Nicaragua (original) (raw)

Nicaragua

Governors
1522 - 1524 Gil Gonz�lez D�vila (b. 1480 - d. 1526)
1524 - 1526 Francisco Hern�ndez de C�rdoba (b. 1475? - d. 1526)
1527 - 1528 Diego L�pez de Salcedo y Rodr�guez
1528 - 1531 Pedro Arias D�vila (b. 1440 - d. 1531)
1531 - 1535 Francisco de Casta�eda
1535 Diego �lvarez de Osorio (b. 1485 - d. 1536)
1536 - 1544 Rodrigo de Contreras y La Hoz (b. 1502 - d. 1558)
1544 Diego de Herrera
1544 - 1552 the governors of Costa Rica
Alcaldes Mayores de Nicaragua
1552 - 1553 Alonso Ortiz de Argueta (b. c.1525 - d. c.1580)
1553 Nicol�s L�pez de Z�rraga (1st time)
23 Oct 1553 - 1555 Juan de Cavall�n y Arboleda (b. 1524 - d. 1565)
(1st time)
Jan 1555 - Nov 1555 Juan M�rquez
1555 - 1556 �lvaro de Paz
1556 - 1557 Nicol�s L�pez de Z�rraga (2nd time)
1558 Andr�s L�pez Moraga
1558 - 1560 Francisco de Mendoza (b. 1524 - d. 1563)
1560 - 1561 Juan de Cavall�n y Arboleda (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1561 - 1564 Juan V�squez de Coronado da Anaya (b. 1523 - d. 1565)
1564 - 1567 Bernando Bermejo
Governors of Nicaragua
1565 Juan V�squez de Coronado de Anaya (s.a.)
(did not take office)
1566 - 1575 Alonso de Casaos
1575 - 1576 Francisco del Valle Marroqu�n
(acting)
1576 Diego L�pez (governor of Taguzgalpa)
1576 - 1583 Diego de Artieda Chirino y Ucl�s (b. c.1533 - d. 1590)
1583 - 1589 Hernando de Casco
1589 - 1592 Carlos de Arellano
Nov 1592 - 1593 Bartolom� de Lences
1593 - 1603 Bernardino de Obando
1603 - 1622 Alonso Lara de C�rdoba
1622 Crist�bal de Villagr�n
1622 - 1623 Alonso Lazo de La Vega
1623 - 1625 Santiago Carvajal y Figueroa
1625 - 1627 L�zaro de Albiz�a
1627 - 1630 Juan de Ag�ero
1630 - 1634 Francisco de Azagra y Vargas
1634 - 1641 Pedro Salazar de Velasco
1641 - 1653 Juan de Bracamonte Davila
1653 - 1659 Juan de Chaves y Mendoza (b. c.1606 - d. c.1686)
1659 - 1661 Jos� Portal de Artavia (interim) (b. c.1610 - d. 1671)
1661 - 1665 Diego de Castro
1665 - 1669 Juan Fern�ndez de Salinas y la Cerda (b. 1613 - d. 1679)
1669 - 1675 Antonio Termi�o y Davila
1675 - 1681 Pablo de Loyola (b. c.1636 - d. 1705)
1681 - 1682 Antonio Coello y Aguilera
1682 - 1692 Pedro �lvarez Castrill�n
1692 - 1696 Gabriel Rodr�guez Bravo de Hoyos
1696 - 1705 Pedro Ger�nimo Luis de Colmenares
y Camargo
1705 - 1706 Miguel de Camargo
1706 - 1720 Jos� Calvo de Lara (b. c.1640 - d. c.1720)
1720 - 21 Aug 1721 Juan Sebasti�n de Arancibia Izasi
1721 - 1724 Antonio de P�veda y Rivadeneira (d. 1727)
(1st time)
1724 - 1727 Tom�s Marcos, duque de Estrada
(1st time)
26 Jan 1727 - 7 Jul 1727 Antonio de P�veda y Rivadeneira (s.a.)
(2nd time)
26 Aug 1727 - 1728 Pedro Mart�nez de Uparrio
Aug 1728 - 1730 Tom�s Marcos, duque de Estrada
(2nd time)
1730 - 1739 Bartolom� Gonz�lez-Fitoria y Valdez
1739 - 1740 Antonio de Ortiz
21 Nov 1740 - 1745 Jos� Antonio Lacayo de Briones y (b. 1679 - d. 1759)
Palacios (1st time)
1745 Francisco Antonio de C�ceres
y Molinedo
23 Aug 1745 - 1745 Juan de Vera
1745 - 1746 Jos� Antonio Lacayo de Briones y (s.a.)
Palacios (2nd time)(interim)
Dec 1746 - 1752 Alonso Fern�ndez de Heredia (d. 1782)
1752 - 1756 Jos� Gonz�lez Ranca�o (b. c.1696 - d. 1776)
1756 - 1759 Melchor Vidal de Lorca y
Villena (1st time)
1759 - 1761 Pantale�n Ib��ez Cuevas
1761 - 1766 Melchor Vidal de Lorca y
Villena (2nd time)(interim)
1766 - 1776 Domingo Cabello y Robles (b. c.1725 - d. 1801)
1777 - 1779 Manuel de Quiroga
1779 - 1783 Jos� Juan Estacher�a Hern�ndez (b. 1729 - d. 1808)
1783 - 23 Dec 1786 Juan de Ayza y Blancazo Allue
y Palac�n
Governors/Intendants of Le� n
23 Dec 1786 - 1798 Juan de Ayza y Blancazo Allue
y Palac�n
1798 - 13 Dec 1811 Jos� de Salvador y Antoli
13 Dec 1811 - 1814 Nicol�s Garc�a Jerez (b. 1756 - d. 1825)
(Superior Political Chief)
1814 - 17 Sep 1816 Juan Bautista Gual y Curvelo (b. 1757 - d. 1816)
1816 - 1819 Mariano de Beltranena y Llano (b. 1783 - d. 1866)
1819 - 15 Sep 1821 Miguel Gonz�lez de Saravia y Colarte (b. 1788 - d. 1848)
(from 1820, Superior Political Chief)

