Somalia (original) (raw)

Somalia

Adopted 1 Jul 1960	Variant from 1 Aug 2012

Map of Somalia	Hear National Anthem "Qolobaa Calankeed" (Every Nation has its Own Flag) Adopted 1 Aug 2012	Hear Former Anthem "Soomaaliya Ha Noolaato" (Long Live Somalia) (1 Jul 1960 - 2000) ----------------------------------- Hear Former Anthem "Soomaaliyeey Toosoo" (Somalia Wake Up) (2000 - 1 Aug 2012)	Constitution (2 Aug 2012; provisional) ----------------------------------- Former Constitutions (Feb 2004 - 1 Aug 2012; 23 Sep 1979 - 1991; 20 Jul 1961 - 14 Oct 1969)
Capital: Mogadishu (Muqdisho) (Jowhar [Jowhaar] 2005-2006, Baidoa [Baydhabo] 2006-2007, Mogadiscio 1893-1960)	Currency: Somali Shilling (SOS); 1950-1960 Somali Somalo (SOIS); 1941-1950 East Africa Shilling (XEAS); 1936-41 Italian East Africa Lira (AOLI); 1925-36 Italian Lira (XITL); 1920-1925 Italian Somaliland Rupiah (SOIR)	National Holiday: 1 Jul (1960) Foundation of the Somali Republic	Population:13,017,273 (2024)
GDP: 26.4billion(2023)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:26.4 billion (2023)	Exports: 26.4billion(2023)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:214 million (2022) Imports: $1.44 billion (2022)	Ethnic groups: Somali 92.4%, Arab 2.2%, Afar 1.3%, other 4.1% (2000)
Total Armed Forces: 19,800 (2021) (factions and clans maintain independent militias) African Union Force: 14,626 (2023)U.S. Forces: 500 (2023) Merchant marine: 4 ships (2023)	Religions: Muslim 99.9% (Sunni Muslim 98.1%, Shia Muslim 1.2%, Islamic schismatic 0.6%), ethnic religionist 0.1% (2020)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfCFTA (signatory), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AOAD, APM, Arabsat, AU, BTWC (signatory), CAEU (candidate), CCM, CEN-SAD, COMESA, CTBT (signatory), CWC, EAC, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IORA, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NTBT (signatory), OIC, OPCW, OST (signatory), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP,UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Somalia Index	Chronology 11.. - 1704 Mogadishu (Muqdisho) sultanate 1704 - c.1726 Mogadishu under Omani suzerainty. 1821 Barawe (Baraawe) under Omani suzerainty. 1828 - 1861 Mogadishu under Omani suzerainty. 1861 - 16 Jul 1893 Mogadishu under suzerainty of Zanzibar. 17 Oct 1875 - 22 Dec 1875 Kismayu occupied by Egypt under Henry Frederick McKillop Pasha (b. c.1825 - d. 1879) and renamed Pru Ismail (Port Ismail). 7 Sep 1877 Somali Coast Convention signed, U.K. recognizes Egyptian jurisdiction over the Somali coast up to Ras Hafun (Egyptian Somalia) under British protection. 20 Jul 1887 British protectorate declared over the Somali Coast from Ras Jiburti to Bunder Ziadeh. 9 Feb 1889 Italian protectorate over Hobyo (Obbia) sultanate. 7 Apr 1889 Italian protectorate over Majeerteen (Migiurtinia) sultanate. 31 Aug 1889 Imperial British East Africa Company leases the ports of the southern Benadir (Banadir) Coast (Barawa, Marka, Mogadishu, and Warsheikh) north of Juba River from Sultan of Zanzibar, which it then sublets to an Italian company. 18 Nov 1889 British East Africa Company transfers deed to the Benadir ports (s.a.) to Italy. 19 Nov 1889 Italian protectorate over part of the East African Coast declared. 4 Mar 1890 Cession of certain islands and places on Benadir Coast to British East Africa Company by Zanzibar. 12 Aug 1892 Concession to Italy by Sultan of Zanzibar of Benadir ports of Barawa (Brava), Merca (Merka), Mogadishu (Mogadiscio) and Warsheikh (Uarsceik) for 50 years in exchange for an annual rent (ratified 16 Jul 1893), effected 1 Sep 1896. 11 Oct 1893 - 15 Jul 1896 V. Filonardi & Company (Societ� Filonardi e Compagnia) administration over the Benadir Coast. Taking possession of Merca on 11 Oct 1893, Mogadishu on 18 Oct 1893 and Warsheikh on 26 Oct 1893. 16 Jul 1896 - 1 May 1898 Direct rule by Italy. 3 Sep 1897 Italy and Ethiopia border agreement. 1 May 1898 - 15 Mar 1905 Commercial Company of the Benadir (Compagnia Commerciale del Benadir) administration. 13 Jan 1905 Italy purchases sovereignty over the Benadir ports from Zanzibar (effective 8 Jul 1905). 3 Mar 1905 - 1911 Revolt of Sayyid Muhammad `Abd Allah al-Hasan (= Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan) the "Mad Mullah" in Nugal (Noogal). 30 Apr 1908 Italian Somalia (Somalia Italiana) colony. 16 May 1908 Italy and Ethiopia border treaty between Italian Somalia and Ethiopia (ratified 16 Jun 1908). 15 Jan 1935 Italian Somalia part of Italian East Africa with Eritrea (and from 1936 Ethiopia)(seeEthiopia). 1 Jun 1936 Part of Italian East Africa (province of Somalia, formed by the merger of the colony and the Ethiopian region of Ogaden; see Ethiopia). 19 Aug 1940 - 16 Mar 1941 Italian occupation of British Somaliland. 25 Jan 1941 British invasion of Italian Somalia begins (Kismayu occupied 14 Feb 1941, Mogadishu on 25 Feb 1941). 20 Mar 1941 - 1 Apr 1950 British administration of Italian Somalia. 1 Apr 1950 Italian Somalia becomes United Nations trust territory under Italian administration (Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian administration). 26 Jun 1960 Independence of British Somaliland as the State of Somaliland. 1 Jul 1960 Somali Republic (Repubblica Somala)(merger of Somaliland and Somalia into Somali Republic is effected). 31 Jan 1961 Act of Union of Somaliland and Somalia is passed and signed into law (retroactive to 1 Jul 1960). 21 Oct 1969 Somali Democratic Republic (Jamhuuriyadda Dimoqraadiga Soomaaliya = (from 16 Sep 1979) al-Jumhuriyya al-Ṣumal al-Dimuqratiyya). 1 Jan 1973 Introduction of writing system for the Somali language in the Latin alphabet (as prescribed by the Law No. 60 of 21 Oct 1972). 13 Jul 1977 - 15 Mar 1978 Somalia occupies Ethiopia's Ogaden region. 16 Sep 1979 Arabic is recognized as an official language in accordance with Art. 3.2 of Constitution of 1979. 1 Jan 1991 Somalia collapses, no single functioning government. 18 May 1991 Secession of former British Somaliland; as Republic of Somaliland which is proclaimed 24 May 1991 (not internationally recognized). 21 Jul 1991 Somali Republic (Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya = Jumhuriyyat al-Sumsl). 27 Jul 1992 - 27 Aug 2000 United Nations declares Somalia to be a country "without a government." 2 Aug 2012 Federal Republic of Somalia (Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya).
Somalia (from 1960)
Traditional States
Italian Somalia (1889-1960)
Somaliland (1830-1960, from 1991)
Jubaland (1924-1926, 1998-2001. from 2013)
Puntland (1998-)
Southwestern (2002-2005, from 2014)
Galmudug (2006-)
Himan & Heeb (2008-2015)
Hiirraan- Shabelle (2016-)
Khaatumo (2012-2017, from 2023)
Maakhir (2007-2009)
Benadir (2017-)
Historical Maps of Somalia

