 1959)

French commissioner-general 5 Jun 1894 - Apr 1895 Auguste Pavie (b. 1847 - d. 1925) Commandant-superior of Bas-Laos (in Khong, Champasak) 1 Jun 1895 - Apr 1899 Marie Auguste Armand Tournier Commandants-superior of Haut-Laos (in Luang Prabang) 1 Jun 1895 - 9 Mar 1897 Joseph Vacle (1st time) (acting) (b. 1857 - d. 1907) 10 Mar 1897 - 11 Oct 1898 Paul Louis Luce (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1931) 11 Oct 1898 - Apr 1899 Joseph Vacle (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) Residents-superior Sep 1895 - Mar 1896 L�on Jules Pol Boulloche (b. 1859 - d. 1922) 30 Apr 1899 - 12 Feb 1903 Marie Auguste Armand Tournier (acting to 10 May 1899) 12 Feb 1903 - 11 May 1906 Georges Mah� (1st time) (acting) (b. 1860 - d. 19...) 11 May 1906 - 1 Apr 1907 Louis Saturnin Laffont (acting) 1 Apr 1907 - 9 Jan 1912 Georges Mah� (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting to 11 Jan 1909) 24 Aug 1910 - 27 Jul 1911 Ernest Outrey (acting) (b. 1863 - d. 1941) 9 Jan 1912 - 4 Jul 1913 Louis Antoine Aubry de la No� (acting) 4 Jul 1913 - 9 Oct 1913 Claude L�on Garnier (1st time) (acting) 9 Oct 1913 - Feb 1914 Jean �douard Bourcier Saint-Chaffray (acting) (b. 1870 - d. 19...) 31 May 1914 - 3 May 1918 Claude L�on Garnier (2nd time) (acting) 3 May 1918 - 21 Mar 1931 Jules Bosc (b. 1871 - d. 1959) 26 Apr 1921 - Jan 1923 Jo�l Daroussin (acting) (b. 1870 - d. 1951) 7 May 1925 - Jan 1926 Jean-Jacques Dauplay (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 19...) 21 May 1928 - 12 Dec 1928 Paul Raymond Octave Le Boulanger (b. 1884 - d. 1931) (acting) 21 Mar 1931 - 12 May 1931 Paul Raymond Octave Le Boulanger (1st time) (acting) (s.a.) 12 May 1931 - 4 Jun 1931 Yves Chatel (b. 1885 - d. 1944) 4 Jun 1931 - 18 Oct 1931 Paul Raymond Octave Le Boulanger (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 18 Oct 1931 - 11 Feb 1932 Jules Nicolas Thiebaut (acting) (b. 1884 - d. 1935) 11 Feb 1932 - 16 Dec 1933 Aristide Eug�ne Le Fol 16 Dec 1933 - 1 Jan 1934 Adrien Anthony Maurice Roques (1st time) (acting) (b. 1891 - d. 1977) 1 Jan 1934 - 10 Jul 1934 Louis Fr�d�ric Eckert (acting) 10 Jul 1934 - 4 Aug 1934 Adrien Anthony Maurice Roques (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 4 Aug 1934 - 5 Apr 1938 Eug�ne Henri Roger Eutrope (b. 1881 - d. 1953) 25 Nov 1934 - 13 Oct 1935 Louis Fr�d�ric Claire Guillaume Marty (acting) (b. 1883 - d. 1959) 5 Apr 1938 - 16 Nov 1940 Andr� Touzet (b. 1883 - d. 1956) 16 Nov 1940 - 29 Dec 1941 Adrien Anthony Maurice Roques (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.) 29 Dec 1941 - Mar 1945 Louis Antoine Marie Brasey (b. 1891 - d. 19...)

Champasak

   161.                Kingdom of Nakhon Kala Champaknaburisi founded
   1714                name changed to Nakhon Champa Nakhaburisi
   1791                name changed to Nakhon Champasak
   1811 -        1813  Thai occupation
   1819 -        1821  Thai occupation
   1851 -        1856  Thai occupation
   1860 -        1863  Thai occupation

22 Nov 1904 principality under French protectorate 15 Sep 1945 part of Kingdom of Laos 27 Aug 1946 principality extinguished

Kings (from 22 Nov 1904, princes) 1714 - 1738 Nokasat (b. _c._1690 - d. 1738) 1738 - 1791 Saya Kuman (b. 1710 - d. 1791) (regent for Nokasat 1725-38) 1791 Xiang Keo 1791 - 1811 Fai Na (b. ... - d. 1811) 1811 - 1813 Cha Nou (b. ... - d. 1813) 1813 - 1819 Ma Noi (b. ... - d. 1821) 1821 - 1827 Rajabud Yo 1827 - 1840 Hui (b. 1780 - d. 1840) 1840 - 1850 Nak (regent to 1841) (b. 1774 - d. 1850) 1850 - 1851 S�a (regent) 1856 - 1858 Kham �ai (b. 1830 - d. 1858) 1858 - 1860 Chu (regent) 1863 - 28 Jul 1900 Kham Suk (b. 1838 - d. 1900) 28 Jul 1900 - Jun 1946 Bua Laphan (b. 1874 - d. 1946) Jun 1946 - 27 Aug 1946 Boun Oum (b. 1912 - d. 1980)

Xiang Khuang

    698                M�ang Maharatanaburirom Phommachakkhati
                       Simahanakkharatakkasela Nakhon Xiang Khuang Rajathani
                       state founded
   1835                annexed by Thailand
   18..                annexed by Vietnam
   1848                restored as a vassal state of Vietnam
   1851                sovereignty restored
   1875                annexed by Thailand
   1876                sovereignty restored
   1887                made a vassal state of Thailand
   1888                annexed by Thailand
   1893                made a French colonial possession as part of Laos

Kings (titles rath, chao xiwit) 1687 - ... Chao Kham Lan ... - ... Chao Kham Phuttha ... - ... Chao Kham Sattha ... - ... Chao Bun Lang Thai ... - ... Chao Bun Lot ... - ... Chao Kham Bun Khong ... - ... Phra�a Kham Thewo = Phra�a Thammatewo (regent) ... - ... Chao Bun Chan ... - 1751 Chao Kham Un M�ang 1751 - 1753 Chao Ong Lo (1st time) 1753 Chao Ong Bun 1753 - 1779 Chao Ong Lo (2nd time) 1779 - 1781 Chao Ong Si Phom 1781 - 1782 Chao No M�ang 1782 - 1802 Chao Som Phu 1802 - 1803 Chao Xiang 1803 - 1831 Chao Suthakasuvannakuman 1831 - 1835 Chao San (regent) 1848 - 1865 Phra Chao Issarasettha 1865 - 1874 Chao �ng 1876 - 1887 Chao Khanti 1887 - 1888 Thao Xiang Phet (regent)

Laos

15 Sep 1945 united Kingdom of Laos proclaimed 23 Apr 1946 France reestablishes protectorate 27 Aug 1946 France recognizes unification of Laos 19 Jul 1949 French associated state 22 Oct 1953 independence 2 Dec 1975 Lao People's Democratic Republic

General secretaries (29 Mar 1991 - 21 Mar 2006, presidents) of the Lao People's Party (from Feb 1972, Lao People's Revolutionary Party) 22 Mar 1955 - 21 Nov 1992 Kaysone Phomvihane (b. 1920 - d. 1992) 24 Nov 1992 - 21 Mar 2006 Khamtai Siphandon (b. 1924) 21 Mar 2006 - 22 Jan 2016 Choummaly Sayasone (b. 1936) 22 Jan 2016 - 15 Jan 2021 Boungnang Vorachith (b. 1937) 15 Jan 2021 - Thongloun Sisoulith (b. 1945)

Kings 15 Sep 1945 - 20 Oct 1945 Sisavang Vong (1st time) (s.a.) 20 Oct 1945 - 23 Apr 1946 Prince Phetsarath (s.a.) (head of state) 23 Apr 1946 - 29 Oct 1959 Sisavang Vong (2nd time) (s.a.) (king of Luang Phra Bang 15 May - 27 Aug 1946) 21 Aug 1959 - 2 Dec 1975 Savang Vatthana (b. 1907 - d. 1978?) (regent to 4 Nov 1959) Presidents 3 Dec 1975 - 15 Aug 1991 Prince Souphanouvong (b. 1912 - d. 1995) 31 Oct 1986 - 15 Aug 1991 Phoumi Vongvichit (b. 1909 - d. 1994) (acting for Souphanouvong) 15 Aug 1991 - 21 Nov 1992 Kaysone Phomvihane (s.a.) 25 Nov 1992 - 24 Feb 1998 Nouhak Phoumsavan (b. 1914 - d. 2008) 24 Feb 1998 - 8 Jun 2006 Khamtai Siphandon (s.a.) 8 Jun 2006 - 19 Apr 2016 Choummaly Sayasone (s.a.) 19 Apr 2016 - 22 Mar 2021 Boungnang Vorachith (s.a.) 22 Mar 2021 - Thongloun Sisoulith (s.a.)

Prime ministers 20 Oct 1945 - 23 Apr 1946 Prince Phaya Khammao (b. 1911 - d. 1984) (chairman Provisional Government) 23 Apr 1946 - 15 Mar 1947 Prince Kindavong (b. 1900 - d. 1951) 15 Mar 1947 - 25 Mar 1948 Prince Souvannarath (b. 1893 - d. 1960) 25 Mar 1948 - 24 Feb 1950 Prince Boun Oum (1st time) (s.a.) 24 Feb 1950 - 15 Oct 1951 Phoui Sananikone (1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1983) 21 Nov 1951 - 20 Oct 1954 Prince Souvanna Phouma (1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1984) 25 Nov 1954 - 21 Mar 1956 Katay Don Sasorith (b. 1904 - d. 1959) 21 Mar 1956 - 17 Aug 1958 Prince Souvanna Phouma (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Aug 1958 - 31 Dec 1959 Phoui Sananikone (2nd time) (s.a.) 31 Dec 1959 - 7 Jan 1960 Sounthone Pathammavong (b. 1911 - d. 1985) (Army Chief of Staff) 7 Jan 1960 - 3 Jun 1960 Kou Abhay (b. 1892 - d. 1964) 3 Jun 1960 - 2 Sep 1960 Prince Somsanith (b. 1913 - d. 1975) 2 Sep 1960 - 13 Dec 1960 Prince Souvanna Phouma (3rd time) (s.a.) (continues in Cambodia exile and at Ban Khangkhai, recognized by the Communist states) 13 Dec 1960 - 23 Jun 1962 Prince Boun Oum (2nd time) (s.a.) 23 Jun 1962 - 2 Dec 1975 Prince Souvanna Phouma (4th time) (s.a.) 8 Dec 1975 - 15 Aug 1991 Kaysone Phomvihane (s.a.) (from Sep 1982 chairman of the Council of Ministers) 15 Aug 1991 - 24 Feb 1998 Khamtai Siphandon (s.a.) 24 Feb 1998 - 27 Mar 2001 Sisavath Keobounphanh (b. 1928 - d. 2020) 27 Mar 2001 - 8 Jun 2006 Boungnang Vorachith (s.a.) 8 Jun 2006 - 23 Dec 2010 Bouasone Bouphavanh (b. 1954) 23 Dec 2010 - 19 Apr 2016 Thongsing Thammavong (b. 1944) 19 Apr 2016 - 22 Mar 2021 Thongloun Sisoulith (s.a.) 22 Mar 2021 - 30 Dec 2022 Phankham Viphavanh (b. 1951) 30 Dec 2022 - Sonexay Siphandone (b. 1966)

French commissioners 25 Aug 1945 - 6 Apr 1946 Hans Imfeld (b. 1902 - d. 1947) 6 Apr 1946 - 29 Jul 1947 Jean de Raymond (b. 1907 - d. 1951) 29 Jul 1947 - 20 Mar 1948 Maurice Marie Auguste Michaudel (b. 1901 - d. 1975) (acting) 20 Mar 1948 - Dec 1949 Alfred Valmary (acting) (b. 1901 - d. 1970) Dec 1949 - 27 Apr 1953 Robert Regnier (b. 1897 - d. 1962) 27 Apr 1953 - 6 Jan 1954 Miguel de Pereyra (b. 1903 - d. 1979) (high commissioner)

Latvia

Note: Present-day Latvia originates in the combination of the following entities (Latvian and German names in parentheses): Livonia (Vidzeme/Livland), Lettgallia (Latgale/Lettgallen), Courland (Kurzeme/Kurland), and Semigallia (Zemgale/Semgallen). Vidzeme, Latgale, Kurzeme, and Zemgale are the names of pre-Christian "kingdoms." The name Livland/Livonia refers to the Livs, a people closely related to the Ests; this name is often (early and late) used for the whole "Baltic provinces," covering present-day Latvia and Estonia. During much of the country's history, from _c._1209 to 1918, the dominant elite, under all regimes, consists of German merchants and landholders, who provide much of the administration; Riga was a Hanseatic city.

   1209                the bishop of Riga (archbishop from 20 Jan 1255) takes the
                       style of prince of Livonia (_F�rst von Livland_); Livonia is
                       within the Holy Roman Empire
   1520                rule is shared between the archbishop and the Livonian
                       Land-Master of the Teutonic Order (_Landmeister des Ordens_

der Br�der des Hospitals Sankt Marien des Deutschen Hauses zu Jerusalem in Livland) 28 Nov 1561 Gotthard Kettler, the Land-Master, having become Protestant, a massive reorganization takes place; Livonia (proper) and Lettgallia are taken over as an appendage to the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth (and collectively called Inflanty); Courland and Semigallia are erected into a Duchy under the Polish-Lithuanian crown, with Kettler as the first duke 1561 - 1660 constant conflict among Poland-Lithuania, Russia, and Sweden over Livonia; in 1570-80 Ivan IV installs a puppet as king of Livonia 26 Feb 1621 Sweden occupies Livonia, and annexes it de jure 3 May 1660 10 Sep 1721 Livonia is annexed by the Russian Empire 30 Sep 1773 in the Second Partition of Poland-Lithuania, Lettgallia is annexed by the Russian Empire 26 Apr 1795 in the Third Partition of Poland, Courland-Semigallia is annexed by the Russian Empire 21 Dec 1917 - 22 Feb 1918 brief attempt at forming a national (Bolshevik) government 3 Mar 1918 in the Treaty of Brzecz-Litewski (Brest-Litovsk) Russia cedes the Baltic Provinces (Estonia, Livonia, Courland) to the German Empire 12 Apr 1918 the Joint Council of Livonia, Estonia, Riga, and �sel (Vereinigter Landesrat von Livland, Estland, Riga und �sel), set up by the local German elite, proclaims the independent Baltic State (Baltischer Staat), and resolves to make it into a duchy in personal union with the Kingdom of Prussia; the king (the German emperor Wilhelm II) expresses his gratitude to the delegation offering him the ducal title and defers an answer (which never comes) 8 Nov 1918 a regency council for the Baltic State is set up; by 17 Nov 1918 the state collapses on the eve of the Latvian declaration of independence 18 Nov 1918 independence (Republic of Latvia) 22 Dec 1918 Latvian Conciliar ("Soviet") Republic 13 Jan 1919 - 22 May 1919 Latvian Socialist Conciliar ("Soviet") Republic 17 Jun 1940 occupied by Soviet Union 21 Jul 1940 Latvian Conciliar ("Soviet") Socialist Republic 5 Aug 1940 incorporation into the Soviet Union (see Soviet republics) 4 May 1990 Republic of Latvia 21 Aug 1991 independence declared 6 Sep 1991 independence recognized by U.S.S.R.