Le�n

1524 Le�n founded by Spain
21 Aug 1685 - 14 Sep 1685 Le�n captured by pirates under Dampier.
15 Sep 1821 Declaration of independence from Spain of the Kingdom
of Guatemala (encompassing all present Central America
plus Chiapas).
28 Sep 1821 Le�n, while awaiting developments with regard to Spain,
declares separation from the Kingdom of Guatemala
(Acta de Nublados).
12 Oct 1821 Incorporated into Mexico (de jure situation ambiguous
[ratified 5 Jan 1822]).
17 Apr 1823 Le�n declares itself an "orphan" and thus sovereign.
1 Jul 1823 The Central American Federation (see under Guatemala)
proclaims independence from Mexico and invites those
provinces that had left the Kingdom of Guatemala to join.
2 Jul 1823 Le�n accedes to invitation; incorporation into Central America.
4 Jan 1825 Le�n surrenders to the authority of Manuel Arz�,
commissioned by the federal government.

Superior Political Chief and Intendant
15 Sep 1821 - 12 Oct 1821 Miguel Gonz�lez de Saravia y Colarte (s.a.)
President of the Provisional Governing Junta
17 Apr 1823 - 4 Jan 1825 Provisional Governing Junta
- Pedro Sol�s Ter�n
(Primer Vocal)
- Jos� del Carmen Salazar Lacayo (b. 1774 - d. 1844)
- Francisco Qui��nez
- Domingo Nicol�s Galarza y
Brice�o de Coca
- Basilio Carrillo
- Jos� Valent�n Fern�ndez Gallegos
- Juan Modesto Hern�ndez
(some sources list the last two as alternates)

Granada

1524 Granada founded by Spain.
4 Oct 1821 Granada reaffirms its being part of the Kingdom of
Guatemala, independent from Spain.
22 Nov 1821 At the instigation of the government of Guatemala, a
Governing Junta is established.
4 Feb 1822 - 16 Jan 1823 Incorporated into Mexico (de jure situation ambiguous).
20 Apr 1823 Jos� Anacleto Ord��ez is proclaimed General en Jefe del Ej�rcito
Protector y Libertador de Granada; he acts as head of state
(e.g. in a treaty with Le�n), but sets up a Governing Junta.
2 Jul 1823 Part of Central American Federation (see under Guatemala).

22 Nov 1821 - 4 Feb 1822 Governing Junta
- P�o Jos� Domitilo Bola�os (b. 1786 - d. 1852)
Thomeu Santeliz Morales
- Rafael Brice�o
- Felipe Arg�ello Molina
- Dionisio del Castillo
20 Apr 1823 - 1823 Governing Junta
- Jos� Antonio Vel�zquez
- Bernab� Montiel
- Venancio Fern�ndez
- Nicol�s de la Rocha Zapata (b. 1774 - d. 1846)
Commander in Chief of the Protective and Liberating Army of Granada
20 Apr 1823 - 2 Jul 1823 Jos� Anacleto "Cleto" Ord��ez (b. 1778 - d. 1830)
Berm�dez
1823 - Jan 1825 Revolutionary Junta
- Jos� Anacleto "Cleto" Ord��ez (s.a.)
Berm�dez
- Raimundo Tiffer
- Juan Ignacio Marenco y L�pez
del Corral
- Solano Castrillo
- Nicol�s de la Rocha Zapata (s.a.)
- Manuel Sandoval

Managua

President of the Governing Junta
Jul 1824 - 22 Jan 1825 Governing Junta
- Policarpo Irigoyen (b. 1775 - d. 1829)
(initially president, and possibly
throughout entire duration)
- Juan Jos� Zavala
- F�lix Alfaro
- Jos� Crisanto Sacasa Parodi (b. 1779 - d. 1824)
(to 26 Nov 1824)
- Pedro Jos� Chamorro Arg�ello (b. 1782 - d. 1824)

El Viejo

President of the Governing Junta
9 Aug 1824 - 27 Dec 1824 Juan Bautista Salazar

Nicaragua

15 Sep 1821 Province of Nicaragua
2 Jul 1823 Incorporation into Mexico.
22 Apr 1825 State of Nicaragua (constituent state of Central American
Federation; see under Guatemala).
30 Apr 1838 Separation from the Federation sanctioned; promulgated
2 May 1838 (State of Nicaragua).
28 Feb 1854 Republic of Nicaragua
17 Sep 1896 State of Nicaragua
1 Dec 1898 Republic of Nicaragua