Italian Somaliland

Commissioner
11 Oct 1893 - 15 Jul 1896Vincenzo Filonardi (b. 1853 - d. 1916)
Royal Commissioners
15 Jul 1896 - 16 Sep 1896 Vincenzo Filonardi (s.a.)
17 Sep 1896 - 26 Nov 1896 Antonio Cecchi (b. 1849 - d. 1896)
26 Nov 1896 - 25 Jan 1897 Emilio Dulio (acting) (b. 1859 - d. 1950)
26 Jan 1897 - 20 Nov 1897 Giorgio Sorrentino (b. 1847 - d. 1919)
Royal Civil and Military Commissioner
20 Nov 1897 - 30 Apr 1898 Emilio Dulio (s.a.)
Royal Commissioner (from 24 Dec 1899, Provisional Consignee)
1 May 1898 - 30 Jun 1901 Emilio Dulio (s.a.)
Governors
1 Jul 1901 - 5 Oct 1903 Emilio Dulio (s.a.)
Jul 1901 - Apr 1902 Igino Badolo (acting for Dulio)
5 Oct 1903 - 11 Nov 1903 Ugo Ferrandi (acting) (b. 1852 - d. 1928)
12 Nov 1903 - 9 Dec 1903 Eugenio Cappello (acting)
9 Dec 1903 - 30 Apr 1905 Alessandro Sapelli (1st time) (b. 1867 - d. 1947)
(acting to 15 Apr 1904)**Royal Commissioners
1 May 1905 - 24 Jan 1906 Luigi Mercatelli (b. 1853 - d. 1922)
25 Jan 1906 - 5 Feb 1906 Alessandro Sapelli (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
5 Feb 1906 - 18 May 1907 Giovanni Cerrina Feroni (acting) (b. 1866 - d. 1952)
Civil C ommissioners
18 May 1907 - 31 Aug 1907 Tommaso Carletti (b. 1860 - d. 1919)
31 Aug 1907 - 18 Jan 1908 Alberto Corsi (acting)
Governors
18 Jan 1908 - 27 Dec 1908 Tommaso Carletti (s.a.)
27 Dec 1908 - 28 Apr 1910 Gino Aroldo Macchioro Vivalba (b. 1874 - d. 1941)
28 Apr 1910 - 16 Sep 1916 Giacomo De Martino (b. 1849 - d. 1921)
16 Sep 1916 - 20 Jun 1920 Giovanni Cerrina Feroni (s.a.)
21 Jun 1920 - 8 Dec 1923 Carlo Ricci Riveri (b. 1860 - d. 1940)
8 Dec 1923 - 5 Jun 1928 Cesare Maria De Vecchi, (b. 1884 - d. 1959)
(from 3 Jul 1925) conte
(from 19 Jul 1925) di Val Cismon
5 Jun 1928 - 30 Jun 1931 Guido Corni (b. 1883 - d. 1946)
1 Jul 1931 - 7 Mar 1935 Maurizio Rava (b. 1878 - d. 1935)
7 Mar 1935 - 22 May 1936 Rodolfo Graziani (b. 1882 - d. 1955)
7 Jan 1936 - 25 May 1936 Angelo De Rubeis (b. 1873 - d. 19..)
(acting [for Graziani to 22 May 1936])
25 May 1936 - 15 Dec 1937 Ruggiero Santini (b. 1870 - d. 1958)
15 Dec 1937 - 11 Jun 1940 Francesco Saverio Caroselli (b. 1887 - d. 1967)
11 Jun 1940 - 31 Jan 1941 Gustavo Pesenti (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1960)
31 Jan 1941 - 20 Mar 1941 Carlo De Simone (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1951)
British General Officer Commanding, East Africa Force
25 Feb 1941 - 20 Mar 1941 Alan Gordon Cunningham (b. 1887 - d. 1983)
Deputy Chief Political Officer 14 Mar 1941 - 3 May 1943 William Eric Halstead Scupham (b. 1893 - d. 1958)
Chief Administrators
3 May 1943 - 1948 Denis Henry Wickham (b. 1895 - d. 1950)
1948 Eric Armar Vully de Candole (b. 1901 - d. 1989)
1948 - 1 Apr 1950 Geoffrey Massey Gamble (b. 1896 - d. 1970)
Administrators
1 Apr 1950 - 1953 Giovanni Fornari (b. 1903 - d. 2000)
1953 - 1957 Enrico Martino (b. 1907 - d. 1981)
1957 - 24 Jul 1958 Enrico Anzilotti (b. 1898 - d. 1983)
24 Jul 1958 - 30 Jun 1960 Mario Di Stefano (b. 1900 - d. 1963)

Prime minister
29 Feb 1956 - 1 Jul 1960 Abdullahi Issa Mahamud (b. 1922 - d. 1988) SYL
(= Cabdillaahi Ciise Maxamuud)

Somalia

Note: Names are given in the English with Somali in parentheses.

Secretary-general and Chairman of the Political Bureau of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party of Somalia
1 Jul 1976 - 27 Jan 1991 Mohamed Siad Barre (b. 1910? - d. 1995)
(= Maxamed Siyaad Barre)

President of the Legislative Assembly (ex officio) 1 Jul 1960 - 1 Jul 1960 Aden Abdullah Osman Dar (b. 1908 - d. 2007) SYL (= Aadan Abdulle Cusmaan Daar)
Presidents
1 Jul 1960 - 10 Jun 1967 Aden Abdullah Osman Dar (s.a.) SYL
(= Aadan Abdulle Cusmaan Daar)
(provisional to 6 Jul 1961)
10 Jun 1967 - 15 Oct 1969 Abdirashid Ali Shermarke (b. 1919 - d. 1969) SYL
(= Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma'arke)
15 Oct 1969 - 21 Oct 1969 Sheikh Moktar Mohamed Hussein (b. 1912 - d. 2012) SYL
(= Sheekh Mukhtaar Maxamed Xuseen)
(president of legislative assembly [ex officio])
President of the Supreme Revolutionary Council
21 Oct 1969 - 1 Jul 1976 Mohamed Siad Barre (s.a.) Mil
(= Maxamed Siyaad Barre)
Presidents
1 Jul 1976 - 27 Jan 1991 Mohamed Siad Barre (s.a.) SRSP
(= Maxamed Siyaad Barre)
29 Jan 1991 - 4 Apr 1997� Ali Mahdi Mohamed (b. 1939 - d. 2021) USC/SSA
(= Cali Mahdi Maxamed)
(interim to 21 Jul 1991)
15 Jun 1995 - 1 Aug 1996� Mohamed Farrah Hassan Aydid (b. 1936 - d. 1996) USC/SNA
(= Maxamed Faarax Xasan Caydiid)
(interim, in opposition)
4 Aug 1996 - 20 Mar 1998� Hussein Mohamed Farrah Aydid (b. 1962) USC/SNA
(= Xuseen Maxamed Faarax Caydiid)
(interim, in opposition)
4 Apr 1997 -(27 Aug 2000) Co-Chairmen of National Salvation Council
Ali Mahdi Mohamed (s.a.) USC/SSA
+ Osman Hassan Ali "Ato" (b. 1940 - d. 2013) USC/SNA
(= Cusmaan Xasan Cali "Caato")
+ Abdulkadir Mohamed Aden "Zobe" (b. 1919 - d. 2002) SDM
(= Cabdiqaadir Maxamed Aadan "Soobe")
+ Abdullahi Yussuf Ahmad (b. 1934 - d. 2012) SSDF
(= Cabdillaahi Yuusuf Axmed)
+ Aden Abdullahi Nur "Gabyow" (b. 1920 - d. 2002) SPM
(= Aadan Cabdillaahi Nuur "Gabyow")
27 Aug 2000 - 14 Oct 2004 Abdiqasim Salad Hassan (b. 1941) Non-party
(= Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan)
(in Arta, Djibouti exile to 14 Oct 2000;
then largely confined to the Mogadishu area)
14 Oct 2004 - 29 Dec 2008 Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (s.a.) SSDF
(= Cabdillaahi Yuusuf Axmed)
(in Nairobi exile to 13 Jun 2005, from 26 Jul 2005 in
Jowhar, from 26 Feb 2006 in Baidoa, from 8 Jan 2007
in Mogadishu)
5 Jun 2006 - 28 Dec 2006 Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed (b. 1964) UIC
(= Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed)
(chairman of the Union of Islamic Courts;
from 24 Jun 2006, chairman of executive
council of the Islamic Courts in Somalia;
controlling Mogadishu and parts of southern Somalia)
29 Dec 2008 - 31 Jan 2009 Sheikh Aden Mohamed Nuur "Madobe" (b. 1956) Non-party
(= Sheekh Aadan Maxamed Nuur "Madoobe")
(acting; in Baidoa, from Jan 2009 in Djibouti exile)
31 Jan 2009 - 20 Aug 2012 Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed (s.a.) Non-party
(= Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed)
20 Aug 2012 - 28 Aug 2012 Muse Hassan Abdulle (acting) (b. 1940)
(= Muuse Xasan Sheekh Sayyid Abdulle)
28 Aug 2012 - 16 Sep 2012 Mohamed Osman Jawari (acting) (b. 1945 - d. 2024) Non-party
(= Maxamed Sheekh Cismaan Jawaari)
16 Sep 2012 - 8 Feb 2017 Hassan Sheikh Mahamud(1st time) (b. 1955) PDP
(= Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud)
8 Feb 2017 - 23 May 2022 Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (b. 1962) Non-party
"Farmajo"
(= Maxamed Cabdillaahi Maxamed "Farmaajo")
23 May 2022 - Hassan Sheikh Mahamud (2nd time) (s.a.) UPD
(= Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud)