Dukes (title Herzog in Livland zu Kurland und Semgallen - Duke of Livonia in Courland and Semigallia) - Kettler dynasty - 5 Mar 1562 - 17 May 1587 Gotthard (b. 1517 - d. 1587) 17 May 1587 - 16 Aug 1642 Friedrich (b. 1569 - d. 1642) jointly with 21 May 1596 - 4 May 1616 Wilhelm (b. 1574 - d. 1640) 16 Aug 1642 - 31 Dec 1681 Jakob (b. 1610 - d. 1681) 31 Dec 1681 - 22 Jan 1698 Friedrich Kasimir (b. 1650 - d. 1698) 22 Jan 1698 - 21 Jan 1711 Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1692 - d. 1711) 21 Jan 1711 - 4 May 1737 Ferdinand (b. 1655 - d. 1737) 1726 - 1727 Moritz Graf von Sachsen (b. 1696 - d. 1750) (- Wettin dynasty -) (in competition) 4 May 1737 - 13 Jul 1737 Christoph Friedrich von Sacken- Appricken (1st time) (Landhofmeister, in the name of the Kollegium der Oberr�te, regents) - Biron (B�hren) dynasty - 13 Jul 1737 - 20 Nov 1740 Ernst Johann (1st time) (b. 1690 - d. 1772) 20 Nov 1740 - 16 Nov 1758 Christoph Friedrich von Sacken- Appricken (2nd time) (Landhofmeister, in the name of the Kollegium der Oberr�te, regents) - Wettin dynasty - 16 Nov 1758 - 23 Jan 1763 Karl Christian Herzog von Sachsen (b. 1731 - d. 1796) 23 Jan 1763 - 21 Feb 1763 Heinrich Christian von Offenberg? (b. 1696 - d. 1781) (Landhofmeister, in the name of the Kollegium der Oberr�te, regents) - Biron (B�hren) dynasty - 21 Feb 1763 - 25 Nov 1769 Ernst Johann (2nd time) (s.a.) 25 Nov 1769 - 28 Mar 1795 Peter (b. 1724 - d. 1800) 28 Mar 1795 - 26 Apr 1795 Carl Ferdinand von Orgies gen. Rutenberg (b. 1741 - d. 1801) (Landhofmeister, in the name of the Kollegium der Oberr�te, regents) Russian governors-general of Riga 1710 - 1713 Knyaz Aleksandr Menshikov (b. 1673 - d. 1729) 1713 - 1719 Knyaz Pyotr Golitsyn (b. 1660 - d. 1722) 1719 - 14 Jul 1726 Knyaz Anikita Repnin (b. 1668 - d. 1726) 14 Jul 1726 - 1 Mar 1740 vacant 1 Mar 1740 - 30 Apr 1751 Pyotr Lassi (b. 1678 - d. 1751) 30 Apr 1751 - 12 Mar 1761 vacant 12 Mar 1762 - 29 Sep 1792 Yury Broun (from 1774, Graf Yury Broun) (b. 1698 - d. 1792) Russian governors-general of Livonia, Estonia, and Courland (until 1801 Livonia and Estonia; 1808-19 Livonia and Courland) (in Riga) 11 Oct 1792 - 1798 Knyaz Nikolay Repnin (b. 1734 - d. 1801) 6 Nov 1798 - 8 Oct 1800 Larion Nagel (b. 1738 - d. 1808) 8 Oct 1800 - 1801 Graf Pyotr Palen (b. 1745 - d. 1826) 1801 - 1803 Knyaz Sergey Golitsyn (b. 1749 - d. 1810) 1803 - 1806 Graf Fyodor Buksgevden (1st time) (b. 1750 - d. 1811) 1806 - 1808 Aleksandr Tormasov (b. 1752 - d. 1819) 1808 - 1809 Graf Fyodor Buksgevden (2nd time) (s.a.) 19 Dec 1810 - My/Jn 1812 Knyaz Dmitry Lobanov-Rostovsky (b. 1758 - d. 1838) 29 Oct 1812 - 13 Jan 1830 Filipp Pauluchchi (b. 1779 - d. 1849) 13 Jan 1830 - 9 Apr 1845 Baron Matvey Palen (b. 1779 - d. 1863) 9 Apr 1845 - 13 Jan 1848 Yevgeny Golovin (b. 1782 - d. 1858) 13 Jan 1848 - 16 Nov 1861 Knyaz Aleksandr Suvorov-Rymniksky (b. 1804 - d. 1882) 16 Nov 1861 - 27 Dec 1864 Baron Vilgelm Liven (b. 1800 - d. 1880) 27 Dec 1864 - 30 Apr 1866 Graf Pyotr Shuvalov (b. 1827 - d. 1889) 30 Apr 1866 - 21 Oct 1866 Graf Eduard Baranov (b. 1811 - d. 1884) 21 Oct 1866 - 4 Oct 1870 Pyotr Albedinsky (b. 1826 - d. 1883) 4 Oct 1870 - 30 Jan 1876 Knyaz Pyotr Bagration (b. 1818 - d. 1876) 17 Dec 1905 - 30 Oct 1906 Vasily Sollogub (interim) (b. 1848 - d. af.1909) 30 Oct 1906 - 25 Jul 1909 Baron Aleksandr Meller-Zakomelsky (b. 1844 - d. 1928) (interim) Russian governors of Riga (from 1796, Livonia) 14 Jul 1726 - 10 Jan 1727 German Iogann Bon (b. 1672 - d. 1743) 10 Jan 1727 - 27 May 1729 Grigory Chernyshev (b. 1672 - d. 1745) 27 May 1729 - 1 Mar 1740 Pyotr Lassi (s.a.) 8 Apr 1740 - 11 Jan 1741 Lyudolf Avgust fon Bismark (b. 1683 - d. 1750) 11 Jan 1741 - 10 Apr 1758 vacant 10 Apr 1758 - 11 Jun 1761 Knyaz Vladimir Dolgoruky (b. 1708 - d. 1761) 11 Jun 1761 - 12 Mar 1762 Yakov Arshenevsky (b. ... - d. 1771) 12 Mar 1762 - 20 Jun 1782 vacant 20 Jun 1782 - 1783 Ivan Pil (b. 17... - d. 1801) 1783 - 1790 Aleksandr Bekleshov (b. 1743/45 - d. 1808) 1790 - 1792 Ivan Rek (b. 1737 - d. 1795) 1792 - 1795 Pyotr Palen (b. 1745 - d. 1826) 1795 - 1796 Baron Kazimir Meyendorf (b. 1749 - d. 1813) 17 Jan 1797 - 9 Feb 1797 Baron Baltazar Kampengauzen (b. 1745 - d. 1800) 9 Feb 1797 - 17 Sep 1797 Graf Ernst Burkhard Mengden (b. 1738 - d. 1797) 23 Sep 1797 - 10 Sep 1808 Khristofor Rikhter (b. 1751 - d. 1815) 10 Sep 1808 - 25 May 1811 Ivan Repyev (b. 1755 - d. 1833) 25 May 1811 - 17 Nov 1827 Osip Dyugamel (b. 1768 - d. 1841) 9 Dec 1827 - 29 Apr 1829 Baron Pavel Gan (b. 1793 - d. 1862) 23 May 1829 - 25 Feb 1847 Yegor Felkerzam (b. 1766 - d. 1848) 8 Jun 1847 - 30 May 1862 Maksim Essen (b. 1796 - d. 1869) 30 May 1862 - 31 Jan 1868 Avgustin Ettingen (b. 1823 - d. 1908) (acting to 3 Aug 1862) 7 Feb 1868 - 24 Jan 1871 Fyodor Lizander (b. 1816 - d. 1893) 10 Feb 1872 - 4 Dec 1874 Baron Mikhail Vrangel (b. 1836 - d. 1899) 18 Dec 1874 - 1 Dec 1882 Baron Aleksandr Ikskul fon Gildenband (b. 1840 - d. 1912) 1 Dec 1882 - 13 May 1885 Ivan Shevich (b. 1838 - d. 1912) 21 May 1885 - 14 Dec 1895 Mikhail Zinovyev (b. 1838 - d. 1895) 6 Mar 1896 - 20 Sep 1900 Vladimir Surovtsev (b. 1856 - d. 1900) 9 Feb 1901 - 10 Jul 1905 Mikhail Pashkov (b. 1853 - d. 1908) (acting to 13 Jan 1902) 10 Jul 1905 - 1914 Nikolay Zvegintsov (b. 1848 - d. 1920) 1914 - 1916 Arkady Kelepovsky (b. 1870 - d. 1925) 1916 - 1917 Nikolay Lavrinovsky (b. 1875 - d. 1930) Russian governors of Courland 10 Feb 1796 - 20 Nov 1798 Matvey Lamzdorf (b. 1745 - d. 1828) 20 Nov 1798 - 1 Nov 1800 Karl-Vilgelm Drizen (b. 1746 - d. 1827) 1 Nov 1800 - 18 Nov 1808 Nikolay Arsenyev (b. 1760 - d. 1830) 18 Nov 1808 - 23 Aug 1811 Vasily Gogger (from 1810, Baron Vasily Gogger) (b. 1755 - d. 1838) 3 Oct 1811 - 12 Sep 1814 Fyodor Sivers (b. 1748 - d. 1823) 16 Feb 1816 - 18 Feb 1824 Emmanuil Staneke (b. 1750 - d. 1838) 18 Feb 1824 - 9 Dec 1827 Baron Pavel Gan (b. 1793 - d. 1862) 9 Dec 1827 - 22 May 1853 Khristofor Brevern (b. 1782 - d. 1863) 9 Jul 1853 - 10 May 1858 Pyotr Valuyev (b. 1815 - d. 1890) 21 May 1858 - 2 Sep 1868 Ivan Brevern (b. 1812 - d. 1885) 2 Sep 1868 - 23 Dec 1885 Pavel Lilienfeld (from 1883, Pavel Lilienfeld-Toal) (b. 1829 - d. 1903) 31 Dec 1885 - 12 Apr 1888 Konstantin Pashchenko (b. 1830 - d. 1900) 12 Apr 1888 - 1 Jan 1892 Dmitry Sipyagin (b. 1853 - d. 1902) 1 Jan 1892 - 23 Oct 1905 Dmitry Sverbeyev (b. 1845 - d. 1920) 23 Oct 1905 - 6 Aug 1910 Leonid Knyazev (b. 1851 - d. 1929) 5 Sep 1910 - 1915 Sergey Nabokov (b. 1866 - d. 1940) 1915 - 26 Dec 1916 Graf Pyotr Gendrikov (b. 1883 - d. 1942) Presidents 21 Dec 1917 - 22 Feb 1918 Fricis Rozins (b. 1870 - d. 1919) (chairman Central Executive Committee of the Councils ["Soviets"] of Latvia) 12 Apr 1918 - 17 Nov 1918 Adolph Konstantin Jakob Baron Pilar von Pilchau-Audern (b. 1851 - d. 1925) (chairman of the Joint Council of Livonia, Estonia, Riga, and �sel; from 8 Nov 1918 chairman of the Baltic Council of Regency) 18 Nov 1918 - 3 Nov 1925 Janis Cakste (1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1927) (chairman Latvian People's Council to 1 May 1920, then president of Constitutional Assembly to 18 Nov 1922) 4 Dec 1918 - 22 May 1919 Peteris Stucka (b. 1865 - d. 1932) (chairman Conciliar Government [in Russia to 22 Dec 1918] to 13 Jan 1919, then chairman Central Executive Committee) 3 Nov 1925 - 10 Nov 1925 Pauls Kalnins (1st time) (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1945) 10 Nov 1925 - 14 Mar 1927 Janis Cakste (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Mar 1927 - 8 Apr 1927 Pauls Kalnins (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 8 Apr 1927 - 8 Apr 1930 Gustavs Zemgals (b. 1871 - d. 1939) 8 Apr 1930 - 11 Apr 1930 Pauls Kalnins (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.) 11 Apr 1930 - 11 Apr 1936 Alberts Kviesis (b. 1881 - d. 1944) 11 Apr 1936 - 21 Jul 1940 Karlis Ulmanis (b. 1877 - d. 1942) 21 Jul 1940 - 25 Aug 1940 Augusts Kirhensteins (b. 1872 - d. 1963) 3 May 1990 - 8 Jul 1993 Anatolijs Gorbunovs (b. 1942) (chairman Supreme Council to 6 Jul 1993 [this office is declared to be that of the head of state 15 Sep 1992], then acting president) 8 Jul 1993 - 8 Jul 1999 Guntis Ulmanis (b. 1939) 8 Jul 1999 - 8 Jul 2007 Vaira Vike-Freiberga (f) (b. 1937) 8 Jul 2007 - 8 Jul 2011 Valdis Zatlers (b. 1955) 8 Jul 2011 - 8 Jul 2015 Andris Berzins (b. 1944) 8 Jul 2015 - 8 Jul 2019 Raimonds Vejonis (b. 1966) 8 Jul 2019 - 8 Jul 2023 Egils Levits (b. 1955) 8 Jul 2023 - Edgars Rinkevics (b. 1973)