De facto rulers
1 Jan 1937 - 29 Sep 1956 Anastasio "Tacho" Somoza Garc�a (b. 1896 - d. 1956) Mil/PLN
(chief director of National Guard)
28 Sep 1956 - 13 Apr 1967 Luis Anastasio Somoza Debayle (b. 1922 - d. 1967) PLN
(acting [for Somoza Garc�a] to 29 Sep 1956)
13 Apr 1967 - 16 Jul 1979 Anastasio "Tachito" de Jes�s (b. 1925 - d. 1980) Mil/PLN
Somoza Debayle
(chief director of National Guard)

Superior Political Chief and Intendant
11 Feb 1824 - 4 May 1824 Jos� Justo Milla Pineda Arriaga (b. 1794 - d. 1838) Fed
(appointed by Federal Government)
Pacificador of Nicaragua and Supreme Government Commissioner
10 Oct 1824 - 22 Apr 1825 Manuel Arz� y N�jera (b. 1775 - d. 1835) Fed
(appointed by Federal Government)
President of the General Governing Junta
12 Nov 1824 - 26 Dec 1824 Manuel Arz� y N�jera (s.a.) Fed
(with representatives of the Juntas of Le�n,
Granada, Managua, and El Viejo having
declined participation; dissolved by
order of the Federal Government)
Chiefs (often styled Supreme Chiefs, a term not mentioned in the constitution)
22 Apr 1825 - 22 Apr 1826 Manuel Antonio de la Cerda y (b. 1780 - d. 1828) Fed
Aguilar (1st time)
22 Apr 1826 - 14 Sep 1827 Juan Arg�ello del Castillo y (b. 1778 - d. 1830) Fed
Guzm�n (1st time)
(acting [for suspended Cerda from Nov 1825] to 13 Aug 1826)
17 Sep 1826 - 26 Feb 1827 Pedro Benito Pineda de Le�n (d. 1827) Con
(acting, in dissidence, at Granada)
27 Feb 1827 - 7 Nov 1828 Manuel Antonio de la Cerda y (s.a.) Fed
Aguilar (2nd time)
(in dissidence except at Le�n and Granada)
14 Sep 1827 - Dec 1827 Pedro Oviedo de Chinandega (b. 1792 - d. 1842) Con
(provisional)
under the authority of:
Jos� Anacleto "Cleto" Ord��ez (b. 1778 - d. 1830) Mil/PD
(Commandant-General)
Dec 1827 - Aug 1828 chaos in Le�n and Granada; sources mention
governing juntas, but no detail is available
5 Aug 1828 - Apr 1829 Juan Arg�ello del Castillo y (s.a.) Fed
Guzm�n (2nd time)
Apr 1829 - 10 May 1830 Juan Espinosa (acting) Con
10 May 1830 - Nov 1833 Jos� Dionisio de la Trinidad de (b. 1781 - d. 1850) Con
Herrera y D�az del Valle
(resignation accepted 1 Mar 1833, rescinded 4 Mar 1833)
Dec 1833 - 10 Mar 1834 Benito Morales (acting) (b. 1803 - d. 1889) Fed
10 Mar 1834 - 23 Apr 1835 Jos� N��ez (1st time)(acting) (b. 1800 - d. 1880) PC
23 Apr 1835 - 25 Jan 1837 Jos� Zepeda (b. 1784 - d. 1837) PC
25 Jan 1837 - 5 Jan 1839 Jos� N��ez (2nd time) (s.a.) PC
Directors (from May 1839, styled Supreme Directors, a term not mentioned in constitution)
5 Jan 1839 - 1839 Evaristo Rocha (acting) PC
1839 - 15 May 1839 Joaqu�n del C�sio (1st time) (b. 1789 - d. 18..) PC
(acting)
15 May 1839 - 21 May 1839 Patricio Rivas (1st time) (b. 1810? - d. 1867) PC
(provisional)
21 May 1839 - Oct 1839 Joaqu�n del C�sio (2nd time) (s.a.) PC
Oct 1839 - Nov 1839 Hilario Ulloa PC
Nov 1839 - 27 Aug 1840 Tom�s Valladares PC
27 Aug 1840 - Mar 1841 Patricio Rivas (2nd time) (s.a.) PC
4 Mar 1841 - 1 Apr 1843 Pablo S�nchez de Buitrago (b. 1807 - d. 1882) PC
Sandoval y Benavent
(usually Pablo Buitrago y Benavent)
1 Apr 1843 - 31 May 1843 Juan de Dios Orozco (acting) PC
31 May 1843 - 4 Nov 1844 Manuel P�rez (b. 1800? - d. 1845) PC
4 Nov 1844 - 24 Jan 1845 Emiliano Madriz (acting) (b. 1800 - d. 1844) PC
16 Dec 1844 - 20 Jan 1845 Silvestre Selva Sacasa (b. 1777 - d. 1855) PC
(acting, in dissidence in Masaya)
20 Jan 1845 - 4 Apr 1845 Manuel Antonio Blas S�enz PC
(acting, in dissidence to 24 Jan 1845)
4 Apr 1845 - 1 Apr 1847 Jos� Le�n Sandoval (b. 1789 - d. 1847) PR
1 Apr 1847 - 6 Apr 1847 Miguel Ram�n Morales (acting) (b. 1787 - d. 1855) PR
6 Apr 1847 - 1 Jan 1849 Jos� de la Cruz Guerrero de Arcos (b. 1799 - d. 1853) PR
y Molina
1 Jan 1849 - 8 Mar 1849 Bernardo Toribio Ter�n Prado (b. 1785 - d. 18..) PC
(acting)