Prime ministers
13 Jul 1960 - 14 Jun 1964 Abdirashid Ali Shermarke (s.a.) SYL
(= Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke)
14 Jun 1964 - 15 Jul 1967 Abdirizak Haji Hussein (b. 1924 - d. 2014) SYL
(= Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen)
(acting to 27 Sep 1964)
15 Jul 1967 - 1 Nov 1969 Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal (b. 1928 - d. 2002) SYL
(= Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal)
1 Nov 1969 - 1 Feb 1987 Post abolished
1 Feb 1987 - 3 Sep 1990 Mohamed Ali Samatar (b. 1931 - d. 2016) SRSP
(= Maxamed Cali Samatar)
3 Sep 1990 - 24 Jan 1991 Mohamed Hawadle Madar (b. 1939 - d. 2005) SRSP
(= Maxamed Xawaadle Madar)
24 Jan 1991 - May 1993� Omar Arteh Ghalib (b. 1930 - d. 2020) USC
(= Cumar Carte Qaalib)
(de facto to 3 Jan 1997)
May 1993 - 8 Oct 2000 Vacant�
8 Oct 2000 - 28 Oct 2001 Ali Khalif Galaydh (b. 1941 - d. 2020) Non-party
(= Cali Khaliif Galaydh)
(in Djibouti exile to 13 Oct 2000)
28 Oct 2001 - 12 Nov 2001 Osman Jama Ali (acting) (b. 1941) Non-party
(= Cusmaan Jaamac Cali)
12 Nov 2001 - 8 Dec 2003 Hassan Abshir Farah (b. 1945 - d. 2020) Non-party
(= Xasan Abshir Faarax)
8 Dec 2003 - 23 Dec 2004 Mohamed Abdi Yusuf (b. 1941) Non-party
(= Maxamed Cabdi Yuusuf)
23 Dec 2004 - 30 Oct 2007 Ali Mohamed Ghedi (b. 1952) Non-party
(= Cali Maxamed Geedi)
(in Nairobi exile to 18 Jun 2005, then in Jowhar,
from 26 Feb 2006 in Baidoa, from 28 Dec 2006 in Mogadishu)
30 Oct 2007 - 24 Nov 2007 Salim Aliyow Ibrow (acting) (b. 194.) Non-party
(= Saalim Caliyoow Ibroow)
24 Nov 2007 - 14 Feb 2009 Nur Hassan Hussein "Adde" (b. 1938 - d. 2020) Non-party
(= Nuur Xasan Xuseen "Cadde")
(in Mogadishu to Dec 2008, then in Baidoa,
from Jan 2009 in Djibouti exile)
14 Feb 2009 - 24 Sep 2010 Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke (b. 1960) Non-party
(= Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke)
(1st time)
24 Sep 2010 - 1 Nov 2010 Abdiwahid Ilmi Omar Gonjeh (acting) Non-party
(= Cabdiwaaxid Cilmi Cumar "Goonjeex")
1 Nov 2010 - 19 Jun 2011 Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (s.a.) Non-party
"Farmajo"
(= Maxamed Cabdillaahi Maxamed "Farmaajo")
19 Jun 2011 - 17 Oct 2012 Abdiweli Mohamed Ali (b. 1965) Non-party
(= Abdiweli Maxamed Cali)
(acting to 28 Jun 2011)
17 Oct 2012 - 21 Dec 2013 Abdi Farah Shirdon (b. 1958) Non-party
(= Cabdi Faarax Shirdoon)
21 Dec 2013 - 24 Dec 2014 Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed (b. 1959) Non-party
(= Cabdiweli Sheekh Axmed)
24 Dec 2014 - 1 Mar 2017 Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke (s.a.) Non-party
(2nd time)
1 Mar 2017 - 25 Jul 2020 Hassan Ali Khayre (b. 1968) Non-party
(= Xasan Cali Khayre)
25 Jul 2020 - 27 Sep 2020 Mahdi Mohamed Guled (acting) (b. 1973) Non-party
(= Mahdi Maxamed Guuleed)
27 Sep 2020 - 25 Jun 2022 Mohamed Hussein Roble (b. 1963) Non-party
(= Maxamed Xuseen Rooble)
(declared suspended by President 27 Dec 2021 -
10 Jan 2022, not recognized by Roble)
25 Jun 2022 - Hamza Abdi Barre (b. 1973?) UPD
(= Xamse Cabdi Barre)

Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council (SSRC) (counter-government, at Baidoa)

[Somalia flag 1960-2012]

Chairmen (rotating monthly)
26 Mar 2001 - 200.� Hussein Mohamed Farrah Aydid (s.a.) USC/SNA
(= Xuseen Maxamed Faarax Caydiid)
+ Hilowle Iman Omar (b. 1938? - d. 2010) USC
(= Hilowle Iimaan Cumar)
+ Aden Abdullahi Nur "Gabyow" (s.a.) SPM/SSA
(= Aadan Cabdillaahi Nuur "Gabyow")
+ Hassan Mohammed Nur "Shatigadud" (b. 1946 - d. 2013) RRA
(= Xasan Maxamed Nuur "Shaatigaduud")
+ Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail (b. 1940? - d. 2021) SSNM
(= CabdillaahiSheekh Ismaaciil)

Secretaries-general
26 Mar 2001 - Dec 2001? Mowlid Ma'ane Mohamud (b. 19.. - d. 2012) SAMO
(= Mowliid Maane Maxamuud)
Aug? 2002 - 2003 Mohamed Omar Dalha (b. 1954) SAMO/SNA
(= Maxamed Cumar Dalxa)

African Union Missions in Somalia

[African Union flag]

Special Representatives of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission for Somalia and Heads of **African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) Nov 2007 - Nov 2009 Nicolas Bwakira (Burundi) (b. 1941 - d. 2021)
1 Nov 2009 - 1 Nov 2012 Boubacar Gaoussou Diarra (Mali) (b. 1952 - d. 2021)
1 Nov 2012 - 2 Jul 2014 Mahamat Khatir Saleh Annadif (Chad)(b. 1956)
2 Jul 2014 - 1 Oct 2014 Lydia Wanyoto Mutende (f) (Uganda) (b. 1971)
(acting)
1 Oct 2014 - 7 Oct 2015 Maman Sambo Sidikou (Niger) (b. 1949)
4 Dec 2015 - 31 Mar 2022 Francisco Caetano Jos� Madeira (b. 1954)
(Mozambique)
Special Representatives of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission for Somalia and Heads of African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) (from 1 Jan 2025, African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia) 1 Apr 2022 - 2022 Francisco Caetano Jos� Madeira (s.a.)
(Mozambique)
2022 Fiona Lortan (f) (South Africa)
(acting)
1 Sep 2022 - Mohamed El-Amine Souef (Comoros) (b. 1962)