Prime ministers 17 Nov 1918 - 16 Apr 1919 Karlis Ulmanis (1st time) (s.a.) 13 Jan 1919 - 22 May 1919 Peteris Stucka (s.a.) 21 Apr 1919 - 26 Apr 1919 Oskars Borkovskis (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1945) 26 Apr 1919 - 28 Jun 1919 Andrievs Niedra (b. 1871 - d. 1942) 14 Jul 1919 - 17 Jun 1921 Karlis Ulmanis (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Jun 1921 - 25 Jan 1923 Zigfrids Meierovics (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1925) 25 Jan 1923 - 26 Jun 1923 Janis Pauluks (b. 1865 - d. 1937) 26 Jun 1923 - 25 Jan 1924 Zigfrids Meierovics (2nd time) (s.a.) 25 Jan 1924 - 16 Dec 1924 Voldemars Zamuels (b. 1872 - d. 1948) 16 Dec 1924 - 23 Dec 1925 Hugo Celmins (1st time) (b. 1877 - d. 1941) 23 Dec 1925 - 4 May 1926 Karlis Ulmanis (3rd time) (s.a.) 4 May 1926 - 17 Dec 1926 Arturs Alberings (b. 1877 - d. 1934) 17 Dec 1926 - 21 Jan 1928 Margers Skujenieks (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1941) 21 Jan 1928 - 1 Dec 1928 Peteris Jurasevskis (b. 1872 - d. 1945) 1 Dec 1928 - 24 Mar 1931 Hugo Celmins (2nd time) (s.a.) 24 Mar 1931 - 5 Dec 1931 Karlis Ulmanis (4th time) (s.a.) 5 Dec 1931 - 23 Mar 1933 Margers Skujenieks (2nd time) (s.a.) 23 Mar 1933 - 17 Mar 1934 Adolfs Blodnieks (b. 1889 - d. 1962) 17 Mar 1934 - 19 Jun 1940 Karlis Ulmanis (5th time) (s.a.) 20 Jun 1940 - 25 Aug 1940 Augusts Kirhensteins (s.a.) 7 May 1990 - 3 Aug 1993 Ivars Godmanis (1st time) (b. 1951) 3 Aug 1993 - 15 Sep 1994 Valdis Birkavs (b. 1942) 15 Sep 1994 - 21 Dec 1995 Maris Gailis (b. 1951) 21 Dec 1995 - 7 Aug 1997 Andris Skele (1st time) (b. 1958) 7 Aug 1997 - 26 Nov 1998 Guntars Krasts (b. 1957) 26 Nov 1998 - 16 Jul 1999 Vilis Kristopans (b. 1954) 16 Jul 1999 - 5 May 2000 Andris Skele (2nd time) (s.a.) 5 May 2000 - 7 Nov 2002 Andris Berzins (b. 1951) 7 Nov 2002 - 9 Mar 2004 Einars Repse (b. 1961) 9 Mar 2004 - 2 Dec 2004 Indulis Emsis (b. 1952) 2 Dec 2004 - 20 Dec 2007 Aigars Kalvitis (b. 1966) 20 Dec 2007 - 12 Mar 2009 Ivars Godmanis (2nd time) (s.a.) 12 Mar 2009 - 22 Jan 2014 Valdis Dombrovskis (b. 1971) 22 Jan 2014 - 11 Feb 2016 Laimdota Straujuma (f) (b. 1951) 11 Feb 2016 - 23 Jan 2019 Maris Kucinskis (b. 1961) 23 Jan 2019 - 15 Sep 2023 Krisjanis Karins (b. 1964) 15 Sep 2023 - Evika Silina (f) (b. 1975)

• Ministries, etc. (from 1990)

Republic of Latvia in exile

Heads of the Diplomatic Service 17 Jun 1940 - 29 Apr 1963 Karlis Zarins (in London) (b. 1879 - d. 1963) 29 Apr 1963 - 1 Oct 1970 Arnolds Spekke (in Washington) (b. 1887 - d. 1972) 1 Oct 1970 - 21 Aug 1991 Anatols Dinbergs (in Washington) (b. 1911 - d. 1993)

Lau: see under Fiji.

Lebanon

   1118                emirs of the Banu Ma`n replace the (somewhat legendary)
                       Al Tanukh emirs
   1698                Banu Shihab replace Banu Ma`n

16 Jan 1842 Mount Lebanon emirate ended by the Ottoman Empire 1861 special status of Mount Lebanon within Ottoman Empire 1 Sep 1920 State of Great Lebanon (under French mandate [see Syria]) 1 Sep 1926 Lebanese Republic 26 Nov 1941 independence (French troops remain until 31 Dec 1946)

Emirs (title al-Amir al-Hakim - ruling emir) - Banu Shihab dynasty - 1698 - 1706 Bashir ibn al-Husayn 1706 - 1732 Haydar ibn Musa (b. ... - d. 1781) 1732 - 1758 Malham ibn Haydar 1758 - 1770 al-Mansur ibn Haydar (b. ... - d. 1774) + Ahmad ibn Haydar (to 1763) 1760 al-Qasim ibn Umar (in rebellion) 1770 - 1778 Yusuf ibn Malham (1st time) 1778 - 1780 Ahmad ibn Malham + Afandi ibn Malham 1780 - 1789 Yusuf ibn Malham (2nd time) 1789 - 1790 Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn Umar (1st time) (b. 1767 - d. 1850) 1790 Yusuf ibn Malham (3rd time) 1790 Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn Umar (2nd time) (s.a.) 1790 - 1793 Haydar ibn Malham + Qadan ibn Muhammad (1st time) 1793 al-Husayn ibn Yusuf (1st time) + Salim ibn Yusuf (1st time) + Sad ad-Din ibn Yusuf (1st time) 1793 - 1795 Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn Umar (3rd time) (s.a.) 1795 al-Husayn ibn Yusuf (2nd time) + Salim ibn Yusuf (2nd time) + Sad ad-Din ibn Yusuf (2nd time) 1795 - 1799 Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn Umar (4th time) (s.a.) 1799 - 1800 al-Husayn ibn Yusuf (3rd time) + Salim ibn Yusuf (3rd time) + Sad ad-Din ibn Yusuf (3rd time) 1800 - 1801 Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn Umar (5th time) (s.a.) 1801 al-Abbas ibn Asad (1st time) 1801 Qadan ibn Muhammad (2nd time) + Salman ibn Ahmad (1st time) 1801 - 1821 Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn Umar (6th time) (s.a.) 1821 al-Hasan ibn Ali (1st time) + Salman ibn Ahmad (2nd time) 1821 - 1822 Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn Umar (7th time) (s.a.) 1822 al-Hasan ibn Ali (2nd time) + Salman ibn Ahmad (3rd time) 1822 al-Abbas ibn Asad (2nd time) 1822 - 1840 Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn Umar (8th time) (s.a.) 8 Oct 1840 - 16 Jan 1842 Bashir ibn al-Qasim (b. ... - d. 1851) Governors (_mutassarif_s) Jun 1861 - Jun 1868 Davud Pasha (b. _c._1816 - d. 1873) Jun 1868 - 2 Feb 1873 Franko Pasha (b. 1814 - d. 1873) Mar 1873 - May 1883 R�stem Pasha (b. 1810 - d. 1895) May 1883 - 29 Jun 1892 Vasa Pasha (b. 1825 - d. 1892) Aug 1892 - Sep 1902 Naum Pasha (b. 1846 - d. 1911) Sep 1902 - 28 Jun 1907 Muzaffer Pasha (b. 1843 - d. 1907) Jul 1907 - Dec 1912 Yusuf Pasha (b. 1855 - d. 1933) Dec 1912 - Jun 1915 Ohannes Pasha (b. 1852 - d. 1933) 25 Sep 1915 - 15 May 1916 Ali M�nif Bey (b. 1874 - d. 1951) Apr 1917 - Dec 1917 Ismail Hakki Bey (b. 1870 - d. 1922) 15 Aug 1918 - 30 Sep 1918 M�mtaz Bey Governors 1 Sep 1920 - Apr 1923 Albert Michel Antoine Trabaud (b. 1872 - d. 1935) Apr 1923 - 27 Jun 1924 Antoine Privat-Aubouard (b. 1874 - d. 1934) 27 Jun 1924 - 13 Jan 1925 Charles Alexis Vandenberg (b. 1858 - d. 1942) 13 Jan 1925 - 26 May 1926 L�on Cayla (b. 1881 - d. 1965) (provisional to 16 Jul 1925) 26 May 1926 - 1 Sep 1926 Charles Debbas (b. 1884 - d. 1935) (with honorary title of President) Presidents 1 Sep 1926 - 2 Jan 1934 Charles Debbas (s.a.) 2 Jan 1934 - 30 Jan 1934 Antoine Privat-Aubouard (acting) (s.a.) 30 Jan 1934 - 20 Jan 1936 Habib Pacha Es-Saad (b. 1867 - d. 1942) 20 Jan 1936 - 4 Apr 1941 �mile Edd� (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1949) 4 Apr 1941 - 9 Apr 1941 Pierre Georges Arlabosse (acting) (b. 1891 - d. 1950) 9 Apr 1941 - 18 Mar 1943 Alfred Naccache (b. 1887 - d. 1978) (acting to 1 Dec 1941) 19 Mar 1943 - 21 Jul 1943 Ayoub Tabet (acting) (b. 1875? - d. 1947) 22 Jul 1943 - 20 Sep 1943 Petro Trad (b. 1886 - d. 1947) 21 Sep 1943 - 11 Nov 1943 B�chara El-Khoury (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1964) 11 Nov 1943 - 22 Nov 1943 �mile Edd� (2nd time) (s.a.) 22 Nov 1943 - 18 Sep 1952 B�chara El-Khoury (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Sep 1952 - 22 Sep 1952 Fouad Chehab (1st time) (acting) (b. 1902 - d. 1973) 23 Sep 1952 - 22 Sep 1958 Camille Chamoun (b. 1900 - d. 1987) 23 Sep 1958 - 22 Sep 1964 Fouad Chehab (2nd time) (s.a.) 23 Sep 1964 - 22 Sep 1970 Charles H�lou (b. 1912 - d. 2001) 23 Sep 1970 - 22 Sep 1976 Suleiman Franjieh (b. 1910 - d. 1992) 23 Sep 1976 - 22 Sep 1982 Elias Sarkis (b. 1924 - d. 1985) 23 Sep 1982 - 22 Sep 1988 Amin Gemayel (b. 1942) 23 Sep 1988 - 5 Nov 1989 Salim Hoss (1st time) (acting) (b. 1929 - d. 2024) 5 Nov 1989 - 22 Nov 1989 Ren� Moawad (b. 1925 - d. 1989) 22 Nov 1989 - 24 Nov 1989 Salim Hoss (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 24 Nov 1989 - 23 Nov 1998 Elias Hrawi (b. 1926 - d. 2006) 24 Nov 1998 - 23 Nov 2007 �mile Lahoud (b. 1936) 24 Nov 2007 - 25 May 2008 Fouad Siniora (acting) (b. 1943) 25 May 2008 - 24 May 2014 Michel Suleiman (b. 1948) 25 May 2014 - 31 Oct 2016 Tammam Salam (acting) (b. 1945) 31 Oct 2016 - 30 Oct 2022 Michel Aoun (b. 1935) 31 Oct 2022 - Najib Mikati (acting) (b. 1955)

Prime ministers 31 May 1926 - 5 May 1927 Auguste Adib Pacha (1st time) (b. 1860 - d. 1936) 5 May 1927 - 10 Aug 1928 B�chara El-Khoury (1st time) (s.a.) 10 Aug 1928 - 9 May 1929 Habib Pacha Es-Saad (s.a.) 9 May 1929 - 11 Oct 1929 B�chara El-Khoury (2nd time) (s.a.) 11 Oct 1929 - 25 Mar 1930 �mile Edd� (s.a.) 25 Mar 1930 - 9 Mar 1932 Auguste Adib Pacha (2nd time) (s.a.) 9 Mar 1932 - 29 Jan 1934 Charles Debbas (s.a.) 29 Jan 1934 - 30 Jan 1936 Abdallah Beyhum (1st time) (b. _c._1873 - d. 19...) (acting) 30 Jan 1936 - 5 Jan 1937 Ayoub Tabet (1st time) (acting) (s.a.) 5 Jan 1937 - 18 Mar 1938 Khayreddin al-Ahdab (b. 1894 - d. 1941) 18 Mar 1938 - 24 Oct 1938 Khaled Chehab (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1978) 24 Oct 1938 - 21 Sep 1939 Abdullah Yafi (1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1986) 21 Sep 1939 - 4 Apr 1941 Abdallah Beyhum (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 Apr 1941 - 26 Nov 1941 Alfred Naccache (s.a.) 1 Dec 1941 - 26 Jul 1942 Ahmed Daouk (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1979) 26 Jul 1942 - 22 Mar 1943 Sami Bey al-Solh (1st time) (b. 1890 - d. 1968) 22 Mar 1943 - 21 Jul 1943 Ayoub Tabet (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 1 Aug 1943 - 25 Sep 1943 Petro Trad (s.a.) 25 Sep 1943 - 10 Jan 1945 Riad Bey al-Solh (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1951) 10 Jan 1945 - 20 Aug 1945 Abdul Hamid Karami (b. 1890 - d. 1950) 23 Aug 1945 - 22 May 1946 Sami Bey al-Solh (2nd time) (s.a.) 22 May 1946 - 14 Dec 1946 Saadi al-Munla (b. 1897 - d. 1972) 14 Dec 1946 - 14 Feb 1951 Riad Bey al-Solh (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Feb 1951 - 7 Jun 1951 Hussein al-Oweini (1st time) (b. 1900 - d. 1971) 7 Jun 1951 - 11 Feb 1952 Abdullah Yafi (2nd time) (s.a.) 11 Feb 1952 - 10 Sep 1952 Sami Bey al-Solh (3rd time) (s.a.) 10 Sep 1952 - 14 Sep 1952 Nazem Akkari (b. 1902 - d. 1985) 14 Sep 1952 - 18 Sep 1952 Saeb Salam (1st time) (b. 1905 - d. 2000) 18 Sep 1952 - 1 Oct 1952 Fouad Chehab (s.a.) 1 Oct 1952 - 1 May 1953 Khaled Chehab (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 May 1953 - 16 Aug 1953 Saeb Salam (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Aug 1953 - 17 Sep 1954 Abdullah Yafi (3rd time) (s.a.) 17 Sep 1954 - 19 Sep 1955 Sami al-Solh (4th time) (s.a.) 19 Sep 1955 - 20 Mar 1956 Rashid Karami (1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 1987) 20 Mar 1956 - 18 Nov 1956 Abdullah Yafi (4th time) (s.a.) 18 Nov 1956 - 20 Sep 1958 Sami al-Solh (5th time) (s.a.) 20 Sep 1958 - 24 Sep 1958 Khalil al-Hibri (acting) (b. 1905 - d. ...) 24 Sep 1958 - 14 May 1960 Rashid Karami (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 May 1960 - 1 Aug 1960 Ahmed Daouk (2nd time) (s.a.) 2 Aug 1960 - 31 Oct 1961 Saeb Salam (3rd time) (s.a.) 31 Oct 1961 - 20 Feb 1964 Rashid Karami (3rd time) (s.a.) 20 Feb 1964 - 25 Jul 1965 Hussein al-Oweini (2nd time) (s.a.) 25 Jul 1965 - 9 Apr 1966 Rashid Karami (4th time) (s.a.) 9 Apr 1966 - 7 Dec 1966 Abdullah Yafi (5th time) (s.a.) 7 Dec 1966 - 8 Feb 1968 Rashid Karami (5th time) (s.a.) 8 Feb 1968 - 15 Jan 1969 Abdullah Yafi (6th time) (s.a.) 15 Jan 1969 - 13 Oct 1970 Rashid Karami (6th time) (s.a.) 13 Oct 1970 - 25 Apr 1973 Saeb Salam (4th time) (s.a.) 25 Apr 1973 - 8 Jul 1973 Amin Hafez (b. 1926 - d. 2009) 8 Jul 1973 - 31 Oct 1974 Takieddin al-Solh (1st time) (b. 1909 - d. 1988) 31 Oct 1974 - 23 May 1975 Rashid al-Solh (1st time) (b. 1926 - d. 2014) 23 May 1975 - 1 Jul 1975 Nureddin Rifai (b. 1899 - d. 1980) 1 Jul 1975 - 9 Dec 1976 Rashid Karami (7th time) (s.a.) 9 Dec 1976 - 20 Jul 1980 Salim Hoss (1st time) (s.a.) 20 Jul 1980 - 25 Oct 1980 Takieddin al-Solh (2nd time) (s.a.) 25 Oct 1980 - 30 Apr 1984 Shafiq Wazzan (b. 1925 - d. 1999) 30 Apr 1984 - 1 Jun 1987 Rashid Karami (8th time) (s.a.) 1 Jun 1987 - 24 Dec 1990 Salim Hoss (2nd time) (s.a.) 23 Sep 1988 - 13 Oct 1990 Michel Aoun (in opposition) (s.a.) 24 Dec 1990 - 13 May 1992 Omar Karami (1st time) (b. 1934 - d. 2015) 13 May 1992 - 31 Oct 1992 Rashid al-Solh (2nd time) (s.a.) 31 Oct 1992 - 2 Dec 1998 Rafiq Hariri (1st time) (b. 1944 - d. 2005) 2 Dec 1998 - 23 Oct 2000 Salim Hoss (3rd time) (s.a.) 23 Oct 2000 - 21 Oct 2004 Rafiq Hariri (2nd time) (s.a.) 21 Oct 2004 - 19 Apr 2005 Omar Karami (2nd time) (s.a.) 19 Apr 2005 - 19 Jul 2005 Najib Mikati (1st time) (s.a.) 19 Jul 2005 - 9 Nov 2009 Fouad Siniora (s.a.) 9 Nov 2009 - 13 Jun 2011 Saad Hariri (1st time) (b. 1970) 13 Jun 2011 - 15 Feb 2014 Najib Mikati (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 Feb 2014 - 20 Dec 2016 Tammam Salam (s.a.) 20 Dec 2016 - 21 Jan 2020 Saad Hariri (2nd time) (s.a.) 21 Jan 2020 - 10 Sep 2021 Hassan Diab (b. 1959) 10 Sep 2021 - Najib Mikati (3rd time) (s.a.)