8 Mar 1849 - 1 Apr 1849 Jos� Benito Rosales y Sandoval (b. 1795 - d. 1850) PC
(acting)
1 Apr 1849 - 1 Apr 1851 Norberto Ram�rez �reas (b. 1800 - d. 1856) PC
1 Apr 1851 - 5 May 1851 Jos� Justo Abaunza y Mu�oz de (b. 1777 - d. 1873) PC
Avil�s (1st time) (acting)
5 May 1851 - 4 Aug 1851 Jos� Laureano Pineda Ugarte (b. 1802 - d. 1853) PD
(1st time)
5 Aug 1851 - 11 Nov 1851 Jos� Justo Abaunza y Mu�oz de (s.a.) PC
Avil�s (2nd time)
(in dissidence, in L�on)
6 Aug 1851 - 12 Aug 1851 Jos� Francisco del Montenegro (b. 1800 - d. 1851) PD
(acting)
12 Aug 1851 - 2 Nov 1851 Jos� de Jes�s Alfaro (acting) (b. 1800 - d. 1855) PD
2 Nov 1851 - 1 Apr 1853 Jos� Laureano Pineda Ugarte (s.a.) PD
(2nd time)
1 Apr 1853 - 28 Feb 1854 Jos� Fruto Chamorro P�rez (b. 1804 - d. 1855) PD
Presidents
28 Feb 1854 - 12 Mar 1855 Jos� Fruto Chamorro P�rez (s.a.) PD
12 Mar 1855 - 20 Mar 1855 Ponciano Corral Acosta (de facto) (b. 1805 - d. 1855) Mil
12 Mar 1855 - 25 Oct 1855 Jos� Mar�a Estrada Reyes (acting) (b. 1802 - d. 1856) Mil
30 Oct 1855 - 24 Jun 1857 Patricio Rivas (provisional) (s.a.) PC
24 Jun 1857 - 15 Nov 1857 Supreme Government
- Tom�s Mart�nez Guerrero (b. 1820 - d. 1873) PC
- M�ximo Jos� de Jes�s Jerez y (b. 1818 - d. 1881) PL
Teller�a
- Gregorio Ju�rez Sacasa (b. 1800 - d. 1879) PD
(acting for Mart�nez19 Oct - 15 Nov 1857)
- Rosal�o Cort�s S�nchez (b.c.1820 - d. 1884) PC
(acting for Jerez 19 Oct - 15 Nov 1857)
15 Nov 1857 - 1 Mar 1867 Tom�s Mart�nez Guerrero (s.a.) PC
1 Mar 1867 - 1 Mar 1871 Fernando Guzm�n Sol�rzano (b. 1812 - d. 1891) PC
29 Jun 1869 M�ximo Jos� de Jes�s Jerez y (s.a.) PL
Teller�a (provisional; in dissidence in Le�n)
29 Jun 1869 - 24 Oct 1869 Francisco Antonio Abad Baca (b. 1822 - d. 1901) PD
Aguilar (provisional; in dissidence in Le�n)
1 Mar 1871 - 1 Mar 1875 Jos� Vicente de la Quadra y Rui (b. 1812 - d. 1894) PC
Lugo
1 Mar 1875 - 1 Mar 1879 Pedro Joaqu�n Chamorro Alfaro (b. 1818 - d. 1890) PD
1 Mar 1879 - 1 Mar 1883 Joaqu�n Zavala Sol�s (1st time) (b. 1835 - d. 1906) PD
1 Mar 1883 - 1 Mar 1887 Ad�n C�rdenas y del Castillo (b. 1836 - d. 1916) PD
1 Mar 1887 - 1 Aug 1889 Evaristo Carazo Aranda (b. 1821 - d. 1889) PD
1 Aug 1889 - 6 Aug 1889 David Nicol�s Osorno Arana (acting)(b. 1845 - d. 1918) PC
6 Aug 1889 - 1 Jun 1893 Roberto Sacasa Sarria (b. 1840 - d. 1896) PC
25 Dec 1890 - 1 Mar 1891 Ignacio Ch�vez L�pez (acting) PC
(acting for Sacasa)
30 Apr 1893 - 20 May 1893 Eduardo Montiel Cerda (b. 1835 - d. 1900) Mil
(commandant of the Army Restoring Order; in dissidence)
20 May 1893 - 1 Jun 1893 Revolutionary Government Junta
(in dissidence)
- Joaqu�n Zavala Sol�s (s.a.) PC
- Eduardo Montiel Cerda (s.a.) PC
- Jos� Santos Zelaya L�pez (b. 1853 - d. 1919) PL
1 Jun 1893 - 12? Jul 1893 Salvador Machado Ag�ero (b. 1838 - d. 1925) PC
12 Jul 1893 - 16 Jul 1893 Government Junta
- Jos� Miguel Vijil Ram�rez (b. 1833 - d. 1909)
- Francisco del Castillo
- Luciano G�mez Escobar (b. 1847 - d. 1919)
16 Jul 1893 - 31 Jul 1893 Joaqu�n Zavala Sol�s (2nd time) (s.a.) PC
31 Jul 1893 - 21 Dec 1909 Jos� Santos Zelaya L�pez (s.a.) PL
(president of Government Junta [in dissidence from
11 Jul 1893] to 15 Sep 1893; governor 1 Nov - 1 Dec 1898)
24 Feb 1896 - May 1896 Juan Francisco Baca Ycaza (b. 1855 - d. 1917) PL
(acting; in dissidence)
3 Feb 1899 - 26 Feb 1899 Juan Pablo Reyes Sol�s (b. bf.1848-d. 1928) PL
(provisional; in dissidence)
21 Dec 1909 - 20 Aug 1910 Jos� Madriz Rodr�guez (b. 1867 - d. 1911) PL
20 Aug 1910 - 26 Aug 1910 Jos� Dolores Estrada Morales (b. 1869 - d. 1939) PC
(acting)
11 Oct 1909 - 9 May 1911 Juan Jos� Estrada Morales (b. 1872 - d. 1947) PL
(provisional [in dissidence to 21 Aug 1910]
to 31 Dec 1910; enters Managua 28 Aug 1911)
9 May 1911 - 1 Jan 1917 Adolfo D�az Recinos (1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1964) PC