Force Commanders of the African Union Mission in Somalia (1 Apr 2022 - 31 Dec 2024, African Union Transition Mission in Somalia [ATMIS]; from 1 Jan 2025,
African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia [AUSSOM])
14 Feb 2007 - 3 Mar 2008 Levi Karuhanga (Uganda) (b. 1956 - d. 2016)
3 Mar 2008 - 7 Jul 2009 Francis Okello (Uganda)
7 Jul 2009 - 15 Jun 2011 Nathan Mugisha (Uganda)
15 Jun 2011 - 2 May 2012 Fredrick Mugisha (Uganda) (b. 1963)
2 May 2012 - 16 Dec 2013 Andrew Gutti (Uganda)
16 Dec 2013 - 15 Dec 2014 Silas Ntigurirwa (Burundi) (b. 1968)
15 Dec 2014 - 23 Dec 2015 Jonathan Kipkemoi Rono (Kenya)
(acting to Apr 2015)
Dec 2015 - Mar 2016 Nakibus Lakara (Uganda) (acting) (b. 1960)
Mar 2016 - 18 Jul 2016 Mohamedesha Zeyinu (Ethiopia)
(acting)
18 Jul 2016 - 31 Jan 2018 Osman Noor Soubagleh (Djibouti)
31 Jan 2018 - 31 Jan 2019 Jim Besigye Owoyesigire (Uganda) (b. c.1960)
1 Feb 2019 - 31 Aug 2020 Tigabu Yilma Wondimhunegn
(Ethiopia)
31 Aug 2020 - Dec 2022 Diom�de Ndegeya (Burundi) (b. 1963)
2 Feb 2023 - 17 May 2023 Marius Ngendabanka (Burundi) (b. 1974)
(1st time) (acting)
17 May 2023 - 1 Apr 2024 Sam Okiding (Uganda) (b. 1962)
1 Apr 2024 - 29 Jul 2024 Marius Ngendabanka (Burundi) (s.a.)
(2nd time)
29 Jul 2024 - Samuel "Sam" Kavuma (Uganda) (b. 1960)

�From Nov 1991 there was no effective and/or recognized national government; parts of the country were controlled by different warlords, significant among them Mohamed Farrah Hassan Aydid (s.a.), who claimed to be president from 15 Jun 1995 to his death 1 Aug 1996, followed by his son Hussein Mohamed Farrah Aydid (s.a.) 4 Aug 1996 - 20 Mar 1998. De facto the state was in anarchy without any central governmental structures.

�As of Nov 2004, Aydid, Shatigadud, and Ismail were members of Prime Minister Ali Mohamed Ghedi's government.

Territorial Disputes: "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera to landlocked Ethiopia and have established commercial ties with other regional states; "Somaliland" seeks international support in their secessionist aspirations and "Puntland" and "Somaliland" have overlapping border claims; Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed Islamist Courts from Mogadishu in Jan 2007; the border between the Ogaden region of eastern Ethiopia, which is inhabited by ethnic Somalis, and Somalia is only partially demarcated under colonial rule and has been the source of tension for decades; Kenya works hard to prevent the clan and militia fighting in Somalia from spreading south across the border, which has long been open to nomadic pastoralists; in 2015, the Kenyan Government began building a wall along the border to prevent the crossborder movement of militant groups; the boundary separates ethnic Somalis; in Oct 2021, the Somalia-Kenya Indian Ocean boundary dispute was decided by the International Court of Justice; the ruling adjusted the boundary slightly north of Somalia's claim giving Somalia the majority of the contested maritime territory, which is believed to contain rich oil and natural gas deposits; while the decision is legally binding, it has no enforcement mechanism, and Kenya has said it will not abide by it.

Party abbreviations: RRA = Rahanweyn Resistance Army (Raxanweyn clan based, allied with the SDM, fights Aideed controlled militia in the Bakool/Bay regions, est.1995); SAMO = Somali African Muki Organization (represents Bantu minority in the lower Juba Valley, est.1984); SDM = Somali Democratic Movement (Digil/Rahanweyn clan, split 1992 into 2 factions: pro-Ali Mahdi/SSA faction led by bdulkadir Muhammad Aden, and pro-Aydid/SNA faction led by Adam Uthman Abdi and Yasin Ma'alim Abdullahi); SNA = Somali National Alliance (coalition created by M. Aydid from his faction of USC, an SDM faction, Omar Jess' SPM faction and SSNM [withdrew 1993], there is a Gedo based faction led by Col. Isak Bihi, est.1992); SNF = Somali National Front (Siyad Barre personalist, seeks restoration of SRSP government, est.1991); SSA = Somali Salvation Alliance (grouping of 12 anti-Aydid factions, led by Ali Mahdi: USC/SSA, SAMO, SNU, USF, SDA, SDM, SPM, SSDF, SNDU, SNF, SSNM and the Ali Ato faction of the USC/SNA, est.1992); SSIC = Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga (Somali Supreme Islamic Courts Council, Islamist, to 24 Jun 2006 UIC); **SPM =**Somali Patriotic Movement (founded by Omar Jess; Ogaden clan based, divided into 2 factions, one led by Aden Abdullahi Nur "Gabyow" and allied with Morgan, and member of SSA; the other led by Gedi Ugas Madhar allied with USC in SNA, est.1989); SSDF = Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (Somalia Salvation Democratic Front, founded as Democratic Front for Salvation of Somalia, est.1978); SSNM = Somali Salvation National Movement (southern coast based, mainly Bimal/Dir clan, set up under Aydid sponsorship to support Omar Jess' SPM against SNF, part of SNA 1992-93, allied with Ali Mahdi from 1993, member of SSA); UIC = Midowga Maxaakiimta Islaamiga (Union of Islamic Courts, islamist, est.6 Jun 2006); UPD = Xisbiga Midowga Nabadda iyo Horumarka (Union for Peace and Development Party, Islamic democracy, conservative,nationalist, former PDP, est.4 Oct 2018); USC-SNA = United Somali Congress-Somali National Alliance (originally pro-Mohammed Aidid and anti-UN intervention, split from USC, est.Jan 1991); USC/SNA-d = United Somali Congress/Somali National Alliance-dissidents; USC/SSA = United Somali Congress-Somali Salvation Alliance (originally anti-Mohammed Aidid and anti-UN intervention, split from USC, est.Jan 1991); USRP= Unity for the Somali Republic Party (est.1999); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: PDP = Xisbiga Nabadda Iyo Horumarka (Peace and Development Party, Islamic democracy, conservative, economic liberal, Apr 2011-4 Oct 2018, renamed UPD); **SNL = Somali National League (Isaaq clan based, pro-British Somaliland independence, liberal left, named Somaliland National Society 1935-47, pan-Somali nationalist, 1947-Oct 1969); SRSP = Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party, 'scientific socialist' combined socialism and Islam with Marxism, 1 Jul 1976-Jan 1991 only legal party, 1 Jul 1976-Jan 1991); SYL = Ururka Dhalinyarada Soomaaliyeed (Somalia Youth League, pro-independence, Somalia nationalist, conservative, 15 May 1943-Oct 1969); USC = United Somali Congress (anti-Siad Barre, Hawiye clan based, subsequently divided into factions, 1987-1992)

British Somaliland and Somaliland

Map of Somaliland	Hear National Anthem "Samo ku Waar" (Live in Eternal Peace) Adopted 1997	Former National Anthem "Kaana Siib Kanna Saar" (The Somaliland Flag) (26 Jun - 1 Jul 1960)	Constitution (31 May 2001) ------------------------------------- 1960 Constitution (26 Jun 1960-1 Jul 1960)
Capital: Hargeisa (Hargeysa) (Berbera 1870 - Apr 1941)	Currency: Somaliland Shilling (SQS); 1991-94 Somali Shilling (SOS);1941-60 East African Shilling (XEAS); 1884-1940 Indian Rupee (INR)	National Holiday: 26 Jun (1960) Independence Day	Population: 6,200,000 (2024) 650,000 (1959) 347,400 (1936) 153,018 (1905)
GDP: 3.78billion(2022)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:3.78 billion (2022)	Exports: 3.78billion(2022)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:229 million (2020); 2.5million(1953)∗∗Imports∗∗:2.5 million (1953) Imports: 2.5million(1953)∗∗Imports∗∗:1.34 billion (2020); $4.6 million (1953)	Ethnic groups: Somali (mainly Issaq clan, but also Gadabuursi, Ciise, Dhulbahante, and Warsanglei) (1996)
Total Armed Forces: 15,350 (2010) Merchant marine: N/A	Religions: Muslim (Sunni)(official) 99.63%, Christian 0.24%, Hindu 0.08% (2000)
International Organizations/Treaties: None (1960); from 1991: C (observer applicant), UNPO