Leeward Islands: see under Antigua and Barbuda.

Le�n: see under Nicaragua.

Lesotho

   1822                Lesotho emerges as a polity

12 Mar 1868 British protectorate (Basutoland) 3 Nov 1871 - 18 Mar 1884 annexed to Cape Colony 30 Apr 1965 autonomy 4 Oct 1966 independence (Kingdom of Lesotho)

Paramount chiefs 1822 - 18 Jan 1870 Moshoeshoe I (b. _c._1786 - d. 1870) 18 Jan 1870 - 20 Nov 1891 Letsie I Moshoeshoe (b. _c._1811 - d. 1891) 20 Nov 1891 - 19 Aug 1905 Lerotholi Letsie (b. _c._1836 - d. 1905) 21 Aug 1905 - 28 Jan 1913 Letsie II Lerotholi (b. _c._1869 - d. 1913) 11 Apr 1913 - Jul 1939 Nathaniel Griffith Lerotholi (b. _c._1871 - d. 1939) 3 Aug 1939 - 26 Dec 1940 Simon Seeiso Griffith (b. 1905 - d. 1940) 26 Dec 1940 - 28 Jan 1941 Gabasane Masopha (acting) (b. ... - d. 1949) 28 Jan 1941 - 12 Mar 1960 'Mantsebo Amelia 'Matsaba Sempe (f) (acting) (b. 1902 - d. 1964) 12 Mar 1960 - 30 Apr 1965 Moshoeshoe II (b. 1938 - d. 1996) Kings 30 Apr 1965 - 10 Feb 1970 Moshoeshoe II (1st time) (s.a.) 10 Feb 1970 - 5 Jun 1970 Leabua Jonathan (Tona-Kholo) (b. 1914 - d. 1987) 5 Jun 1970 - 5 Dec 1970 Queen 'MaMohato (f) (1st time) (b. 1941 - d. 2003) (regent) 5 Dec 1970 - 12 Nov 1990 Moshoeshoe II (2nd time) (s.a.) 10 Mar 1990 - 12 Nov 1990 Queen 'MaMohato (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) (regent for exiled Moshoeshoe) 12 Nov 1990 - 25 Jan 1995 Letsie III (1st time) (b. 1963) 25 Jan 1995 - 15 Jan 1996 Moshoeshoe II (3rd time) (s.a.) 15 Jan 1996 - 7 Feb 1996 Queen 'MaMohato (f) (3rd time) (s.a.) (regent) 7 Feb 1996 - Letsie III (2nd time) (s.a.)

Prime ministers 6 May 1965 - 7 Jul 1965 Sekhonyana Nehemia Maseribane (b. 1918 - d. 1986) 7 Jul 1965 - 20 Jan 1986 Leabua Jonathan (s.a.) Chairmen of the Military Council 24 Jan 1986 - 2 May 1991 Justin Metsing Lekhanya (b. 1938 - d. 2021) 2 May 1991 - 2 Apr 1993 Elias Phisoana Ramaema (b. 1933 - d. 2015) Prime ministers 2 Apr 1993 - 17 Aug 1994 Ntsu Mokhehle (1st time) (b. 1918 - d. 1999) 19 Aug 1994 - 14 Sep 1994 Hae Phoofolo (interim) (b. 1946?) 14 Sep 1994 - 29 May 1998 Ntsu Mokhehle (2nd time) (s.a.) 29 May 1998 - 8 Jun 2012 Pakalitha Mosisili (1st time) (b. 1945) 8 Jun 2012 - 17 Mar 2015 Tom Thabane (1st time) (b. 1939) 31 Aug 2014 - 3 Sep 2014 Mothetjoa Metsing (b. 1967) (acting for Thabane) 17 Mar 2015 - 16 Jun 2017 Pakalitha Mosisili (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Jun 2017 - 20 May 2020 Tom Thabane (2nd time) (s.a.) 20 May 2020 - 28 Oct 2022 Moeketsi Majoro (b. 1961) 28 Oct 2022 - Sam Matekane (b. 1958)

Government Agents Mar 1868 - Apr 1868 Sir Walter Currie (b. 1819 - d. 1872) Apr 1868 - 1871 James Henry Bowker (b. 1822 - d. 1900) 1871 - 1881 Charles Duncan Griffith (b. 1830 - d. 1906) 1881 - 1883 Joseph Millerd Orpen (b. 1828 - d. 1923) Feb 1883 - Mar 1884 Matthew Smith Blyth (b. 1836 - d. 1889) Resident commissioners (subordinated to the High Commissioner for Southern Africa to 31 Jul 1964) 18 Mar 1884 - 1893 Marshal James Clarke (from 29 May 1886, Sir Marshal James Clarke) (b. 1841 - d. 1909) 18 Sep 1894 - 1901 Godfrey Lagden (from 22 Jun 1897, Sir Godfrey Lagden) (b. 1851 - d. 1934) 1901 - 1916 Herbert Sloley (from 19 Jun 1911, Sir Herbert Sloley) (b. 1855 - d. 1937) 1916 - 1917 Robert Coryndon (b. 1870 - d. 1925) 1917 - 1926 Edward Charles Frederick Garraway (from 3 Jun 1922, Sir Edward Charles Frederick Garraway) (b. 1865 - d. 1932) Apr 1926 - 1935 John Sturrock (from 4 Jun 1934, Sir John Sturrock) (b. 1875 - d. 1937) Mar 1935 - 1942 Edmund Charles Richards (from 1 Jan 1941, Sir Edmund Charles Richards) (b. 1889 - d. 1955) Aug 1942 - 1946 Charles Noble Arden Clarke (b. 1898 - d. 1962) Nov 1946 - 1951 Aubrey Denzil Forsyth-Thompson (b. 1897 - d. 1982) 1952 - 1956 Edwin Arrowsmith (b. 1909 - d. 1992) Sep 1956 - 1961 Alan Geoffrey Tunstall Chaplin (b. 1908 - d. 1967) 1962 - 1966 Alexander Giles (from 1 Jan 1965, Sir Alexander Giles) (b. 1915 - d. 1989) (from 30 Apr 1965 British government representative)

Liberia

15 Dec 1821 Cape Mesurado Colony created by American Colonization Society 15 Aug 1824 Cape Mesurado expanded into Colony of Liberia 5 Apr 1839 Commonwealth of Liberia 26 Jul 1847 independence (Republic of Liberia)

Colonial Agents 15 Dec 1821 - 25 Apr 1822 Eli Ayres (b. 1778 - d. 18...) 25 Apr 1822 - 4 Jun 1822 Frederick James (acting) 4 Jun 1822 - 8 Aug 1822 Elijah Johnson (1st time) (acting) (b. 1787 - d. 1849) 8 Aug 1822 - 2 Apr 1823 Jehudi Ashmun (1st time) (acting) (b. 1794 - d. 1828) 2 Apr 1823 - 14 Aug 1823 Elijah Johnson (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 14 Aug 1823 - 26 Mar 1828 Jehudi Ashmun (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting to 22 Aug 1823) 26 Mar 1828 - 8 Nov 1828 Lott Carey (acting) (b. _c._1780 - d. 1828) 8 Nov 1828 - 22 Dec 1828 Colston Waring (acting) 22 Dec 1828 - 19 Apr 1829 Richard Randall (b. 1796 - d. 1829) 19 Apr 1829 - 27 Feb 1830 Joseph Mechlin, Jr. (1st time) (acting to 14 Sep 1829) 27 Feb 1830 - 12 Apr 1830 John Anderson (acting) 13 Apr 1830 - 4 Dec 1830 Anthony Williams (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1861) (acting) 4 Dec 1830 - 24 Sep 1833 Joseph Mechlin, Jr. (2nd time) 24 Sep 1833 - 1 Jan 1834 George McGill (acting) (b. 1787 - d. 18...) 1 Jan 1834 - 10 May 1835 John Piney (b. 1806 - d. 1882) 10 May 1835 - 12 Aug 1835 Nathaniel Brander (acting) 12 Aug 1835 - 25 Sep 1836 Ezekiel Skinner (b. 1777 - d. 1855) 25 Sep 1836 - 1 Apr 1839 Anthony Williams (2nd time) (s.a.) Governors 5 Apr 1839 - 3 Sep 1841 Thomas Buchanan (b. 1808 - d. 1841) 3 Sep 1841 - 3 Jan 1848 Joseph Jenkins Roberts (b. 1809 - d. 1876) (acting to 20 Jan 1842) Presidents 3 Jan 1848 - 7 Jan 1856 Joseph Jenkins Roberts (1st time) (s.a.) 7 Jan 1856 - 4 Jan 1864 Stephen Allen Benson (b. 1816 - d. 1865) 4 Jan 1864 - 6 Jan 1868 Daniel Bashiel Warner (b. 1815 - d. 1880) 6 Jan 1868 - 3 Jan 1870 James Spriggs Payne (1st time) (b. 1819 - d. 1882) 3 Jan 1870 - 26 Oct 1871 Edward James Roye (b. 1815 - d. 1872) 26 Oct 1871 - 4 Nov 1871 Chief Executive Committee - Charles Benedict Dunbar (b. _c._1831 - d. 1878) - Reginald A. Sherman (b. 1838 - d. 1894) - Amos Herring (b. _c._1794 - d. ...) 4 Nov 1871 - 1 Jan 1872 James Skivring Smith (b. 1825 - d. ...) 1 Jan 1872 - 3 Jan 1876 Joseph Jenkins Roberts (2nd time) (s.a.) 3 Jan 1876 - 7 Jan 1878 James Spriggs Payne (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 Jan 1878 - 20 Jan 1883 Anthony William Gardner (b. 1820 - d. 1885) 20 Jan 1883 - 7 Jan 1884 Alfred Francis Russell (b. 1817 - d. 1884) 7 Jan 1884 - 4 Jan 1892 Hilary Richard Wright Johnson (b. 1837 - d. 1901) 4 Jan 1892 - 12 Nov 1896 Joseph James Cheeseman (b. 1843 - d. 1896) 12 Nov 1896 - 11 Dec 1900 William David Coleman (b. 1842 - d. 1908) 11 Dec 1900 - 4 Jan 1904 Garretson Wilmot Gibson (b. 1832 - d. 1910) (acting to 6 Jan 1902) 4 Jan 1904 - 1 Jan 1912 Arthur Barclay (b. 1854 - d. 1938) 1 Jan 1912 - 5 Jan 1920 Daniel E. Howard (b. 1861 - d. 1935) 5 Jan 1920 - 3 Dec 1930 Charles D.B. King (b. 1871 - d. 1961) 3 Dec 1930 - 3 Jan 1944 Edwin J. Barclay (b. 1882 - d. 1955) (acting to 4 Jan 1932) 3 Jan 1944 - 23 Jul 1971 William V.S. Tubman (b. 1895 - d. 1971) 23 Jul 1971 - 12 Apr 1980 William R. Tolbert, Jr. (b. 1913 - d. 1980) 12 Apr 1980 - 9 Sep 1990 Samuel K. Doe (b. 1951 - d. 1990) (chairman People's Redemption Council to 25 Jul 1984) 9 Sep 1990 - 22 Nov 1990 Conflicting claims - Prince Johnson (b. 1952) - Charles Taylor (b. 1948) - David Nimley - Amos Sawyer (b. 1945 - d. 2022) President of the Interim Government of National Unity 22 Nov 1990 - 7 Mar 1994 Amos Sawyer (s.a.) Chairmen of the Council of State 7 Mar 1994 - 1 Sep 1995 David Kpomakpor (b. 1935 - d. 2010) 1 Sep 1995 - 3 Sep 1996 Wilton Sankawulo (b. 1937 - d. 2009) 3 Sep 1996 - 2 Aug 1997 Ruth Perry (f) (b. 1939 - d. 2017) Presidents 2 Aug 1997 - 11 Aug 2003 Charles Taylor (s.a.) 11 Aug 2003 - 14 Oct 2003 Moses Blah (b. 1947 - d. 2013) Chairman of the National Transitional Government 14 Oct 2003 - 16 Jan 2006 Gyude Bryant (b. 1949 - d. 2014) Presidents 16 Jan 2006 - 22 Jan 2018 Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf (f) (b. 1938) 22 Jan 2018 - 22 Jan 2024 George Weah (b. 1966) 22 Jan 2024 - Joseph Boakai (b. 1944)

Maryland

12 Feb 1834 Maryland-in-Africa colony of the Maryland State Colonization Society 2 Feb 1841 State of Maryland in Liberia 29 May 1854 independence (Independent State of Maryland in Liberia) 18 Mar 1857 incorporation into Liberia