3 Aug 1912 - Oct 1912 Marcos Mairena PC
(provisional; in dissidence)
23 Sep 1912 - 4 Oct 1912 Benjam�n Francisco Zeled�n (b. 1879 - d. 1912) Mil/PL
Rodr�guez
(supreme chief of government; in dissidence)
1 Jan 1917 - 1 Jan 1921 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (1st time)(b. 1871 - d. 1966) PC
1 Jan 1921 - 12 Oct 1923 Diego Manuel Chamorro Bola�os (b. 1861 - d. 1923) PC
12 Oct 1923 - 15 Oct 1923 Rosendo Chamorro Oreamuno (acting) (b. 1882 - d. 1947) PC
15 Oct 1923 - 1 Jan 1925 Bartolom� Mart�nez Gonz�lez (b. 1860 - d. 1936) PRC
1 Jan 1925 - 13 Mar 1926 Carlos Jos� Sol�rzano Guti�rrez (b. 1860 - d. 1936) PRC
13 Mar 1926 - 11 Nov 1926 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (2nd time)(s.a.) PC
11 Nov 1926 - 14 Nov 1926 Sebasti�n Uriza Vega (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1926) PC
14 Nov 1926 - 1 Jan 1929 Adolfo D�az Recinos (2nd time) (s.a.) PC
1 Dec 1926 - 20 May 1927 Juan Bautista Sacasa Sacasa (b. 1874 - d. 1946) PL
(1st time)(in dissidence, in Puerto Cabezas)
1 Jan 1929 - 1 Jan 1933 Jos� Mar�a Moncada Tapia (b. 1870 - d. 1945) PL
1 Jan 1933 - 9 Jun 1936 Juan Bautista Sacasa Sacasa (s.a.) PL
(2nd time)
9 Jun 1936 Juli�n Ir�as Sandre (acting) (b. 1873 - d. 1940) PL
9 Jun 1936 Guillermo Sevilla Sacasa (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1997) PLN
(not installed)
9 Jun 1936 - 1 Jan 1937 Carlos Alberto Brenes Jarqu�n (b. 1884 - d. 1942) PL
(acting)
1 Jan 1937 - 1 May 1947 Anastasio "Tacho" Somoza Garc�a (s.a.) Mil/PLN
(1st time)
1 May 1947 - 26 May 1947 Leonardo Arg�ello Barreto (b. 1875 - d. 1947) PLN
26 May 1947 - 15 Aug 1947 Benjam�n Lacayo Sacasa (b. 1884 - d. 1959) PLN
15 Aug 1947 - 6 May 1950 V�ctor Manuel Rom�n y Reyes (b. 1873 - d. 1950) PLN
6 May 1950 - 7 May 1950 Manuel Fernando Zurita (acting) (b. 1918 - d. 1986) PLN
(not installed)
7 May 1950 - 29 Sep 1956 Anastasio "Tacho" Somoza Garc�a (s.a.) Mil/PLN
(2nd time)
28 Sep 1956 - 1 May 1963 Luis Anastasio Somoza Debayle (s.a.) PLN
(acting [for Somoza Garc�a] to 29 Sep 1956)
1 May 1963 - 3 Aug 1966 Ren� Schick Guti�rrez (b. 1909 - d. 1966) PLN
3 Aug 1966 Orlando Montenegro Medrano (acting)(b. 1922 - d. 1988) PLN
3 Aug 1966 - 1 May 1967 Lorenzo Guerrero Guti�rrez (b. 1900 - d. 1981) PLN
1 May 1967 - 1 May 1972 Anastasio de Jes�s "Tachito" (s.a.) Mil/PLN
Somoza Debayle (1st time)
1 May 1972 - 1 Dec 1974 National Government Junta
- Roberto Mart�nez Lacayo (b. 1899 - d. 1984) PLN/Mil
- Fernando Bernab� Ag�ero Rocha (b. 1920 - d. 2011) PC + UNO
(to 1 Mar 1973)
- Alfonso Lovo Cordero (b. 1927 - d. 2018) PLN
- Edmundo Paguaga Ir�as (b. 1923 - d. 2008) PC
(from 1 Mar 1973)
1 Dec 1974 - 16 Jul 1979 Anastasio de Jes�s "Tachito" (s.a.) Mil/PLN
Somoza Debayle (2nd time)
16 Jul 1979 - 18 Jul 1979 Francisco Urcuyo Malia�o (b. 1915 - d. 2001) PLN
18 Jul 1979 - 10 Jan 1985 Government Junta of National Reconstruction - Jos� Daniel Ortega Saavedra (b. 1945) FSLN
(coordinator from 4 Mar 1981)
- Sergio Ram�rez Mercado (b. 1942) FSLN
- Violeta Barrios Torres de (b. 1929) UDEL
Chamorro (f) (to 19 May 1980)
- Luis Alfonso Robelo Callejas (b. 1939) MDN
(to 19 May 1980)
- Anuar Mois�s Hass�n Morales (b. 1942) MPU
(to 4 Mar 1981)
- Rafael �ngel C�rdova Rivas (b. 1923 - d. 2009) PCD
(from 19 May 1980)
- Arturo Jos� Cruz Porras (b. 1923 - d. 2013) FSLN
(19 May 1980 - 4 Mar 1981)
10 Jan 1985 - 25 Apr 1990 Jos� Daniel Ortega Saavedra (s.a.) FSLN
(1st time)
25 Apr 1990 - 10 Jan 1997 Violeta Barrios Torres de (s.a.) UNO
Chamorro (f)
10 Jan 1997 - 10 Jan 2002 Jos� Arnoldo Alem�n Lacayo (b. 1946) PLC + AL
10 Jan 2002 - 10 Jan 2007 Enrique Jos� Bola�os Geyer (b. 1928 - d. 2021) PLC
10 Jan 2007 - Jos� Daniel Ortega Saavedra (s.a.) FSLN
(2nd time)