1546 Ottoman occupation.
1546 - 1548 Rule of the Adal Imams.
1548 Zayla (Zeila)(Saylac) part of the Ottoman Empire.
1630 - 1830 Under the Grand Sharifs of Mecca.
1830 Under de facto hereditary governors.
1870Egypt occupies Berbera and Zayla.
1873 Subordinated to Red Sea province of Egyptian Sudan.
7 Sep 1877 Somali Coast Convention signed, U.K. recognizes Egyptian
jurisdiction over the Somali Coast up to Ras Hafun under
under British protection (not ratified by Ottoman Empire).
Oct 1884 Abandonment by Egypt of the the Somali Coast.
1884 British take over Egyptian administration (Somali Coast).
27 Jan 1886 British protectorate treaties signed with Somali clans (Warsangali
on 27 Jan 1886 [ratified 16 May 1886], Habr Awal on 15 Mar 1886
[ratified 15 Sep 1886]).
20 Jul 1887 British protectorate over the Somali Coast from Ras Jibuti to
Bunder Ziadeh proclaimed (subordinated to British India until
1 Oct 1898)(Somali Coast).
2/9 Feb 1888 Anglo-French agreement on spheres of influence over Somali Coast.
5/25 May 1894 Anglo-Italian agreement on spheres of influence over Somali Coast.
1 Oct 1898 British Protectorate of the Somali Coast.
16 Mar 1900 (British) Somaliland Protectorate.
18 Mar 1902 (British) Somali Coast Protectorate.
1 Apr 1905 (British) Somaliland Protectorate.
3 Mar 1905 - 1911 Revolt of Sayyid Muhammad `Abd Allah al-Hasan "Mad Mullah" in
Nugal (Noogal).
Jan 1932 British Somaliland border with Ethiopia demarcated.
3 Aug 1940 Italian invasion begins (Hargeisa occupied 5 Aug, Berbera 19 Aug).
19 Aug 1940 - 16 Mar 1941 Occupied by Italy.
16 Mar 1941 British re-occupation of Berbera (and Hargeisa on 20 Mar 1941).
26 Jun 1960 Independence of British Somaliland as State of Somaliland.
1 Jul 1960 Unification with Italian Somalia to form Somali Republic.
31 Jan 1961 Act of Union of Somaliland and Somalia is passed and signed
into law (retroactive to 1 Jul 1960).
18 May 1991 Secession of former British Somaliland (regions of Awdal,
Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag and Sool) from Somalia
(not internationally recognized).
24 May 1991 Republic of Somaliland proclaimed (not internationally
recognized).
13 Feb 1995 Awdal Republic declared independence in Awdal region by Issa and
Gadabursi clans (not effected).
8 Sep 2009 Awdalland Republic or Adal State declared separation from
Somaliland by Gadabursi clans, as an autonomous part of Somalia
(not effected).

Governors
1630 - 1830 the Grand Sharifs of Mecca (see Saudi Arabia)
1830 - 1841 Sayyid Muhammad al-Barr
1841 - 1855 Haji Shermarki bin Ali Salil (d. 1861)
(1st time)
1855 - 1857 Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad (1st time)
1857 - 1861 Haji Shermarki bin Ali Salil (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1861 - 1874 Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad (2nd time)
Egyptian commander
1869 - 1870? Ahmad Rashid Husni Pasha (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
Egyptian governors
1870 - 1874? Abdirahman Bey
1874 - 1878 Muhammad Ra'uf Pasha (b. 1832 - d. 1888)
1878 - 1880 Radhwan (Raduan) Pasha
1880 - Dec 1882 Muhammad Nadi Pasha (b. 1836 - d. ....)
Dec 1882 - 1884 Rida Pasha
British Political Agents
Feb 1884 - Feb 1889 Frederick Mercer Hunter (b. 1844 - d. 1898)
Aug 1884 - Feb 1889 Langton Prendergast Walsh (b. 1856 - d. 1827)
(acting for for Hunter)
Feb 1889 - Aug 1893 Edward Vincent Stace (b. 1841 - d. 1903)
(acting to 18..)
Aug 1893 - 18 Nov 1896 Charles William Henry Sealy (b. 1846 - d. 1932)
Mar 1895 - 18 Nov 1895 William Butler Ferris (b. 1851 - d. 1929)
(acting for Sealy)
18 Nov 1896 - 12 Feb 1897 William Butler Ferris (s.a.)
Feb 1897 - 1 Oct 1898 James Hayes Sadler (b. 1851 - d. 1922)
Consuls-general
1 Oct 1898 - 11 Sep 1901 James Hayes Sadler (s.a.)
11 Sep 1901 - 18 Mar 1902 Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux (b. 1870 - d. 1943)
(acting)
Commissioner and Consul -general
18 Mar 1902 - Apr 1905 Eric John Eagles Swayne (b. 1863 - d. 1929)
Commissioners
1 Apr 1905 - Mar 1906 Eric John Eagles Swayne (s.a.)
Mar 1906 - Jul 1907 Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux (s.a.)
(1st time)(acting to Jun 1906)
Jul 1907 - Jan 1908 William Southern Malcolm Jones (b. 1852 - d. 1920)
(acting)
Jan 1908 - Jan 1910 Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Jan 1910 - Jun 1910 Sir William Henry Manning (b. 1863 - d. 1932)
Jun 1910 - Feb 1911 Horace Archer Byatt (1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1933)
Feb 1911 - Aug 1911 Robert Edward Salkeld (acting) (b. 1873 - d. 1927)
Aug 1911 - Jul 1912 Horace Archer Byatt (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jul 1912 - Oct 1912 Geoffrey Francis Archer (1st time) (b. 1882 - d. 1964)
(acting)
Oct 1912 - Jun 1913 Horace Archer Byatt (3rd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1913 - Oct 1913 Geoffrey Francis Archer (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
Oct 1913 - May 1914 Horace Archer Byatt (4th time) (s.a.)
22 May 1914 - Feb 1915 Geoffrey Francis Archer (3rd time) (s.a.)
Feb 1915 - May 1915 Thomas Astley Cubitt (acting) (b. 1871 - d. 1939)
May 1915 - Mar 1916 Geoffrey Francis Archer (4th time) (s.a.)
Mar 1916 - Jun 1916 Gerald Henry Summers (1st time) (b. 1885 - d. 1925)
(acting)
Jun 1916 - Jan 1918 Geoffrey Francis Archer (5th time) (s.a.)
Jan 1918 - May 1918 Gerald Henry Summers (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
May 1918 - Jun 1919 Geoffrey Francis Archer (6th time) (s.a.)
Jun 1919 - Oct 1919 Gerald Henry Summers (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
Governors
23 Oct 1919 - 17 Aug 1922 Geoffrey Francis Archer (s.a.)
(from 5 Jun 1920, Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer)
6 Sep 1922 - 29 Nov 1925 Gerald Henry Summers (s.a.)
(from 3 Jun 1925, Sir Gerald Henry Summers)
29 Nov 1925 - 18 Jun 1932 Harold Baxter Kittermaster (b. 1879 - d. 1939)
(from 4 Jun 1928, Sir Harold Baxter Kittermaster)
(acting to 26 Jan 1926)
Commissioner
21 Jun 1932 - 10 May 1935 Arthur Salisbury Lawrance (b. 1880 - d. 1965)
(from 1 Jan 1934, Sir Arthur Salisbury Lawrance)
Governors
10 May 1935 - 2 Mar 1939 Sir Arthur Salisbury Lawrance (s.a.)
2 Mar 1939 - 18 Aug 1940 Vincent Goncalves Glenday (b. 1891 - d. 1970)
Italian Military governors
19 Aug 1940 - 27 Aug 1940 Guglielmo Nasi (b. 1879 - d. 1971)
(commanding officer Eastern Sector)
27 Aug 1940 - 16 Mar 1941 Carlo De Simone (b. 1885 - d. 1951)
(general officer commanding Somaliland Army
[Esercito del _Somaliland_])
British Military governors
16 Mar 1941 - 23 Mar 1941 George Ranald Macfarlane Reid (b. 1893 - d. 1991)
(air officer commanding British Forces Aden)
23 Mar 1941 - 8 Apr 1941 Ferdinand Lindley Augustus (b. 1888 - d. 1967)
Buchanan (acting)
(general officer commanding 2nd South African Infantry Brigade)
8 Apr 1941 - 3 Mar 1943 Arthur Reginald Chater (b. 1896 - d. 1979)
3 Mar 1943 - 7 Apr 1948 Gerald Thomas Fisher (b. 1887 - d. 1965)
7 Apr 1948 - 15 Jun 1948 Edward Barry (acting) (b. 1896 - d. 1952)
15 Jun 1948 - 14 Nov 1948 Gerald Reece (b. 1897 - d. 1985)
Governors
15 Nov 1948 - 5 Feb 1954 Gerald Reece (s.a.)
(from 8 Jun 1950, Sir Gerald Reece)
5 Feb 1954 - 24 Jun 1959 Sir Theodore Ouseley Pike (b. 1904 - d. 1987)
(from 2 Jan 1956, Sir Theodore Ouseley Pike)
24 Jun 1959 - 11 Jul 1959 Philip Carrel (acting) (b. 1915 - d. 2000)
13 Jul 1959 - 25 Jun 1960 Sir Douglas Basil Hall (b. 1909 - d. 2004)
Prime minister (de facto head of state)
26 Jun 1960 - 1 Jul 1960 Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal (b. 1928 - d. 2002) SNL
(= Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal)
Presidents of the Republic of Somaliland
28 May 1991 - 16 May 1993 Abdurahman Ahmad Ali "Tuur" (b. 1931 - d. 2003) SNM
(= Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali "Tuur")
16 May 1993 - 3 May 2002 Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal (s.a.) SNM;2001 UDUB
(= Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal)
3 May 2002 - 27 Jul 2010 Dahir Riyale Kahin (b. 1952) UDUB
(= Daahir Rayaale Kaahin)
27 Jul 2010 - 14 Dec 2017 Ahmed Mohamed Mohamud "Silanyo" (b. 1936 - d. 2024) KNM
(= Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud "Siilaanyo")
14 Dec 2017 - 12 Dec 2024 Musa Bihi Abdi (b. 1948) KNM
(= Muuse Bixi Cabdi)
12 Dec 2024 - Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi "Irro"(b. 1956) XWS
(= Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdillaahi "Cirro")