Governors 12 Feb 1834 - Feb 1836 James Hall (b. 1802 - d. 1889) Feb 1836 - 1 Jul 1836 Oliver Holmes, Jr. 1 Jul 1836 - 28 Sep 1836 Three-Man Committee 28 Sep 1836 - 9 Jun 1851 John Brown Russwurm (b. 1799 - d. 1851) 9 Jun 1851 - 8 Jun 1854 Samuel Ford McGill (b. 1818 - d. 1871) (acting to 1852) 8 Jun 1854 - Apr 1856 William A. Prout Apr 1856 - 18 Mar 1857 Boston Jenkins Drayton (b. _c._1821 - d. 1864)

Mississippi-in-Africa

   1835                Mississippi-in-Africa colony of the Mississippi and
                       Louisiana State Colonization societies
   1842                incorporation into Liberia

Governor Jun 1837 - 10 Sep 1838 Josiah Finley (b. ... - d. 1838)

Port Cresson/Bassa Cove

Dec 1832 Port Cresson colony of the Black Quakers of the New York and Pennsylvania Colonization Societies Jun 1835 colony destroyed by Bassa natives Jul 1835 Bassa Cove colony 1 Apr 1839 incorporation into Liberia

Chief magistrates Dec 1832 - Jun 1835 Edward Hankinson (1st time) Jul 1835 - Jan 1836 Edward Hankinson (2nd time) Jan 1836 - 4 Aug 1837 Thomas Buchanan (s.a.) 4 Aug 1837 - Jun 1838 John Matthias Jun 1838 - 1 Apr 1839 Wesley Johnson

Libya

Tripolitania

   1911                independent government (in rebellion against Ottoman
                       sovereignty)

3 Oct 1911 Italian occupation 16 Nov 1918 Tripolitanian Republic 12 Nov 1922 annexed to Italy (nominally 18 May 1919) 1 Jan 1934 part of Libya Dec 1942 British administration (Tripoli taken 23 Jan 1943) 1946 UN administration 24 Dec 1951 part of Libya

Ruler 1911 - Mar 1913 Sulayman ibn `Abd Allah al-Baruni (b. _c._1870 - d. 1940) Chairman of the Council of the Republic 16 Nov 1918 - Nov 1920 Ahmad Tahir al-Murayyid Chairman of the Central Reform Board Nov 1920 - 1923 Ahmad Tahir al-Murayyid Governors Oct 1911 Raffaele Borea Ricci d'Olmo (b. 1857 - d. 1942) 11 Oct 1911 - 1912 Carlo Francesco Giovanni Battista Caneva (b. 1845 - d. 1922) 1912 - 1913 Ottavio Ragni (b. 1852 - d. 1919) 2 Jun 1913 - 1914 Vincenzo Garioni (b. 1856 - d. 1929) 1914 - 1915 Luigi Druetti (b. 1853 - d. _c._1919) 1915 Iulio Cesare Tassoni (b. 1859 - d. 1942) 1915 - 1918 Giovanni Battista Ameglio (b. 1854 - d. 1921) 6 Jul 1920 - Jul 1921 Luigi Mercatelli (b. 1853 - d. 1922) Jul 1921 - Jul 1925 Giuseppe Volpi, conte di Misurata (b. 1877 - d. 1947) Jul 1925 - 24 Jan 1929 Emilio De Bono (b. 1866 - d. 1944) 24 Jan 1929 - 31 Dec 1933 Pietro Badoglio (b. 1871 - d. 1956) Deputy chief civil affairs officer 15 Dec 1942 - 23 Jan 1943 Maurice Stanley Lush (b. 1896 - d. 1990) Chief administrator 23 Jan 1943 - 24 Dec 1951 Travers Robert Blackley (b. 1899 - d. 1982) (from Apr 1949 resident)

Cyrenaica

   1843                Sanusiya Order founded
   1920                Italy claims sovereignty
   1929                Italy derecognizes the Order

1 Jan 1934 part of Libya Feb 1941 British administration (but again controlled by Axis forces for much of 1941 and 1942) Oct 1946 Sanusi emir recognized by U.K. (administering the territory for the UN) 1 Jun 1949 Emirate of Cyrenaica recognized 24 Dec 1951 part of Libya

Sheikhs _- Awlad Sayyidi Abd Allah dynasty, al-Khattabi al-Mujahiri al-Hasani al-Idrisi lineage -_ 1843 - 7 Sep 1859 Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi (b. 1787 - d. 1859) 7 Sep 1859 - 2 Jun 1902 Sayyid Muhammad ibn Sayyid Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Sanusi (b. 1844 - d. 1902) 2 Jun 1902 - 21 Aug 1918 Sayyid Ahmad ibn Sayyid Muhammad al-Sharif al-Sanusi (b. 1873 - d. 1933) 21 Aug 1918 - 25 Oct 1920 Sayyid Muhammad Idris al-Sanusi (b. 1890 - d. 1983) Emir 25 Oct 1920 - 1929 Sayyid Muhammad Idris al-Sanusi (1st time) (s.a.) Governors 1911 - 1913 Ottavio Briccola (b. 1853 - d. 1924) Oct 1913 - 1918 Giovanni Battista Ameglio (s.a.) 5 Aug 1918 - 1919 Vincenzo Garioni (s.a.) 5 Aug 1919 - 23 Nov 1921 Giacomo De Martino (b. 1849 - d. 1921) 23 Nov 1921 - Oct 1922 Luigi Pintor (b. 1882 - d. 1925) Oct 1922 - Dec 1922 Eduardo Baccari (b. 1871 - d. 1952) 7 Jan 1923 - 1924 Luigi Bongiovanni (b. 1866 - d. 1941) 1924 - 2 Dec 1926 Ernesto Mombelli (b. 1867 - d. 1932) 2 Dec 1926 - 1928 Attilio Teruzzi (b. 1882 - d. 1950) Jan 1929 - Mar 1930 Domenico Siciliani (b. 1879 - d. 1938) Mar 1930 - May 1934 Rodolfo Graziani, marchese di Neghelli (b. 1882 - d. 1955) Jun 1934 - Apr 1935 Guglielmo Nasi (b. 1879 - d. 1971) Military governors 10 Feb 1941 - 27 Feb 1941 Sir Henry Maitland Wilson (b. 1881 - d. 1964) 27 Feb 1941 - 7 Apr 1941 Philip Neame (b. 1888 - d. 1978) 1943 Angus Lyell Collier (b. 1893 - d. 1971) (district commander) Chief administrators 10 Mar 1943 - 30 Oct 1945 Duncan Cameron Cumming (b. 1903 - d. 1979) 30 Oct 1945 - 1946 Peter Bevil Edward Acland (b. 1902 - d. 1993) 1946 - 1948 James William Norris Haugh (b. 1894 - d. 1969) 1948 - 24 Dec 1951 Eric Armar Vully de Candole (b. 1901 - d. 1989) (from 17 Sep 1949 resident) Emir Oct 1946 - 24 Dec 1951 Sayyid Muhammad Idris al-Sanusi (2nd time) (s.a.)

Prime ministers 9 Nov 1949 - 18 Mar 1950 Umar Mansur Kikhia (b. 1880 - d. 1962) 18 Mar 1950 - 24 Dec 1951 Muhammad Sakizli (b. 1892 - d. 1976)

Fezzan

    918                Sultanate of Fezzan founded
   1212                annexed by Borno
   13..                independence recovered
   1580 -        1582  incorporated into Ottoman Empire
   1612 -        1614  incorporated into Ottoman Empire
   1623 -        1626  incorporated into Ottoman Empire
   1689 -        1689  incorporated into Ottoman Empire
   1843                incorporated into Ottoman Empire
   1911                annexed by Italy

1 Jan 1934 part of Libya 1946 UN administration 24 Dec 1951 part of Libya

Sultans - Awlad Muhammad dynasty - 1789 - 1804 Sharif Muhammad ibn al-Mansur al-Hakim 1804 - 1811 Sharif Muhammad ibn al-Mansur al-Muntasir 1811 - 1831 Yusuf al-Mukkani (usurper) - Banu Sulayman dynasty - 1831 - 1842 Sayf an-Nasr `Abd al-Jalil ibn Rad Hakim (from 12 Feb 1950, Wali [Chef du territoire]) 1946 - 24 Dec 1951 Ahmad Sayf an-Nasr (b. _c._1876 - d. 1954)

Libya

1 Jan 1934 Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan united as colony of Libya 13 May 1943 end of Italian rule 24 Dec 1951 independence as United Libyan Kingdom 25 Apr 1963 Libyan Kingdom 1 Sep 1969 Libyan Arab Republic 2 Mar 1977 Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Apr 1986 Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 23 Aug 2011 Libya 8 Jan 2013 State of Libya

De facto chief of state ("Leader of the Revolution") 1 Sep 1969 - 23 Aug 2011 Muammar al-Qaddafi (b. 1942 - d. 2011)

Governors-general 1 Jan 1934 - 28 Jun 1940 Italo Balbo (b. 1896 - d. 1940) 1 Jul 1940 - 25 Mar 1941 Rodolfo Graziani, marchese di Neghelli (s.a.) 25 Mar 1941 - 19 Jul 1941 Italo Gariboldi (b. 1879 - d. 1970) 19 Jul 1941 - 2 Feb 1943 Ettore Bastico (b. 1876 - d. 1972) 2 Feb 1943 - 13 May 1943 Giovanni Messe (acting) (b. 1883 - d. 1968) UN commissioner 10 Dec 1949 - 24 Dec 1951 Adrian Pelt (Netherlands) (b. 1892 - d. 1981) (arrived in Tripoli 18 Jan 1950) King 24 Dec 1951 - 1 Sep 1969 Idris I (s.a.) (= Sayyid Muhammad Idris al-Sanusi) 1 Sep 1969 - 8 Sep 1969 Revolutionary Command Council (no chairman or full membership announced) Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council 8 Sep 1969 - 1 Mar 1979 Muammar al-Qaddafi (s.a.) Secretaries of the General People's Congress (nominal chiefs of state) 2 Mar 1977 - 1 Mar 1979 Muammar al-Qaddafi (s.a.) 1 Mar 1979 - 7 Jan 1981 Abdul Ati al-Obeidi (b. 1939 - d. 2023) 7 Jan 1981 - 15 Feb 1984 Muhammad al-Zaruq Rajab (b. 1940) 15 Feb 1984 - 7 Oct 1990 Mifta al-Usta Umar (b. 1935) 7 Oct 1990 - 18 Nov 1992 Abdul Razzaq al-Sawsa 18 Nov 1992 - 3 Mar 2008 Zanati Muhammad al-Zanati 3 Mar 2008 - 5 Mar 2009 Muftah Muhammad Kaiba 5 Mar 2009 - 26 Jan 2010 Mubarak Abdallah al-Shamikh (b. 1950) 26 Jan 2010 - 23 Aug 2011 Muhammad Abul-Qasim al-Zwai Chairman of the National Transitional Council 5 Mar 2011 - 9 Aug 2012 Mustafa Abdul Jalil (b. 1952) (in rebellion to 23 Aug 2011) Chairmen of the General National Congress 9 Aug 2012 - 10 Aug 2012 Muhammad Ali Salim (acting) (b. 1935) 10 Aug 2012 - 28 May 2013 Muhammad al-Megarif (b. 1940) 28 May 2013 - 25 Jun 2013 Giuma Attaiga (acting) (b. 1950) 25 Jun 2013 - 4 Aug 2014 Nouri Abusahmain (b. 1956) (continues in rebellion Aug 2014 - Apr 2016) Presidents of the House of Representatives (in Tobruk) 4 Aug 2014 - 5 Aug 2014 Abu Bakr Baira (acting) (b. 1942) 5 Aug 2014 - 10 Mar 2021 Akila Saleh Issa (b. 1944) (internationally recognized to Mar 2016) Chairmen of the Presidential Council 1 Apr 2016 - 10 Mar 2021 Fayez al-Sarraj (b. 1960) 10 Mar 2021 - Muhammad Younes Menfi (b. 1976) (derecognized by parliament 13 Aug 2024)

Prime ministers 29 Mar 1951 - 19 Feb 1954 Mahmud al-Muntasir (1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1970) 19 Feb 1954 - 12 Apr 1954 Muhammad Sakizli (s.a.) 12 Apr 1954 - 26 May 1957 Mustafa Ben Halim (b. 1921 - d. 2021) 26 May 1957 - 17 Oct 1960 Abdul Majid Kubar (b. 1909 - d. 1988) 17 Oct 1960 - 19 Mar 1963 Muhammad Osman Said (b. 1922 - d. 2007) 19 Mar 1963 - 22 Jan 1964 Mohieddin Fikini (b. 1925 - d. 1994) 22 Jan 1964 - 20 Mar 1965 Mahmud al-Muntasir (2nd time) (s.a.) 20 Mar 1965 - 1 Jul 1967 Hussein Maziq (b. 1918 - d. 2006) 1 Jul 1967 - 25 Oct 1967 Abdul Qadir al-Badri (b. 1921 - d. 2003) 25 Oct 1967 - 4 Sep 1968 Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush (b. 1933 - d. 2007) 4 Sep 1968 - 31 Aug 1969 Wanis al-Qaddafi (b. 1922 - d. 1986) 8 Sep 1969 - 16 Jan 1970 Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi (b. 1935 - d. 2009) 16 Jan 1970 - 16 Jul 1972 Muammar al-Qaddafi (s.a.) 16 Jul 1972 - 2 Mar 1977 Abdul Salam Jalloud (b. 1944) Secretaries of the General People's Committee 2 Mar 1977 - 2 Mar 1979 Abdul Ati al-Obeidi (s.a.) 2 Mar 1979 - 16 Feb 1984 Jadallah Azzuz al-Talhi (1st time) (b. 1939 - d. 2024) 16 Feb 1984 - 3 Mar 1986 Muhammad al-Zaruq Rajab (s.a.) 3 Mar 1986 - 1 Mar 1987 Jadallah Azzuz al-Talhi (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Mar 1987 - 7 Oct 1990 Umar Mustafa al-Muntasir (b. 1939 - d. 2001) 7 Oct 1990 - 29 Jan 1994 Abuzed Omar Dorda (b. 1944 - d. 2022) 29 Jan 1994 - 29 Dec 1997 Abdul Majid al-Qa`ud (b. 1943 - d. 2021) 29 Dec 1997 - 1 Mar 2000 Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush 1 Mar 2000 - 14 Jun 2003 Mubarak Abdallah al-Shamikh (s.a.) 14 Jun 2003 - 5 Mar 2006 Shukri Ghanem (b. 1942 - d. 2012) 5 Mar 2006 - 23 Aug 2011 Al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmudi (b. 1945?) Interim prime ministers 23 Mar 2011 - 23 Oct 2011 Mahmoud Jibril (b. 1952 - d. 2020) (in rebellion to 23 Aug 2011) 23 Oct 2011 - 24 Nov 2011 Ali Tarhouni (acting) (b. 1951) 24 Nov 2011 - 14 Nov 2012 Abdel Rahim al-Kib (b. 1950 - d. 2020) Prime ministers 14 Nov 2012 - 11 Mar 2014 Ali Zidan (b. 1950) 11 Mar 2014 - 15 Mar 2021 Abdullah al-Thani (b. 1954) (acting to 8 Apr 2014; in Tobruk from Aug 2014; internationally recognized to Mar 2016) 2 Jun 2014 - 9 Jun 2014 Ahmed Matiq (in opposition) (b. 1972) 6 Sep 2014 - 1 Apr 2015 Omar al-Hassi (in rebellion) (b. 1949) 1 Apr 2015 - ... Khalifa al-Ghawail (b. 1964) (in rebellion; withdrew forces from Tripoli 27 May 2017) 1 Apr 2016 - 15 Mar 2021 Fayez al-Sarraj (s.a.) 15 Mar 2021 - Abdul Hamid Muhammad Dbeibah (b. 1959) 3 Mar 2022 - Fathi Bashagha (in opposition) (b. 1962) 16 May 2023 - Osama Hammad (b. 1979) (acting for suspended Bashagha)