Co-President
30 Jan 2025 - Rosario Mar�a Murillo Zambrana (f) (b. 1951) FSLN

U.S. Military Commanders Forces
31 May 1910 - 5 Sep 1910 Smedley Darlington Butler (b. 1881 - d. 1940)
4 Sep 1912 - 18 Oct 1912 Joseph Henry Pendleton (1st time) (b. 1860 - d. 1942)
19 Oct 1912 - 31 Oct 1912 Charles G. Long (b. 1869 - d. 1943)
1 Nov 1912 - 7 Dec 1912 Joseph Henry Pendleton (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Dec 1912 - 6 Jan 1913 William Nessler McKelvy (b. 1869 - d. 1933)
Commanding Officers of U.S. Marine Corps Detachment, American Legation, Managua
9 Jan 1913 - Jul 1913 Edward Alonzo Greene (b. 1875 - d. 1957)
28 Jul 1913 - 1916 Presley Marion Rixey, Jr. (b. 1879 - d. 1953)
7 Jan 1916 - 16 Apr 1918 Hamilton Disston South (b. 1880 - d. 1931)
1918 - Mar 1919 William Sloane Harrison (b. 1882 - d. 1933)
1919 - 1921 James Latham Underhill (b. 1891 - d. 1991)
1921 - 30 Apr 1921 Nimmo Old, Jr. (b. 1896 - d. 1959)
30 Apr 1921 - 1922 Wilbur Thing (b. 1882 - d. 1952)
6 Mar 1922 - Mar 1924 John Marston (b. 1884 - d. 1957)
1924 Thomas Eugene Bourke (acting?) (b. 1896 - d. 1978)
15 Mar 1924 - 3 Aug 1925 Ralph Stover Keyser (b. 1883 - d. 1955)
1925 - 1927 Post abolished
20 Feb 1927 - 7 Mar 1927 Clark Howell Woodward (b. 1877 - d. 1968)
7 Mar 1927 - 24 Aug 1927 Logan Feland (1st time) (b. 1869 - d. 1936)
25 Aug 1927 - 15 Jan 1928 Louis Mason Gulick (b. 1879 - d. 1933)
16 Jan 1928 - 26 Mar 1929 Logan Feland (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Mar 1929 - 18 Apr 1929 Robert Henry Dunlap (b. 1879 - d. 1931)
18 Apr 1929 - 4 Jun 1930 Dion Williams (b. 1869 - d. 1952)
26 Jun 1930 - 26 Nov 1931 Frederic Leison Bradman (b. 1879 - d. 1965)
26 Nov 1931 - 1 Jan 1933 Randolph Carter Berkeley (b. 1875 - d. 1960)

Territorial Disputes: Nicaragua and Costa Rica regularly file border dispute cases with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) over the delimitations of the San Juan River and the northern tip of Calero Island, virtually uninhabited areas claimed by both countries; there is an ongoing case in the ICJ to determine Pacific and Atlantic ocean maritime borders as well as land borders; in 2009, the ICJ ruled that Costa Rican vessels carrying out police activities could not use the river, but official Costa Rican vessels providing essential services to riverside inhabitants and Costa Rican tourists could travel freely on the river; in 2011, the ICJ provisionally ruled that both countries must remove personnel from the disputed area; in 2013, the ICJ rejected Nicaragua's 2012 suit to halt Costa Rica's construction of a highway paralleling the river on the grounds of irreparable environmental damage; in 2013, the ICJ, regarding the disputed territory, ordered that Nicaragua should refrain from dredging or canal construction and refill and repair damage caused by trenches connecting the river to the Caribbean and upheld its 2010 ruling that Nicaragua must remove all personnel; in early 2014, Costa Rica brought Nicaragua to the ICJ over offshore oil concessions in the disputed region; in 2018, the ICJ ruled that Nicaragua must remove a military base from a contested coastal area near the San Juan River, and that Costa Rica had sovereignty over the northern part of Isla Portillos, including the coast, but excluding Harbour Head Lagoon; additionally, Honduras was required to pay reparations for environmental damage to part of the wetlands at the mouth of the San Juan River; in Dec 2007 ICJ allocated San Andres, Providencia, and Santa Catalina islands to Colombia under 1928 Treaty but did not rule on 82 degrees West meridian as maritime boundary boundary with Nicaragua; on 19 Nov 2012 in regards to Nicaraguan claims over both Bajo Nuevo and Serranilla Banks the ICJ upheld Colombia's sovereignty over both banks;
Nicaragua filed a case with the ICJ against Colombia in 2013 over the delimitation of the Continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan coast, as well as over the alleged violation by Colombia of Nicaraguan maritime space in the Caribbean Sea, which contains rich oil and fish resources; as of Sep 2021, Colombia refuses to abide by the ICJ ruling; the 1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca, which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; the court ruled, rather, that the Gulf of Fonseca represents a condominium, with control being shared by El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua; the decision allowed for the possibility that the three nations could divide the waters at a later date if they wished to do so.