Territorial Disputes: Internationally recognized as part of Somalia; territorial dispute with Puntland over eastern Sanaag and Sool provinces; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to land-locked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regional states; "Puntland" secessionists clash with "Somaliland" secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan loyalties, each seeking support from neighboring states.

Party abbreviations: KNM = Kulmiye Nabad, Midnimo iyo Horumar iyo (Solidarity Peace, Unity, and Development Party, "Kulmiye", social liberal, center-left, Somaliland regionalist, est.May 2002); XWS= Xisbiga Waddani ee Somaliland (Patriotic Party of Somaliland, nationalist, populist, Islamic democratic, Somaliland regionalist, split from Justice and Welfare Party [Ururka Caddaalada iyo Daryeelka], est.2012);
- Former parties: SNM = Dhaq Dhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed (Somali National Movement, Isaaq clan-family, anti-Siad Barre 1981-91, Somaliland separatist from 1991, split into pro- and anti-Egal factions 1991-96, est.1981); SNL = Somali National League (Isaaq clan based, pro-British Somaliland independence, liberal left,named Somaliland National Society 1935-47, pan-Somali nationalist, 1947-Oct 1969); UDUB = Ururka Dimuqraadiga Umada Bahawday (For Unity, Democracy, and Independence [also called United Democratic Peoples' Party], nationalist, Islamic democratic, Somaliland regionalist,Jul 2001-Dec 2011)

Jubaland

15 Jul 1924 - 1 Jul 1926	1998 - 11 Jun 1999	1999 - 18 Jun 2001	Adopted 15 May 2013

Map of Jubaland	Capital: Bu'ala (Bu'aale) (from 15 May 2013) (Kismayo [Kismaayo] 1925-1926, 1993-2001)	Constitution(1 Aug 2015, provisional)	Population: 1,360,633 (2014 est.)

1836 - 1861 Coastal area ruled by Oman.
1861 - 1893 Coastal area ruled Zanzibar.
17 Oct 1875 - 22 Dec 1875 Kismayu occupied by Egypt under Henry Frederick
McKillop Pasha (b. c.1825 - d. 1879) and renamed
Pru Ismail (Port Ismail).
24 May 1887 Sultan of Zanzibar leases coastal areas to the British
East Africa Association (from 3 Sep 1888, Imperial British
East Africa Company), effective 15 Oct 1888 (see under Kenya).
1 Jul 1895 Hinterland part of the (British) East Africa Colony
(see Kenya), while the coastal domains of Zanzibar are under
U.K. protectorate are part (British) East Africa Protectorate.
15 Jul 1924 Jubaland (or Trans-Juba) ceded to Italy by Anglo-Italian
convention (ratified 1 May 1925), effected by take 29 Jun 1925.
10 Jul 1925 - 30 Jun 1926 Briefly organized as the Commissariat General of Trans-Juba
(Commissariato generale dell'Oltregiuba).
10 Jun 1926 Annexed to Italian Somalia (published 5 Jul 1925).
3 Sep 1998 Somali National Front and the elders of the Digil and
Rahanwein clans plan to establish a State of Jubaland.
11 Jun 1999 Leader ousted from regional capital Kismayo by the Allied
Somali Forces (ASM)(later called Juba Valley Alliance).
18 Jun 2001 Juba Valley Alliance installs a new administration
supporting the Mogadishu government.
24 Sep 2006 Kismayo taken by troops of the Supreme Islamic Council of
Somalia.
1 Jan 2007 Kismayo taken by forces of the central government.
3 Apr 2011 - 15 My 2013 Azania Region is proclaimed with Mohamed Abdi Mohamed "Gandhi"
(Maxamed Cabdi Maxamed "Gaandi")(b. 1949 - d. 2021) as president,
however it remains largely based in Kenya.
15 May 2013 Jubaland State of Somalia established at Bu'ale.
27 Aug 2013 Agreement between the federal government of Somalia and Juba
delegation to create a Juba interim administration.
20 Jan 2014 Interim Administration of Juba established as recognized by Somali
government.
6 Jun 2015 - 14 Jun 2020 Jubaland breaks ties with central government.
28 Nov 2024 Jubaland breaks ties with central government.

High Commissioner of Trans-Juba
10 Jul 1925 - 31 Dec 1926 Corrado Zoli (b. 1877 - d. 1951)
Chairmen of the Somali National Front
22 Feb 1993 - 11 Jun 1999 Mohamed Said Hersi "Morgan" (b. 1949) Mil/SPM
(= Maxamed Siciid Xirsi "Moorgan")
(briefly recaptures Kismayo 6-7 Aug 2001)
11 Jun 1999 - 18 Jun 2001 Ahmed Warsame Mohamed ASF/JVA
(= Axmed Warsame Maxamed)
President
15 May 2013 - 20 Jan 2014 Sheikh Ahmed Mohamed Islam "Madobe"(b. 1961) RM
(1st time)(= Sheekh Axmed Maxamed Islaam Madoobe)
Chairman of the Executive Council of Interim Administration of Juba
20 Jan 2014 - 6 Jun 2015 Sheikh Ahmed Mohamed Islam "Madobe"(s.a.) RM
President
6 Jun 2015 - Sheikh Ahmed Mohamed Islam "Madobe"(s.a.) RM
(2nd time)
(from 26 Nov 2024, not recognized by federal government)

Party abbreviations: ASF = Allied Somali Forces (Marehan, Ogadeni, and Habr Geduir factions, and SNF, pro-Somali transitional government, 1999-2001, renamed JVA); JVA = Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba (Juba Valley Alliance, pro-Somali transitional government, grouping of Marehan, Ogadeni and Habr Gedir factions, former ASF, Jubaland regionalist, 2001-2008); RM = Raskamboni Movement (jihadist Islamic movement, Jubaland regionalist, est.Oct 2009);Mil = Military

Puntland

Map of Puntland	Hear National Anthem "Soomaaliyeey Toosoo" (Somalia Wake Up)	Text of Anthem Adopted 2000	Constitution (May 2012) --------------------------- Transitional Constitution (1 Jul 2001 - May 2012)
Capital: Garowe (Garoowe)	Currency: Somali Shilling (SOS)	National Holiday: 1 Jul (1960) Foundation of the Somali Republic	Population: 4,285,000 (2016 est.)
GDP: 1.8billion(2019)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:1.8 billion (2019)	Exports: 1.8billion(2019)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Somali (mainly Darod clan)
Total Security Forces: 10,000 (2012) Merchant marine: N/A	Religions: Muslim (nearly all Sunni)
International Organizations/Treaties: None

1 Aug 1998 Part of northeastern Somalia (regions of Bari and Nugaal
[claims Sool and eastern Sanaag]) declared autonomous
as Regional State of Puntland by Darod clans (not recognized).
1 Jul 2001 Regional State of Puntland of Somalia
18 Feb 2012 Recognized as an autonomous state within Somalia by Garowe II
conference.
18 Jun 2012 Puntland State of Somalia
31 Mar 2024 Puntland withdraws recognition of the Somali federal government
following adoption of new constitutional amendments.