Liechtenstein

23 Jan 1719� County of Vaduz and Lordship of Schellenberg united as Principality of Liechtenstein

Counts of Vaduz and lords of Schellenberg - Hohenems dynasty - 18 Feb 1686 - 22 Feb 1712 Jakob Hannibal III Friedrich (b. 1653 - d. 1730) (from 18 Jan 1699 count of Vaduz only) - Liechtenstein dynasty - 18 Jan 1699 - 16 Jun 1712 Johann Adam I Andreas (b. 1662 - d. 1712) (to 22 Feb 1712 lord of Schellenberg only) 17 Jun 1712 - 12 Mar 1718 Joseph Wenzel Lorenz (b. 1696 - d. 1772) 12 Mar 1718 - 23 Jan 1719 Anton Florian (b. 1656 - d. 1721) Sovereign princes - Liechtenstein dynasty - 23 Jan 1719 - 11 Oct 1721 Anton Florian (s.a.) 11 Oct 1721 - 17 Dec 1732 Joseph Johann Adam (b. 1690 - d. 1732) 17 Dec 1732 - 22 Dec 1748 Johann Nepomuk Karl (b. 1724 - d. 1748) 17 Dec 1732 - 8 Jul 1745 Joseph Wenzel Lorenz (regent) (s.a.) 22 Dec 1748 - 10 Feb 1772 Joseph Wenzel Lorenz (s.a.) 10 Feb 1772 - 18 Aug 1781 Franz Joseph I (b. 1726 - d. 1781) 18 Aug 1781 - 24 Mar 1805 Aloys I (b. 1759 - d. 1805) 24 Mar 1805 - 25 Jul 1806 Johann I (1st time) (b. 1760 - d. 1836) 25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813 Karl (b. 1803 - d. 1871) 19 Oct 1813 - 20 Apr 1836 Johann I (2nd time) (s.a.) (regent [for Karl from 25 Jul 1806] to 7 Dec 1813) 20 Apr 1836 - 12 Nov 1858 Aloys II (b. 1796 - d. 1858) 12 Nov 1858 - 11 Feb 1929 Johann II (b. 1840 - d. 1929) 11 Feb 1929 - 25 Jul 1938 Franz I (b. 1853 - d. 1938) 30 Mar 1938 - 25 Jul 1938 Prince Franz Josef (regent) (b. 1906 - d. 1989) 25 Jul 1938 - 13 Nov 1989 Franz Josef II (s.a.) 26 Aug 1984 - 13 Nov 1989 Prince Hans-Adam (regent) (b. 1945) 13 Nov 1989 - Hans-Adam II (s.a.) 15 Aug 2004 - Prince Alois (regent) (b. 1968)

Landv�gte 1699 - 1712* Johann Franz Bauer (b. 16... - d. af.1719) *1718 - 1719 Joseph von Graenzing zu Strassberg (b. _c._1666 - d. 1729) 23 Apr 1720 - 20 Apr 1727 Johann Christoph von Benz (1st time) (b. 1673 - d. 1750) 20 Apr 1727 - 1 Oct 1730 Johann Erwin von Keil 1 Oct 1730 - 12 Mar 1734 Franz Anton Keller 12 Mar 1734 - 11 Aug 1735 Johann Christoph von Benz (2nd time) (Consulent) (s.a.) 11 Aug 1735 - 4 Feb 1747 Anton Bauer (Verwalter) (b. ... - d. af.1749) 4 Feb 1747 - 1751 Johann Kaspar Laaba (b. ... - d. af.1756) 1751 - 1770 Franz Karl von Grillot 24 Oct 1771 - 1775 Ferdinand Johann Funkner von Funkenberg (b. _c._1730 - d. 1775) 1775 - 1787 Franz Michael Gilm von Rosenegg (b. 17... - d. 1814) 1788 - 1 Oct 1808 Franz Xaver Menzinger (b. 1740 - d. 1809) 1 Oct 1808 - 1827 Joseph Schuppler (b. 1776 - d. 1833) 1827 - 1833 Peter Pokorny (b. 1795 - d. 1866) 1833 - 7 Apr 1848 Johann Michael Menzinger (b. 1792 - d. 1877) Landesverweser 7 Apr 1848 - 1860 Johann Michael Menzinger (s.a.) 1860 - 1884 Karl Haus von Hausen (b. 1823 - d. 1889) 1884 - 1892 Karl von In der Maur auf Strehlburg und zu Treifeld (1st time) (b. 1852 - d. 1913) 1892 - 24 Oct 1896 Friedrich Stellwag von Carion (b. 1852 - d. 1896) 1896 - 11 Dec 1913 Karl von In der Maur auf Strehlburg und zu Treifeld (2nd time) (s.a.) 26 Mar 1914 - 7 Nov 1918 Leopold Freiherr von Imhof (b. 1869 - d. 1922) 7 Nov 1918 - 13 Dec 1918 Martin Ritter (b. 1872 - d. 1947) (president of Provisional Executive Committee) 13 Dec 1918 - 15 Sep 1920 Prince Karl Alois (b. 1878 - d. 1955) 15 Sep 1920 - 2 Mar 1921 Joseph Peer (b. 1864 - d. 1925) Heads of government 2 Mar 1921 - 4 May 1922 Joseph Ospelt (b. 1881 - d. 1962) 4 May 1922 - 1 Jun 1922 Alfons Feger (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1933) 1 Jun 1922 - 6 Jun 1922 Felix Gubelmann (acting) (b. 1880 - d. 1929) 6 Jun 1922 - 28 Jun 1928 Gustav Sch�dler (b. 1883 - d. 1961) 28 Jun 1928 - 4 Aug 1928 Prince Alfred (acting) (b. 1875 - d. 1930) 4 Aug 1928 - 3 Sep 1945 Josef Hoop (b. 1895 - d. 1959) 3 Sep 1945 - 16 Jul 1962 Alexander Frick (b. 1910 - d. 1991) 16 Jul 1962 - 18 Mar 1970 Gerard Batliner (b. 1928 - d. 2008) 18 Mar 1970 - 27 Mar 1974 Alfred Hilbe (b. 1928 - d. 2011) 27 Mar 1974 - 26 Apr 1978 Walter Kieber (b. 1931 - d. 2014) 26 Apr 1978 - 26 May 1993 Hans Brunhart (b. 1945) 26 May 1993 - 15 Dec 1993 Markus B�chel (b. 1959 - d. 2013) 15 Dec 1993 - 5 Apr 2001 Mario Frick (b. 1965) 5 Apr 2001 - 25 Mar 2009 Otmar Hasler (b. 1953) 25 Mar 2009 - 27 Mar 2013 Klaus Tsch�tscher (b. 1967) 27 Mar 2013 - 25 Mar 2021 Adrian Hasler (b. 1964) 25 Mar 2021 - Daniel Risch (b. 1978)

�Date on which the territorial Principality of Liechtenstein received imperial recognition. The title Prince of Liechtenstein (derived not from the territory but from Liechtenstein Castle near Vienna) was granted earlier, but only as a personal distinction. It is from one of those earlier princes, Johann Adam I Andreas, that the current prince derives his "II." The rulers of the Liechtenstein dynasty lived mainly in Lower Austria and Moravia until moving permanently to Liechtenstein in 1938.

Li�ge: see under Belgium.

Lithuania

bf.1203                semi-legendary Grand Principality of Lithuania, ruled by a
                       grand prince of Lithuania
   1253 -        1263  Grand Prince Mindaugas adopts style of Lithuanian and
                       Russian King, etc.

2 Feb 1386 by marriage with the Polish regnant queen Jadwiga, the grand prince Jogaila/Jagiello becomes Polish king (Wladyslaw II after baptism), and his successors frequently occupy both thrones Jan 1401 - 1 Jun 1434 Jogaila oversees the successive grand princes of Lithuania with the style "supreme prince of Lithuania" 4 Jul 1569 Accord of Lublin, colloquially known as "Union of Lublin," joining Poland and Lithuania officially, but not constitutionally, into United Commonwealth of the Two Nations, in short, The Commonwealth 6 Jul 1572 last hereditary Polish king dies; kingship becomes elective; election as Polish king and grand prince of Lithuania is carried out jointly, but conduct of interregnum is separate 3 May 1791 constitution gives formal sanction to the union 7 Jan 1795 Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: the Grand Principality of Lithuania is incorporated into Russia, the emperor adopting the additional style of Grand Prince of Lithuania; this incorporation is (partially) interrupted in 1812, during Napol�on's invasion, and again in 1863 in conjunction with the "Second Insurrection" in Poland 11 Dec 1917 independence declared by Lithuanian National Council; on 9 Jul 1918 it proclaims Wilhelm Herzog von Urach, Graf von W�rttemberg, as King Mindaugas II 2 Nov 1918 independence (Republic of Lithuania) 15 Jun 1940 occupied by Soviet Union 21 Jul 1940 Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 3 Aug 1940 incorporation into the Soviet Union (see Soviet republics) 11 Mar 1990 independence declared (Republic of Lithuania) 6 Sep 1991 independence recognized by U.S.S.R.