Party abbreviations: FSLN = Frente Sandinista de Liberaci�n Nacional (Sandinist National Liberation Front, socialist, est.1961); MPU = Movimiento Pueblo Unido (United People's Movement, lefist, est.1978); PCN = Partido Conservador de Nicaragua (Conservative Party of Nicaraguan, conservative, est.1979); PLC = Partido Liberal Constitucionalista (Constitutionalist Liberal Party, liberal conservative, est.1968); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: **AL = Alianza Liberal (Liberal Alliance, coalition PL, PLC, Partidos Neoliberal [PALI], Liberal Independiente de Unidad Nacional [PLIUN] and the Liberal Nacionalista [PLN], est.1994); Con = Conservador (Conservative, 19th cent.); Fed = Federalista (Federalist, 19th cent.); MDN = Movimiento Democr�tico Nicarag�ense (Nicaraguan Democratic Movement, right-wing, social democratic, 1989-2004); NPF = Frente Patri�tico Nacional (National Patriotic Front, anti-PLN coalition incl. FSLN, MPU, est.1979); PC = Partido Conservador (Conservative Party, conservative, c.1830-1979, then PCN); PD =Partido Democr�tico (Democratic Party, liberal, 1821-1893, renamed PL); PL = Partido Liberal (Liberal Party, liberal, former PD, 1893-1928, merged into PLN); PLN = Partido Liberal Nacionalista (Liberal Nationalist Party, conservative, nationalist, authoritarian, from 1937 Somoza pesonalist, 1912-1979); PR= Partido Republicano (Republican Party, conservative, 1844-1857); PRC =Partido Republicano Conservador (Conservative Republican Party, conservative, split from PC, 1923-1927); UDEL = Uni�n Democr�tica de Liberaci�n (Democratic Union of Liberation, conservative,est.1974); UNO = Uni�n Nacional Opositora (National Opposition Union, conservative coalition, 1989anti-Sandinista, incl. PCN, PLC, 1966-1974, 1989-1994)

Rival government: State of Nicaragua (in Le�n)

11 Jun 1854 - 30 Oct 1855

Directors
11 Jun 1854 - 2 Sep 1855 Francisco Castell�n Sanabria (b. 1815 - d. 1855) PD
(provisional to 1 Apr 1855)
2 Sep 1855 - 30 Oct 1855 Nazario Escoto (acting) (b. c.1810-d. c.1880)PD

Rival government: Republic of Nicaragua (in Granada)

1856 - 1 May 1857

Presidents
21 Jun 1856 - 12 Jul 1856 Ferm�n Ferrer (provisional) (b. 1823 - d. 1897) PC
12 Jul 1856 - 1 May 1857 Guillermo Walker Norvell (b. 1824 - d. 1860) Mil
(= William Walker Norvell)

Rival government: Republic of Nicaragua (in Somotillo)

29 Jun 1856 - 12 Sep 1856

Presidents
29 Jun 1856 - 13 Aug 1856 Jos� Mar�a Estrada Reyes (acting) (b. 1802 - d. 1856) PC
13 Aug 1856 - 12 Sep 1856 Nicasio del Castillo y Guzm�n (b. 1816 - d. 1884) PC
(acting)

Mosquito (Mosquito Coast)

1661 Mosquitian Nation established as a kingdom.
25 Jun 1720 First formal agreement with the British.
16 Mar 1740 British protectorate (under superintendent of British Honduras
1749 - 1786).
14 Jul 1786 British recognize Spanish sovereignty over the Mosquito Shore by
the Mosquito Convention (ratified 1 Sep 1786).
1787 - 1800 Attempted Spanish settlements (at R�o Tino [29 Aug 1787-4 Sep 1800]
Cabo Grac�as � Dios [18 Aug 1788-1795], and Boca de R�o San
Juan [21 Oct 1789 - ....]).
9 Apr 1844 British protectorate re-established (under the governor of Jamaica)
8 Feb 1848 San Juan del Norte (renamed Greytown) seized by U.K. and given
to the Mosquito.
28 Nov 1859 Mosquito territory in Honduras is annexed to Honduras by the
Anglo-Honduran Treaty of Comayagua.
28 Jan 1860 U.K agrees to end protectorate by the Treaty of Managua
(ratified by the U.K. on 2 Aug 1860).
12 Sep 1861 Kingdom transformed into Mosquito Reservation under
Nicaraguan sovereignty (Municipal Constitution of the Mosquito
Reserve is proclaimed).
12 Feb 1894 - 6 Jul 1894 Nicaragua occupies Bluefields.
6 Jul 1894 - 7 Aug 1894 U.S. occupies Bluefields.
7 Aug 1894 Reservation abolished (ratified 28 Feb 1895), with full
incorporation into Nicaragua.
19 Apr 1905 U.K. acknowledges the full sovereignty of Nicaragua over the
Miskito lands by treaty.