Chairmen of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front
1991 - 22 Aug 1994 Mohamed Abshir Muse (b. 1926 - d. 2017) SSDF
(= Maxamed Abshir Muuse)
22 Aug 1994 - 1 Aug 1998 Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (b. 1934 - d. 2012) SSDF
(= Cabdillaahi Yuusuf Axmed)
State President
1 Aug 1998 - 30 Jun 2001 Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (1st time) (s.a.) SSDF
(continues in rebellion)
Presidents
1 Jul 2001 - 14 Nov 2001 Yusuf Haji Nur (acting) (b. 19.. - d. 2019) Non-party
(= Yuusuf Xaaji Nuur)
14 Nov 2001 - 21 Nov 2001 Jama Ali Jama Non-party
(= Jaamac Cali Jaamac)
(continues in rebellion to 8 May 2002)
21 Nov 2001 - 14 Oct 2004 Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
14 Oct 2004 - 8 Jan 2005 Mohamed Abdi Hashi (acting) (b. 195. - d. 2020) Non-party
(= Maxamed Cabdi Xaashi)
8 Jan 2005 - 11 Jan 2009 Mohamud Muse Hersi "Adde" (b. 1937 - d. 2017) Non-party
(= Maxamuud Muuse Xirsi "Cadde")
11 Jan 2009 - 14 Jan 2014 Abdirahman Mohamud "Farole" (b. 1945) Non-party;
(= Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed "Faroole") 2012: USH
14 Jan 2014 - 8 Jan 2019 Abdiweli Mohamed Ali (b. 1965) UDAD
(= Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali)
8 Jan 2019 - Said Abdullahi Mohamed "Deni" (b. 1967) Non-party;
(= Saciid Cabdullaahi Maxamed "Deni") May 2020:USK

Territorial Disputes: Internationally recognized as part of Somalia; territorial dispute with Somaliland over eastern Sanaag and Sool provinces; "Puntland" clashes with "Somaliland" secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan loyalties, each seeking support from neighboring states.

Party abbreviations (Political parties banned in Puntland Aug 1998-Sep 2012): SSDF = Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (Somalia Salvation Democratic Front, founded as Democratic Front for Salvation of Somalia, divided into two factions- Mohamed Abshir Muse and Abdullahi Yussuf Ahmed, est.1978); UDAD = Ururka Dadka Puntland (Puntland People's Party, Puntland regionalist, est.Jun 2013); USH = Urur Siyaasadeedka Horseed (Pioneer Political Association, center-right, Puntland regionalist, est.14 Nov 2012); USK = Urur Siyaasadeedka Kaah (Kaah Political Association, democratic, Puntland regionalist)

Khaatumo

2012 - 2013	2013 - 20 Oct 2017, from 5 Aug 2023

Map of Khaatumo	Capital: Taleh (Taleex) (temporary); 2023: Las Anod (Laascaanood)	Population: N/A

12 Jan 2012 Part of northeastern Somalia (in western Sool province
between Somaliland and Puntland)declares itself autonomous
from Somaliland as Somali Regional Administration of Khaatumo
(not recognized by Puntland, Somalia or Somaliland), established
mainly by the Dhulbahante sub-clan of the Harti Darod clan and
claiming all of Sool, Sanaag, and Cayn provinces**.** 20 Oct 2017 Merged into Somaliland.
5 Aug 2023 SSC-Khaatumo Central Administration declared claiming to be a
separate administration within Somalia, in rebellion against
Somaliland (not recognized by Somaliland,Puntland, Somalia).
19 Oct 2023 Somali federal government recognizes the SSC-Khaatumo Central
Administration in the Sool, Sanaag, and Cayn provinces.

Presidents
12 Jan 2012 - 1 Sep 2014 C o-Presidents
[rotating every 6 months]
- Ahmed Ilmi Osman "Karash"
(= Axmed Cilmi Cismaan "Karaash")
(to ... 2013)
- Abdi Nur Ilmi Qaje "Binde"
(= Cabdi Nuur Cilmi Qaaje "Biindhe")
(to ... 2013)
- Mohamed Yusuf Jama "Indhasheel" Mil
(=Maxamed Yuusuf Jaamac "Indhosheel")
1 Sep 2014 - 20 Oct 2017 Ali Khalif Galaydh (b. 1941 - d. 2020) Non-party
(= Cali Khaliif Galaydh)
20 Oct 2017 Post abolished President of the Central Committee of the Administration of Sool, Sanaag, and Cayn
5 Aug 2023 - Abdikhadir Ahmed Aw-Ali "Firdhiye" (b. 1972) Mil
(= Cabdiqaadir AxmedAw-Cali "Firdhiye")

Maakhir

1 Jul 2007 Part of northeastern Somalia (in western Sanaag province
between Puntland and Somaliland) declares itself autonomous
from Somaliland as Maakhir State of Somalia (not recognized by
Puntland, Somalia or Somaliland), established by the Warsangeli
sub-clan of Darood.
25 - 26 Feb 2008 Somaliland aligned force lays siege to Hadaaftimo and Badhan.
9 Jul 2008 (hours) Somaliland occupies the port of Laas Qoray (Las Khorey).
11 Jan 2009 Incorporated into Puntland.

President
1 Jul 2007 - 11 Jan 2009 Jibrell Ali Salad (b. 1939)
(= Jibriil Cali Salaad)
(in exile from Apr 2008?)
Apr 2008 - 11 Jan 2009 Abdullahi Ahmed Jama "Ilkajir" (b. 1951) Mil
(= Cabdillaahi Axmed Jaamac "Ilkajiir")
(de facto)

Southwestern Somalia

Map of Southwestern State	Capital: Barawe (Baraawe) (from 8 Nov 2014) (Baidoa [Baydhabo] 2002-2014)	Population: 6,268,245 (2022 est.)

1 Apr 2002 State of Southwestern Somalia is proclaimed by
the Rahanwein Resistance Army (not recognized).
10 Feb 2006 Baidoa taken by forces of the central government.
3 Mar 2014 A new Southwestern State of Somalia (Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed ee Soomaaliya; in Maay Maay: Koofur Orsi)
formed.

Presidents
1 Apr 2002 - 200. Hassan Mohamed Nur "Shatigadud" (b. 1946 - d. 2013) Mil/RRA
(= Xasan Maxamed Nuur "Shaatigaduud")
(loses control of Baidoa 3 Oct 2002�)
3 Mar 2014 - 3 Dec 2014 Madobe Nunow Mohamed (b. 1948 - d. 2017) Non-party
(= Madoobe Nuunow Maxamed)
3 Dec 2014 - 7 Nov 2018 Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden (b. 1954) Non-party
(= Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan)
7 Nov 2018 - 19 Dec 2018 Abdulkadir Sharif Shekhuna Maye
(= Cabdiqaadir Shariif Sheekhunaa Maye)
(acting)
19 Dec 2018 - Abdiaziz Hassan Mohamed (b. 1970) Non-party
"Laftagaren"
(= Cabdicasiis Xasan Maxamed "Laftagareen")

�From 3 Oct 2002 (except 14-16 Dec 2002) Baidoa was controlled by Sheikh Adan Mohamed Nur "Madobe" (= Sheekh Aadan Maxamed Nuur "Madoobe")(b. 1956) officially reconciled with Shatigadud since 23 Sep 2003) and Mohamed Ibrahim Habsade (= Maxamed Ibraahim Xaabsade)(b. 1952 - d. 2015). From Mar 2005 Habsade controlled the city after driving off Shatigadud and Madobe (who were both ministers in the central government of Prime Minister Ali Mohamed Ghedi = Cali Maxamed Geedi). In Aug 2006 Habsade himself became a minister in Ghedi's government.