Grand princes� 15 Sep 1697 - 16 Feb 1704 Augustas II "Stiprusis" (1st time) (b. 1670 - d. 1733) (election proclaimed 17 Jun 1697) (continues in opposition to 24 Sep 1706) 16 Feb 1704 - 4 Oct 1705 Marcijonas Dominykas Vollovicius (b. 16... - d. 1712) (Grand Marshal) 4 Oct 1705 - 8 Aug 1709 Stanislovas I Lescinskis (1st time) (b. 1677 - d. 1766) (election proclaimed 12 Jul 1704) 8 Aug 1709 - 1 Feb 1733 Augustas II "Stiprusis" (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Feb 1733 - 12 Sep 1733 Aleksandras Povilas Sapiega (b. 1672 - d. 1734) (Grand Marshal) 12 Sep 1733 - 30 Jun 1734 Stanislovas I Lescinskis (2nd time) (s.a.) (abdicates 27 Jan 1736) 30 Jun 1734 - 5 Oct 1763 Augustas III (b. 1696 - d. 1763) (election proclaimed 5 Oct 1733) (in opposition from 17 Jan 1734) 5 Oct 1763 - 25 Nov 1764 Ignotas Oginskis (Grand Marshal) (b. 1698 - d. 1775) 25 Nov 1764 - 7 Jan 1795 Stanislovas II Augustas Poniatovskis (b. 1732 - d. 1798) (election proclaimed 8 Sep 1764) Russian governors-general of Lithuania (from 1842 Vilna, Kovno, and Grodno) 10 Nov 1794 - 7 Dec 1798 Knyaz Nikolay Repnin (b. 1734 - d. 1801) 7 Dec 1798 - 6 Nov 1799 Boris Lassi (b. 1737 - d. 1820) 24 Nov 1799 - 30 Dec 1799 Ivan Gorich menshoy (acting) (b. 1745 - d. 1811) 30 Dec 1799 - 23 Jul 1801 Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1st time) (b. 1747 - d. 1813) 23 Jul 1801 - 2 Oct 1806 Leonty Bennigsen (b. 1745 - d. 1826) 17 Oct 1806 - 15 Jul 1809 Aleksandr Rimsky-Korsakov (1st time) (b. 1753 - d. 1840) 15 Jul 1809 - 29 Apr 1812 Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov (2nd time) (s.a.) 29 Apr 1812 - 5 Jan 1831 Aleksandr Rimsky-Korsakov (2nd time) (s.a.) 5 Jan 1831 - 4 Sep 1831 Matvey Khrapovitsky (b. 1784 - d. 1847) 4 Sep 1831 - 30 Mar 1840 Knyaz Nikolay Dolgoruky (b. 1792/94 - d. 1847) 13 Apr 1840 - 22 Feb 1850 Fyodor Mirkovich (b. 1789 - d. 1866) 27 Mar 1850 - 22 Dec 1855 Ilya Bibikov (b. 1794 - d. 1867) 22 Dec 1855 - 13 May 1863 Vladimir Nazimov (b. 1802 - d. 1874) 13 May 1863 - 29 Apr 1865 Mikhail Muravyov (b. 1796 - d. 1866) 29 Apr 1865 - 21 Oct 1866 Konstantin Kaufman (b. 1818 - d. 1882) 21 Oct 1866 - 14 Mar 1868 Graf Eduard Baranov (b. 1811 - d. 1884) 14 Mar 1868 - 3 Aug 1874 Aleksandr Potapov (b. 1818 - d. 1886) 3 Aug 1874 - 30 May 1880 Pyotr Albedinsky (b. 1826 - d. 1883) 30 May 1880 - 1 Jul 1884 Graf Eduard Totleben (b. 1818 - d. 1884) 17 Nov 1882 - 26 Jan 1884 Aleksandr Nikitin (b. 1825 - d. 1891) (acting for Totleben) 18 Sep 1884 - 13 Jan 1893 Ivan Kakhanov (b. 1825 - d. 1909) 13 Jan 1893 - 12 Apr 1897 Pyotr Orzhevsky (b. 1839 - d. 1897) 18 Dec 1897 - 22 May 1901 Vitaly Trotsky (b. 1835 - d. 1901) 22 May 1901 - 28 Sep 1902 vacant 28 Sep 1902 - 9 Oct 1904 Knyaz Pyotr Svyatopolk-Mirsky (b. 1857 - d. 1914) 25 Oct 1904 - 1 Jan 1906 Aleksandr Freze (b. 1840 - d. 1918) 1 Jan 1906 - 1909 Konstantin Krshivitsky (b. 1840 - d. 1910) Governors of Vilna Apr 1796 - Dec 1796 Aleksandr Tormasov (b. 1752 - d. 1819) 17 Jan 1797 - 30 Dec 1799 Yakov Bulgakov (b. 1743 - d. 1809) 30 Dec 1799 - 1801 Ivan Frizel (b. 1760 - d. 1810) 18 Jan 1802 - 18 Dec 1804 Dmitry Lanskoy (b. 1767 - d. 1833) Dec 1804 - Dec 1806 Ivan Rikman 30 Dec 1806 - 1808 Prokopy Bogmevsky 22 Mar 1808 - 27 Oct 1810 Nikolay Brusilov (b. 1754 - d. 1828) 5 Apr 1811 - 1 Aug 1816 Aleksandr Lavinsky (b. 1776 - d. 1844) 1 Aug 1816 - 28 Oct 1823 Knyaz Ksavery Drutsky-Lyubetsky (b. 1778 - d. 1846) 28 Oct 1823 - 30 Dec 1830 Pyotr Gorn (b. 1771 - d. 1847) 30 Dec 1830 - 14 May 1832 Dmitry Obrezkov (b. 1790 - d. 1864) 15 May 1832 - 28 May 1836 Grigory Doppelmayer (b. 1789 - d. 1849) 28 May 1836 - 27 Mar 1838 Dmitry Bantysh-Kamensky (b. 1788 - d. 1850) 8 Apr 1838 - 1 Nov 1840 Knyaz Yury Dolgoruky (b. 1807 - d. 1882) 1 Nov 1840 - 1 Oct 1844 Aleksey Semyonov (b. 1799 - d. 1864) 1 Oct 1844 - 20 Sep 1846 Nikolay Zherebtsov (b. 1807 - d. 1868) 5 Oct 1846 - 19 Mar 1851 Mikhail Begichev (b. 1797 - d. 1866) 26 Mar 1851 - 30 Oct 1857 Arkady Rosset (b. 1811 - d. 1881) 13 Nov 1857 - 29 Apr 1863 Mikhail Pokhvisnev (b. 1811 - d. 1882) 29 Apr 1863 - 8 Jul 1863 Ivan Galler 10 Jul 1863 - 30 Mar 1868 Stepan Panyutin (b. 1822 - d. 1885) 30 Mar 1868 - 8 Nov 1869 Ivan Shestakov (b. 1820 - d. 1888) 14 Nov 1869 - 16 May 1882 Yegor Steblin-Kamensky (b. 1815 - d. 1882) 28 Jul 1882 - 3 Jul 1885 Aleksandr Zhemchuzhnikov (b. 1826 - d. 1896) 3 Jul 1885 - 16 Nov 1895 Baron Nikolay Grevenits (b. 1849 - d. 1898) 28 Nov 1895 - 5 Jun 1896 Aleksandr Freze (s.a.) 17 Jul 1896 - 5 Jun 1899 Ivan Chepelevsky (b. 1842 - d. 19...) 5 Jun 1899 - 15 Oct 1901 Knyaz Nikolay Gruzinsky (b. 1844 - d. 1916) 15 Oct 1901 - 28 Sep 1902 Viktor Val (b. 1840 - d. 1915) 3 Oct 1902 - 15 Dec 1905 Graf Konstantin Palen (b. 1861 - d. 1923) 15 Dec 1905 - 15 Jun 1906 Graf Sergey Tatishchev (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1915) 15 Jun 1906 - 20 May 1912 Dmitry Lyubimov (b. 1864 - d. 1942) 20 May 1912 - 29 Aug 1915 Pyotr Veryovkin (b. 1862 - d. 1946) 1916 - 1917 Graf Aleksandr Tolstoy (b. 1878 - d. 1919) Governors of Kovno 5 May 1843 - 22 Mar 1848 Ivan Kalkatin (b. 1800 - d. 1856) 22 Mar 1848 - 29 Mar 1848 Knyaz Sergey Dolgoruky (b. 1809 - d. 1891) 29 Mar 1848 - 15 Apr 1851 Afanasy Radishchev (b. 1796 - d. 1881) 15 Apr 1851 - 25 Aug 1854 Pyotr Shvarts (b. 1786 - d. 1862) 25 Aug 1854 - 5 Nov 1857 Ivan Romanus (b. 1803 - d. 1861) 13 Nov 1857 - 30 Sep 1861 Stanislav Khominsky (b. 1807 - d. 1886) 30 Sep 1861 - 16 Jun 1863 Grigory Kriger (b. 1820 - d. 1881) 16 Jun 1863 - 13 Aug 1863 Sergey Engelgardt (b. 1795 - d. 1870) 13 Aug 1863 - 8 Aug 1866 Nikolay Muravyov (b. 1820 - d. 1869) 10 Aug 1866 - 29 May 1868 Aleksey Kaznacheyev (b. 1823 - d. 1888) 12 Jun 1868 - 22 Jan 1874 Mikhail Obolensky (b. 1821 - d. 1886) 20 Feb 1874 - 12 May 1879 Pyotr Bazilevsky (b. 1831 - d. 1883) 2 Jun 1879 - 9 Jul 1880 Sergey Gudim-Levkovich (b. 1840 - d. 1885) 18 Sep 1880 - 21 Mar 1881 Nikolay Baranov (b. 1837 - d. 1901) 8 Apr 1881 - 7 Jan 1887 Valerian Melnitsky (b. 18... - d. 1904) 20 Jan 1887 - 1 May 1890 Yevgeny Kurovsky (b. 1845 - d. 1909) 15 May 1890 - 23 Jul 1896 Nikolay Klingenberg (b. 1853 - d. 1917) 23 Jul 1896 - 5 Jun 1899 Sergey Sukhodolsky (b. 1845 - d. af.1907) 5 Jun 1899 - 14 Feb 1902 Aleksey Rogovich (b. 1858 - d. 1935) 14 Feb 1902 - 28 Apr 1904 Emmanuil Vatatsi (b. 1856 - d. 1920) 7 May 1904 - 13 Jan 1913 Pyotr Veryovkin (b. 1862 - d. 1946) 13 Jan 1913 - 1917 Nikolay Gryazev (b. 1868 - d. 19...) Chairmen of the Lithuanian Provisional Government Commission 1 Jul 1812 - 24 Aug 1812 Stanislaw hrabia Soltan (b. 1758 - d. 1816) 24 Aug 1812 - 8 Dec 1812 Dirk graaf van Hogendorp (b. 1761 - d. 1822) 1863 - 31 Jul 1863 Jakub Gieystor (b. 1827 - d. 1897) King 9 Jul 1918 - 2 Nov 1918 Mindaugas II (b. 1864 - d. 1928) Presidents 2 Nov 1918 - 19 Jun 1920 Antanas Smetona (1st time) (b. 1874 - d. 1944) (chairman Lithuanian National Council Presidium to 4 Apr 1919) 19 Jun 1920 - 7 Jun 1926 Aleksandras Stulginskis (1st time) (b. 1885 - d. 1969) (acting to 21 Dec 1922) 7 Jun 1926 - 18 Dec 1926 Kazys Grinius (b. 1866 - d. 1950) 18 Dec 1926 - 19 Dec 1926 Jonas Staugaitis (acting) (b. 1868 - d. 1952) 19 Dec 1926 (hours) Aleksandras Stulginskis (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 19 Dec 1926 - 15 Jun 1940 Antanas Smetona (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 Jun 1940 - 17 Jun 1940 Antanas Merkys (acting) (b. 1887 - d. 1955) 17 Jun 1940 - 3 Aug 1940 Justas Paleckis (b. 1899 - d. 1980) 11 Mar 1990 - 25 Nov 1992 Vytautas Landsbergis (b. 1932) (chairman Supreme Assembly) 25 Nov 1992 - 25 Feb 1998 Algirdas Brazauskas (b. 1932 - d. 2010) (acting to 25 Feb 1993) 26 Feb 1998 - 25 Feb 2003 Valdas Adamkus (1st time) (b. 1926) 26 Feb 2003 - 6 Apr 2004 Rolandas Paksas (b. 1956) 6 Apr 2004 - 12 Jul 2004 Arturas Paulauskas (acting) (b. 1953) 12 Jul 2004 - 12 Jul 2009 Valdas Adamkus (2nd time) (s.a.) 12 Jul 2009 - 12 Jul 2019 Dalia Grybauskaite (f) (b. 1956) 12 Jul 2019 - Gitanas Nauseda (b. 1964)

Grand marshals (chief ministers) 14 Jul 1698 - Nov 1703 Aleksandras Povilas Sapiega (1st time) (s.a.) (recognized by Grand Prince Stanislovas Lescinskis to 9 May 1708) 27 Nov 1703 - 4 Feb 1704 Mykolas Servacas Visnioveckis (b. 1680 - d. 1744) (grand hetman) 4 Feb 1704 - 5 Aug 1712 Marcijonas Dominykas Vollovicius (s.a.) 5 Aug 1712 - 10 Apr 1713 Juozas Vandalinas Mnisekas (b. 1670 - d. 1747) (acting) 10 Apr 1713 - 4 Jan 1734 Aleksandras Povilas Sapiega (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 Jan 1734 - 15 Apr 1750 Povilas Karolis Sanguska (b. 1682 - d. 1750) (acting to 4 Feb 1734) 15 Apr 1750 - 22 Feb 1768 Ignotas Oginskis (s.a.) (acting to 21 Aug 1750) 22 Feb 1768 - 12 May 1781 Juozas Paulinas Sanguska (b. 1740 - d. 1781) (acting to 7 Mar 1768) 12 May 1781 - 23 May 1790 Vladyslovas Rokas Gurovskis (b. 1717 - d. 1790) (acting to 23 May 1781) 23 May 1790 - 3 May 1791 Grafas Romanas Ignacas Potockis (b. 1750 - d. 1809) (acting to 16 Apr 1791) 19 May 1791 - 7 May 1793 Stanislovas Soltanas (acting) (b. 1758 - d. 1836) 7 May 1793 - 24 Apr 1794 Grafas Liudvikas Skuminas Tiskevicius (b. 17... - d. 1808) Chairman of the Supreme Lithuanian Council 24 Apr 1794 - 12 Jun 1794 Jokubas Jasinskis (b. 1761 - d. 1794) 12 Jun 1794 - Oct 1794 Central Deputacy (chair rotating) - Juozas Neselauskas (b. 1728 - d. 1814) - A. Tizenhauzas - J. Belapetravicius - Stanislovas Mirskis (b. 1756 - d. 1805) - B. Marikonis - D. Pilchauskas (b. 1735 - d. 1803) Prime ministers 4 Nov 1918 - 26 Dec 1918 Augustinas Voldemaras (1st time) (b. 1883 - d. 1942) 26 Dec 1918 - 12 Mar 1919 Mykolas Slezevicius (1st time) (b. 1882 - d. 1939) 12 Mar 1919 - 12 Apr 1919 Pranas Dovydaitis (b. 1886 - d. 1942) 12 Apr 1919 - 6 Oct 1919 Mykolas Slezevicius (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 Oct 1919 - 19 Jun 1920 Ernestas Galvanauskas (1st time) (b. 1882 - d. 1967) 19 Jun 1920 - 2 Feb 1922 Kazys Grinius (s.a.) 2 Feb 1922 - 18 Jun 1924 Ernestas Galvanauskas (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Jun 1924 - 4 Feb 1925 Antanas Tumenas (b. 1880 - d. 1946) 4 Feb 1925 - 19 Sep 1925 Vytautas Petrulis (b. 1890 - d. 1941) 25 Sep 1925 - 15 Jun 1926 Leonas Bistras (b. 1890 - d. 1971) 15 Jun 1926 - 17 Dec 1926 Mykolas Slezevicius (3rd time) (s.a.) 17 Dec 1926 - 23 Sep 1929 Augustinas Voldemaras (2nd time) (s.a.) 23 Sep 1929 - 24 Mar 1938 Juozas Tubelis (b. 1882 - d. 1939) 24 Mar 1938 - 28 Mar 1939 Vladas Mironas (b. 1880 - d. 1954) 28 Mar 1939 - 21 Nov 1939 Jonas Cernius (b. 1898 - d. 1977) 21 Nov 1939 - 17 Jun 1940 Antanas Merkys (s.a.) 17 Jun 1940 - 24 Jun 1940 Justas Paleckis (s.a.) 24 Jun 1940 - 25 Aug 1940 Vincas Kreve-Mickevicius (acting) (b. 1882 - d. 1954) 17 Mar 1990 - 10 Jan 1991 Kazimiera Prunskiene (f) (b. 1943) 10 Jan 1991 - 13 Jan 1991 Albertas Simenas (b. 1950) 13 Jan 1991 - 21 Jul 1992 Gediminas Vagnorius (1st time) (b. 1957) 21 Jul 1992 - 2 Dec 1992 Aleksandras Abisala (b. 1955) 2 Dec 1992 - 10 Mar 1993 Bronislovas Lubys (b. 1938 - d. 2011) 10 Mar 1993 - 15 Feb 1996 Adolfas Slezevicius (b. 1948 - d. 2022) 15 Feb 1996 - 27 Nov 1996 Laurynas Mindaugas Stankevicius (b. 1935 - d. 2017) 27 Nov 1996 - 4 May 1999 Gediminas Vagnorius (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 May 1999 - 18 May 1999 Irena Degutiene (f) (1st time) (b. 1949) (acting) 18 May 1999 - 27 Oct 1999 Rolandas Paksas (1st time) (s.a.) 27 Oct 1999 - 3 Nov 1999 Irena Degutiene (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 3 Nov 1999 - 26 Oct 2000 Andrius Kubilius (1st time) (b. 1956) 26 Oct 2000 - 20 Jun 2001 Rolandas Paksas (2nd time) (s.a.) 20 Jun 2001 - 3 Jul 2001 Eugenijus Gentvilas (acting) (b. 1960) 3 Jul 2001 - 1 Jun 2006 Algirdas Brazauskas (s.a.) 1 Jun 2006 - 4 Jul 2006 Zigmantas Balcytis (acting) (b. 1953) 4 Jul 2006 - 9 Dec 2008 Gediminas Kirkilas (b. 1951 - d. 2024) 9 Dec 2008 - 13 Dec 2012 Andrius Kubilius (2nd time) (s.a.) 13 Dec 2012 - 13 Dec 2016 Algirdas Butkevicius (b. 1958) 13 Dec 2016 - 11 Dec 2020 Saulius Skvernelis (b. 1970) 11 Dec 2020 - Ingrida Simonyte (f) (b. 1974)

• Ministries, etc. (from 1990)
• Counties (1995-2010)

Alternative Communist government

16 Dec 1918 Lithuanian Conciliar ("Soviet") Republic 27 Feb 1919 "Litbel" (Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic)

Chairman of the Revolutionary Government 16 Dec 1918 - 20 Feb 1919 Vincas Kapsukas (b. 1880 - d. 1935) Chairman of the Central Executive Committee 20 Feb 1919 - 1 Sep 1919 Kazimieras Cihovskis (Lithuanian) = Kazimir Genrykhavich Tsykhouski (Belorussian) (b. 1887 - d. 1940)

Polish irregular occupation of Vilnius

12 Oct 1920 Central Lithuania 18 Apr 1922 annexation to Poland

Heads of State 12 Oct 1920 - 30 Nov 1921 Lucjan Zeligowski (b. 1865 - d. 1947) 30 Nov 1921 - 18 Apr 1922 the head of government

Chairmen of the Provisional Commission of Government 12 Oct 1920 - 21 Jan 1921 Witold Abramowicz (b. 1874 - d. 1940?) 21 Jan 1921 - 21 Nov 1921 Stefan Mokrzecki (b. 1862 - d. 1932) 21 Nov 1921 - 18 Apr 1922 Aleksander Meysztowicz (b. 1864 - d. 1943)

Republic of Lithuania in exile

Heads of the Diplomatic Service� 15 Jun 1940 - 24 Dec 1983 Stasys Lozoraitis (in Rome) (b. 1898 - d. 1983) 24 Dec 1983 - 15 Nov 1987 Stasys Backis (in Washington) (b. 1906 - d. 1999) 15 Nov 1987 - 6 Sep 1991 Stasys Lozoraitis (in Washington) (b. 1924 - d. 1994)

�Under the elective monarchy, a grand prince assumed office upon his coronation at the Coronation Diet. The record also includes the date of proclamation of the election at the Election Diet. The head of the United Commonwealth of Two Nations was both king of Poland and Grand Prince of Lithuania, and the two countries were governed together and were represented on the Diets. During an interregnum supreme authority in Lithuania was officially exercised by the Lithuanian Council of State, chaired by the Grand Marshal.
�On 16 Feb 1949 a Council of the Lithuanian Freedom Fighting Movement was established, whose heads were later (in 2009 and 2018 respectively) recognized as heads of state: Jonas Zemaitis (b. 1909 - d. 1954), chairman of the Presidium until his death 26 Nov 1954, followed by Adolfas Ramanauskas (b. 1918 - d. 1957), first deputy chairman, until his own death 29 Nov 1957.