Kings�
1661 - 1677 Oldman I
1677 - 1686 Oldman II (d. 1686)
1686 - 1720 Jeremy I (b. c.1639 - d. 1720)
1720 - Oct 1729 Jeremy II (d. 1729)
Oct 1729 - May 1739 Peter -King-regent (d. 1739)
May 1739 - Jan 1755 Edward I (b. 1721 - d. 1755)
Jan 1755 - Jan 1776 George I Samuel Roderick Kandler (b. c.1722 - d. 1776)
Jan 1776 - Oct 1800 George II Augustus (b. 1757 - d. 1800)
(suspended by British Oct 1778 - Nov 1779)
Oct 1800 - 14 Nov 1815 Stephen -King-regent (1st time) (b. c.1758 - d. af.1825)
14 Nov 1815 - 9 Mar 1824 George III Frederick Augustus (b. 1797 - d. 1824)
9 Mar 1824 - 8 Oct 1841 Robert Charles Frederick (b. 1800 - d. 1841)
9 Mar 1824 - 23 Apr 1825 Stephen -Regent (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Oct 1841 - 4 May 1843 Archibald Alexander Macdonald (d. c.1850)
(chairman Regency Commission)
4 May 1843 - 17 Apr 1845 Regency
- Prince Wellington
- Lowry Robinson
- Johnson (to 1843)
17 Apr 1845 - 12 Sep 1861 George IV Augustus Frederick (b. 1832 - d. 1865)
Hereditary Chiefs and Presidents of the Executive Council�
12 Sep 1861 - 27 Nov 1865 George IV Augustus Frederick (s.a.)
27 Nov 1865 - 23 May 1866 Henry Patterson (d. 1874)
(vice-president of the Council)
23 May 1866 - 5 May 1879 William Henry Clarence (b. 1856 - d. 1879)
5 May 1879 - 17 Jun 1879 Charles Patterson (1st time)
(vice-president of the Council)
17 Jun 1879 - 8 Nov 1888 George V William Albert Hendy (b. 18.. - d. 1888)
8 Nov 1888 - 8 Mar 1889 Andrew Hendy (1st time) (b. 18.. - d. 1914)
(in opposition; proclaimed by Nicaragua)
8 Nov 1888 - 8 Mar 1889 Charles Patterson (2nd time)
(vice-president of the Council)
8 Mar 1889 - 11 Nov 1890 Jonathan Charles Frederick (b. 1865 - d. 1890)
11 Nov 1890 - 30 Jan 1891 Charles Patterson (3rd time)
(vice-president of the Council)
30 Jan 1891 - 7 Aug 1894 Robert Henry Clarence (b. 1872 - d. 1908)
(deposed by Nicaragua 12 Feb - 6 Jul 1894,
restored in dissidence 20 Nov 1894)
30 Jan 1891 - 6 Sep 1893 Charles Patterson -Guardian
(vice-president of the Council)
7 Aug 1894 - 28 Feb 1895 Andrew Hendy (2nd time) (s.a.)
(proclaimed by Nicaragua)

Chairmen of the State Council
10 Sep 1846 - Feb 1848 Patrick Walker (d. 1848)
1848 - Jun 1849 William Dougal Christie (b. 1816 - d. 1874)
Vice Presidents of the Executive Council
13 Sep 1861 - 1874 Henry Patterson (s.a.)
1874 - 7 Aug 1894 Charles Patterson

British Superintendents on the Mosquito Shore
1749 - 1787 the Superintendents of British Honduras
Spanish Representative
1787 - 1790 Robert Hodgson, Jr. (b. 1725/30 - d. 1791)
Commandants
- Ft. Inmaculada -
1782 - 31 Aug 1782Tom�s de Juli�
- R�o Tino -
1787 - 17.. Gabriel de Herv�as
c.1791 Tadeo Muniesa
c.1793 Antonio de Echeverr�a
- Cabo Grac�as � Dios -
1788 - 17.. Miguel S�nchez Pareja
c.1792 Manuel Salas
c.1794 Lu�s Abella
- Boca de R�o San Juan -
1789 - .... Manuel Fernando Dambrine
British Agents and Consul-generals to Mosquito Shore
9 Apr 1844 - Feb 1848 Patrick Walker (s.a.)
25 May 1848 - Jun 1849 William Dougal Christie (s.a.)
1849 - Sep 1851 James Green (acting)
British Consul Sep 1851 - 1860 James Green

�Style of the rulers:
(a) c.1661 - 16 May 1740: "King of the Mosquito Nation";
(b) 16 May 1740 - 28 Jan 1860: "By the Grace of God, King of the Mosquito Nation";
(c) 28 Jan 1860 - 28 Feb 1895: "Hereditary Chief of Mosquito, President of the Executive Council."

� Ben Cahoon