Party abbreviations: RRA = Rahanweyn Resistance Army (Raxanweyn clan based, allied
with the SDM, fights Aydid controlled militia in the Bakool/Bay regions, est.1995); Mil = Military

Galmudug

14 Aug 2006 - 200.	200. - 8 Jul 2010	8 Jul 2010 - 17 Jun 2015
Adopted 17 Jun 2015

14 Aug 2006 Part of north central Somalia (regions of Galgadud and Mudug)
declared autonomous as Galmudug State of Somalia.
Nov 2006 - 25 Dec 2006 Partly occupied by troops of Supreme Islamic Council of
Somalia.
18 Feb 2012 Proclaimed as an autonomous state within Somalia by Garowe II
conference.
30 Jul 2014 Federal Government of Somalia officially endorses a new central
regions state, following agreement signed in Mogadishu between
representatives from Galmudug, Himan and Heeb, and Ahlu Sunna
wal Jama'a (establishment of interim administration in the
central regions confirmed 17 Apr 2015).

Presidents
14 Aug 2006 - 14 Aug 2009 Mohamed Warsame Ali "Kimiko" (b. 1937 - d. 2019) Non-party
(= Maxamed Warsame Cali "Kiimiko")
14 Aug 2009 - 14 Aug 2012 Mohamed Ahmed Alin (b. 1951 - d. 2023) Non-party
(= Maxamed Axmed Calin)
14 Aug 2012 - 23 Jul 2015 Abdi Hasan Awale "Qeybdid" (b. 1948) Non-party
(= Cabdi Xasan Cawaale "Qeybdiid")
23 Jul 2015 - 26 Feb 2017 Abdi Karim Hussein "Guled" (b. 1967) PDP
(= Cabdi Kariim Xuseen "Guuleed")
26 Feb 2017 - 3 May 2017 Mohamed Hashi Abdi "Arabay" (acting) Non-party
(= Maxamed Xaashi Cabdi "Carabeey")
3 May 2017 - 12 Apr 2020 Ahmed Duale Geelle "Haaf" (b. 1949) Non-party
(= Axmed Ducaale Geelle "Xaaf")
30 Jan 2020 - 29 Feb 2020 Mohammed Ali Hasan ("Shakir") (b. 1974) ASWJ
(= Maxamad Cali Xasan)
(in opposition)
12 Apr 2020 - Ahmed Abdi Kariye "Qorqor" (b. 1968) Non-party
(= Axmad Cabdi Kaariye "QoorQoor")
(recognized by federal government)

Chief minister
6 Dec 2017 - 2 Feb 2020 Mohammed Ali Hasan ("Shakir") (s.a.) ASWJ

Party abbreviations: ASWJ = Ahlu Suna Waljamaaca (Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, multi-clan, Sunni Sufi, est.2009); UPD = Xisbiga Midowga Nabadda iyo Horumarka (Union for Peace and Development Party, Islamic democracy, conservative,nationalist, former PDP, est.4 Oct 2018);
- Former parties: PDP= Xisbiga Nabadda Iyo Horumarka (Peace and Development Party, Islamic democracy, conservative, economic liberal, Apr 2011-4 Oct 2018, renamed UPD)

Himan and Heeb

12 Jun 2008 - 10 Jun 2011	10 Jun 2011 - 17 Apr 2015

12 Jun 2008 Himan and Heeb (Ximan iyo Xeeb) autonomous state declared by
Saleebaan sub-clan of the Habr Gidr Hawiye around Adado
(not recognized).
30 Jul 2014 Federal Government of Somalia officially endorses a new central
regions state, following agreement signed in Mogadishu between
representatives from Galmudug, Himan and Heeb, and Ahlu Sunna
wal Jama'a (establishment of interim administration in the
central regions confirmed 17 Apr 2015).

Presidents

12 Jun 2008 - 13 Jun 2013 Mohamed Abdullahi Aden "Ticey" (b. 1972)
(= Maxamed Cabdillaahi Aadan "Tiiceey")
13 Jun 2013 - 16 Apr 2015 Abdullahi Ali Mohamed "Barleh"
(= Cabdillaahi Cali Maxamed "Baarleex")

Hiiraan and Shabelle (HirShabelle)

[Hiiraan-Shabelle
Administration flag (Somalia)]
Adopted 17 Oct 2016

17 Oct 2016 HirShabelle (Hiiraan-Shabelle) Administration.

Presidents

17 Oct 2016 - 14 Aug 2017 Ali Abdullahi Osoble (b. 19..) Non-party
(= Cali Cabdillaahi Cosoble)
17 Aug 2017 - 23 Oct 2017 Ali Abdullahi Hussein "Gudlawe" (b. 1974)
(= Cali Cabdillaahi Xuseen "Guudlaawe")
(1st time) (acting)
23 Oct 2017 - 2 Nov 2020 Mohamed Abdi Waare (b. 1960)
(= Maxamed Cabdi Waare)
2 Nov 2020 - Ali Abdullahi Hussein "Gudlawe" (s.a.) Non-party
(= Cali Cabdillaahi Xuseen "Guudlaawe")
(2nd time)(acting to 12 Nov 2020)

Hiiraan

[Hiiraan
state, 2023 (Somalia)] 25 Jun 2023 - 25 Sep 2023

Map of Hiiraan	Capital: Baledweyne (Beledweyne)	Population: 566,431 (2019 est.)

17 Oct 2016 Part of HirShabelle (Hiiraan-Shabelle) Administration.
18 Jun 2023 Forces loyal to deposed local governor Ali Jeyte Osman take
control of key areas in the city of Beledweyne.
25 Jun 2023 - 25 Sep 2023 Hiiraan state administration declared in unilateral secession
from HirShabelle (not recognized by HirShabelle or Somalia).
President of the State Administration�
25 Jun 2023 - 25 Sep 2023 Ali Jeyte Osman (interim)
(= Cali Jeyte Cismaan)
(governor Mar 2020 - 17 Jun 2023)

�From 25 Sep 2023 Osman was part of the central government of Hassan Sheikh Mahamud (= Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud).

Benadir

Former Flag	Current Flag

Map of Benadir	Capital: Mogadishu (Muqdisho)	Population: 5,500,280 (2022 est.)

14 Apr 2017 Benadir (Banaadir) Regional Administration recognized
as a regional state of Somalia.

Governors of Benadir and Mayors of Mogadishu
13 Jul 2010 - 27 Feb 2014 Mohamud Ahmed Nur "Tarzan" (b. 1955?) Non-party?
(= Maxamuud Axmed Nuur "Tarsan")
27 Feb 2014 - 2 Nov 2015 Hassan Mohamed Hussein "Mungab" (b. 1972) Non-party
(= Xasan Maxamed Xuseen "Muungaab")
2 Nov 2015 - 15 Apr 2017 Yusuf Hussein Jima'ale "Madale (b. 1965) PDP
(= Yuusuf Xuseen Jimcaale "Madaale")
(1st time)
15 Apr 2017 - 21 Jan 2018 Thabit Abdi Mohamed (b. 1982?) Non-party?
(= Taabid Cabdi Maxamed)
21 Jan 2018 - 1 Aug 2019 Abdirahman Omar Osman "Yarisow" (b. 1965 - d. 2019) Non-party
(= Cabdiraxmaan CumarCusmaan "Yariisow") August
22 Aug 2019 - 14 Sep 2022 Omar Mohamud Mohamed "Finnish" (b. 1965)USC/SSA
(= Cumar Maxamuud Maxamed "Filishh")
14 Sep 2022 - Yusuf Hussein Jima'ale "Madale" (s.a.) UPD
(= Yuusuf Xuseen Jimcaale "Madaale")
(2nd time) Party abbreviations: UPD = Xisbiga Midowga Nabadda iyo Horumarka (Union for Peace and Development Party, Islamic democracy, conservative,nationalist, former PDP, est.4 Oct 2018); USC/SSA = United Somali Congress-Somali Salvation Alliance (originally Mohammed Aidid and UN intervention, opposed split from USC, est.Jan 1991);
- Former parties: PDP= Xisbiga Nabadda Iyo Horumarka (Peace and Development Party, Islamic democracy, conservative, economic liberal, Apr 2011-4 Oct 2018, renamed UPD)

� Ben Cahoon