Samogitia

   1413 -        1795  autonomous entity within Lithuania

Elders 23 Jun 1698 - 17 Oct 1709 Kunigaikstis Grigalius Antanas Oginskis (b. 16... - d. 1709) 31 Oct 1709 - 26 Oct 1710 Aleksandras Juozas Unikovskis (b. 16... - d. 1722) (palatine) 26 Oct 1710 - 1729 Kazimieras Zaranekas-Horbovskis (b. ... - d. 1729) 1729 - 1736 Jurgis Jeronimas Kryspinas-Kirsensteinas (palatine) (b. _c._1673 - d. 1736) 8 Jul 1737 - Jan 1754 Grafas Juozas Tiskevicius (b. _c._1694 - d. 1754) (palatine to 21 May 1742) 1754 - 1765 Grafas Juozas Pacas (b. ... - d. 1765) 19 Aug 1765 - 1781 Grafas Jonas Mikalojus Katkevicius (b. 1738 - d. 1781) (palatine to 2 Oct 1765) 1781 - 1795 Antanas Gelgudas (palatine to 25 Sep 1783)

Memel Territory

   1328                part of Prussia/Germany

10 Jan 1920 Treaty of Versailles goes into effect; Memel Territory is detached from Germany and put under the administration of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers (through the Conference of Ambassadors) 10 Jan 1923 - 16 Jan 1923 Lithuanian "irregulars" invade and occupy the territory and set up alternative government 16 Feb 1923 Conference of Ambassadors acquiesces conditionally to putting Memel Territory under Lithuanian sovereignty; Lithuanian reply is regarded on 13 Mar 1923 as acceptance 30 Jul 1924 Memel Convention is ratified by Lithuanian Diet and goes into effect de facto 25 Aug 1925 with deposit of last ratifications Memel Convention goes into effect de jure; its provisions are never fully adhered to by Lithuania 23 Mar 1939 Lithuania cedes Memel Territory to Germany with retroactive effect to 22 Mar 1939 (ratified by Lithuanian Diet 30 Mar 1939) 10 Oct 1944 conquered by U.S.S.R. Nov 1944 reconquered by Germany 28 Jan 1945 reconquered by U.S.S.R. 7 Apr 1948 part of Lithuanian S.S.R.

Imperial and (Prussian) State Commissioner for the Memel Territory 10 Jan 1920 - 15 Feb 1920 Georg Graf Lambsdorff (b. 1863 - d. 1935) General Commissioners 15 Feb 1920 - 1 May 1921 Dominique Odry (b. 1865 - d. 1962) 1 May 1921 - 19 Feb 1923 Gabriel Petisn� (b. 1881 - d. 1931) 19 Feb 1923 - 24 Feb 1923 Jonas Budrys (b. 1889 - d. 1964) 24 Feb 1923 - 27 Oct 1924 Antanas Smetona (s.a.) Governors 27 Oct 1924 - 8 Nov 1925 Jonas Budrys (s.a.) 8 Nov 1925 - 1 Aug 1926 Jonas Zilius (b. 1870 - d. 1932) 1 Aug 1926 - 1 Nov 1927 Karolis Zalkauskas (b. 1892 - d. 1961) 1 Nov 1927 - 19 May 1932 Antanas Merkys (s.a.) 19 May 1932 - 1 Dec 1933 Vytautas Gylys (b. 1886 - d. 1959) 1 Dec 1933 - 5 Apr 1935 Jonas Navakas (b. 1896 - d. 1955?) 5 Apr 1935 - 15 Oct 1936 Vladas Kurkauskas (b. 1895 - d. 1970) 15 Oct 1936 - 12 Dec 1938 Jurgis Kubilius (b. 1875 - d. 1961) 12 Dec 1938 - 23 Mar 1939 Viktoras Gailius (b. 1893 - d. 1956)

Presidents of the Directory (German and Lithuanian names) 17 Feb 1920 - 6 Aug 1921 Arthur Altenberg = Arturas Altenbergas 6 Aug 1921 - 15 Jan 1923 Wilhelm Stepputat = Vilius Steputaitis (b. 1868 - d. 1941) 9 Jan 1923 - 15 Jan 1923 Martinas Jankus (b. 1858 - d. 1946) (chairman Supreme Lithuania Minor Liberation Committee, in opposition) 15 Jan 1923 - 14 Feb 1923 Erdmann Simonaitis = Erdmonas Simonaitis (1st time) (b. 1888 - d. 1969) 15 Feb 1923 - 4 Feb 1925 Viktor Gailius = Viktoras Gailius (s.a.) 5 Feb 1925 - 15 Jan 1926 Andreas Borchert = Endrius Borchertas (b. 1891 - d. 1957) 16 Jan 1926 - 24 Nov 1926 Erdmann Simonaitis = Erdmonas Simonaitis (2nd time) (s.a.) 25 Nov 1926 - 4 Jan 1927 William Falk = Vilius Falkas (b. 1885 - d. 1970) 5 Jan 1927 - 2 Dec 1927 Viktor Schwellnus = Viktoras Svelnius 2 Dec 1927 - 15 Aug 1930 Otto Kadgiehn = Otonas Kadgienas 16 Aug 1930 - 12 Jan 1931 Martin Reisgys = Martinas Reizgys (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1942) 13 Jan 1931 - 23 Feb 1932 Otto B�ttcher = Otonas Betcheris (b. 1872 - d. 1932) (deposed illegally 6 Feb 1932 and replaced on that date by the following) 23 Feb 1932 - 1 Mar 1932 Johann Tolischus = Jonas Tolisius (b. 1887 - d. 1971/72) (acting) 2 Mar 1932 - 6 Jun 1932 Eduard Simaitis = Eduardas Simaitis (b. 1897 - d. 1942) 6 Jun 1932 - 28 Jun 1934 Ottomar Schreiber = Otomaras Sreiberis (b. 1889 - d. 1955) 28 Jun 1934 - 3 Dec 1934 Martin Reisgys = Martinas Reizgys (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 Dec 1934 - 27 Nov 1935 Georg Bruvelaitis = Jurgis Bruvelaitis (b. 1900 - d. 1995) 28 Nov 1935 - 20 Jan 1939 August Baldschus = Augustas Baldzius (b. 1883 - d. 1952) 20 Jan 1939 - 23 Mar 1939 Willy Bertuleit = Vilius Bertulaitas (b. 1900 - d. 1941)

Lombardy: see under Italian states.

Los Altos: see under Guatemala.

Luang Phra Bang: see under Laos.

Lucca: see under Italian states.

Luxembourg

6 Jul 1083 title of Count of Luxembourg adopted (Graf von L�tzelburg) 13 Mar 1354 Duchy of Luxembourg 26 Feb 1388 the duchy is pledged by Wenceslas II to Josse (Jobst), and from this date to 23 Nov 1457 there are side by side the hereditary duke (duc h�r�ditaire) and the actually governing "duke by pledge" (duc par engag�re) 23 Nov 1457 upon the death of hereditary duke Ladislas Postumus of Austria, the ducal lines are reunited in the Burgundy branch of the house of Valois and its heirs the kings of the Spanish kingdoms 8 May 1713 as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession, Luxembourg becomes part of the Austrian Netherlands 15 Dec 1792 - 28 Apr 1793 annexation by France 1 Oct 1795 - 1 Feb 1814 annexation by France; becomes D�partement des For�ts 15 Feb 1814 - 9 Mar 1814 under Gouvernement-g�n�ral de la Belgique (see Belgium) 10 Mar 1814 - 12 May 1815 under Gouvernement-g�n�ral du Rhin Moyen (from 10 Jun 1814 Bas-Rhin et Rhin Moyen) 16 Mar 1815 style of duke restored for Willem I of the Netherlands 9 Jun 1815 Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 1831 upon separation of Belgium from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the already diminished territory of Luxembourg is divided into the (larger) Belgian province of Luxembourg and the (smaller) surviving Grand Duchy; division acquiesced by the king/grand-duke in 1839 2 Aug 1914 - 11 Nov 1918 German occupation 10 May 1940 - 11 Sep 1944 German occupation

Dukes - Bourbon dynasty - 16 Nov 1700 - 25 May 1711 Philippe (b. 1683 - d. 1746) (= Felipe V of Spain) - Wittelsbach dynasty - 25 May 1711 - 8 May 1713 Maximilien (b. 1662 - d. 1726) - Habsbourg (from 29 Nov 1780 Habsbourg-Lorraine) dynasty - 8 May 1713 - 1 Oct 1795 the archdukes of Austria (interrupted by French annexation, s.a.) 10 Mar 1814 - 12 May 1815 Johann August Sack (b. 1764 - d. 1831) (governor-general, on behalf of the Allied powers) - Orange-Nassau dynasty - 16 Mar 1815 - 9 Jun 1815 Guillaume I (b. 1772 - d. 1843) Grand dukes/Grand duchesses - Orange-Nassau dynasty - 9 Jun 1815 - 7 Oct 1840 Guillaume I (s.a.) 7 Oct 1840 - 17 Mar 1849 Guillaume II (b. 1792 - d. 1849) 17 Mar 1849 - 23 Nov 1890 Guillaume III (b. 1817 - d. 1890) 5 Feb 1850 - 13 Jan 1879 Henri (regent) (b. 1820 - d. 1879) - Nassau-Weilburg dynasty - 23 Nov 1890 - 17 Nov 1905 Adolphe (b. 1817 - d. 1905) 4 Apr 1902 - 17 Nov 1905 Guillaume (regent) (b. 1852 - d. 1912) 17 Nov 1905 - 25 Feb 1912 Guillaume IV (s.a.) 19 Mar 1908 - 25 Feb 1912 Marie Anne de Bragance (f) (b. 1861 - d. 1942) (regent) 25 Feb 1912 - 15 Jan 1919 Marie-Ad�la�de (f) (b. 1894 - d. 1924) 15 Jan 1919 - 12 Nov 1964 Charlotte (f) (b. 1896 - d. 1985) (10 May 1940 - 14 Apr 1945 in exile [France; from Aug 1940, London; from 4 Oct 1940, New York; from Nov 1940, Montreal]) 7 Aug 1940 - 11 Sep 1944 Gustav Simon (b. 1900 - d. 1945) (chief of civil administration) 4 May 1961 - 12 Nov 1964 Jean (regent) (b. 1921 - d. 2019) 12 Nov 1964 - 7 Oct 2000 Jean (s.a.) 4 Mar 1998 - 7 Oct 2000 Henri (regent) (b. 1955) 7 Oct 2000 - Henri (s.a.)

Governor 21 Dec 1841 - 1 Aug 1848 Th�odore-Ignace de la Fontaine (b. 1787 - d. 1871) (acting to 6 Jun 1842) Prime ministers 1 Aug 1848 - 2 Dec 1848 Th�odore-Ignace de la Fontaine (s.a.) 2 Dec 1848 - 23 Sep 1853 Jean-Jacques-Madelaine Willmar (b. 1792 - d. 1866) 23 Sep 1853 - 26 Sep 1860 Mathias Simons (b. 1802 - d. 1874) 26 Sep 1860 - 3 Dec 1867 Baron Victor de Tornaco (b. 1805 - d. 1875) 3 Dec 1867 - 26 Dec 1874 Emmanuel Servais (b. 1811 - d. 1890) 26 Dec 1874 - 20 Feb 1885 Baron F�lix de Blochausen (b. 1834 - d. 1915) 20 Feb 1885 - 22 Sep 1888 �douard Thilges (b. 1817 - d. 1904) 22 Sep 1888 - 12 Oct 1915 Paul Eyschen (b. 1841 - d. 1915) 12 Oct 1915 - 6 Nov 1915 Mathias Mongenast (acting) (b. 1843 - d. 1926) 6 Nov 1915 - 24 Feb 1916 Hubert Loutsch (b. 1878 - d. 1946) 24 Feb 1916 - 19 Jun 1917 Victor Thorn (b. 1844 - d. 1930) 19 Jun 1917 - 28 Sep 1918 L�on Kauffman (b. 1869 - d. 1952) 28 Sep 1918 - 20 Mar 1925 �mile Reuter (b. 1874 - d. 1973) 20 Mar 1925 - 16 Jul 1926 Pierre Pr�m (b. 1886 - d. 1950) 16 Jul 1926 - 5 Nov 1937 Joseph Bech (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1975) 5 Nov 1937 - 22 Dec 1953 Pierre Dupong (b. 1885 - d. 1953) (10 May 1940 - 23 Sep 1944 in London exile) 16 May 1940 - 22 Oct 1940 Albert Wehrer (b. 1895 - d. 1967) (chairman Government Commission [from 23 May 1940 Administrative Commission]) 25 Nov 1940 - 1 Jan 1941 Arthur Dronsch (b. 1895 - d. ...) (commissioner for the Administrative Commission) 29 Dec 1953 - 29 Mar 1958 Joseph Bech (2nd time) (s.a.) 29 Mar 1958 - 23 Feb 1959 Pierre Frieden (b. 1892 - d. 1959) 2 Mar 1959 - 15 Jun 1974 Pierre Werner (1st time) (b. 1913 - d. 2002) 15 Jun 1974 - 16 Jul 1979 Gaston Thorn (b. 1928 - d. 2007) 16 Jul 1979 - 20 Jul 1984 Pierre Werner (2nd time) (s.a.) 20 Jul 1984 - 20 Jan 1995 Jacques Santer (b. 1937) 20 Jan 1995 - 4 Dec 2013 Jean-Claude Juncker (b. 1954) 4 Dec 2013 - 17 Nov 2023 Xavier Bettel (b. 1973) 17 Nov 2023 - Luc Frieden (b. 1963)

• Ministries