Egypt (original) (raw)

Egypt

[Ottoman flag (to 1914)] 1517 - 18 Dec 1914 (de facto 13 Sep 1881) [Mameluke Merchant and War Flag to 1798, 1801-1804 (Egypt)] Mameluke Flag to 1798, 1801-1804 [Fance] 25 Jul 1798 - 27 Jul 1801
[Flag of United Kingdom] 27 Jul 1801 - 16 Mar 1803 [Flag of the Khedive of Egypt c.1867-1881] c.1867 - 1881 [Khediviate of Egypt 1881-1923] 1881 - 10 Dec 1923
[Flag of Egypt 1923-1958] 10 Dec 1923 - 8 Apr 1958 [Flag of Egyptian Revolution 1953-1958] 18 Jun 1953 - 8 Apr 1958 Revolution Flag [United Arab Republic flag 1958-1972 (Egypt)] 8 Apr 1958 - 2 Mar 1972 UAR
[Flag of Arab Republic of Egypt (Federation of Arab Republics) 1972-1984] 2 Mar 1972 - 4 Oct 1984 [Flag of Arab Republic of Egypt] Adopted 4 Oct 1984
**Map of Egypt **---------------------------- Map of Administrative Divisions Hear National Anthem "Bilady, Bilady, Bilady" (My Homeland, My Homeland, My Homeland) Adopted 1979 -------------------------------------- Hear Former UAR Anthem (22 Feb 1958-20 May 1960) Former National Anthem "Walla Zaman Ya Selahy" (Oh For Ages! My Weapon!) (20 May 1960-1979) -------------------------------------- Former National Anthem title to 1953: "Salam Affandina" (Long Life to Affandina); title 1958-1958: "Es Salaam el Gamhoury el Masry" (Egyptian Republican Anthem) (c.1871-22 Feb 1958) Constitution (18 Jan 2014)----------------------------------- 2012 Constitution (25 Dec 2012-18 Jan 2014, suspended from 3 Jul 2013) ------------------------------------- 1971 Constitution (11 Sep 1971 - 25 Dec 2012; suspended from 13 Feb 2011) ----------------------------------- 1964 Constitution (25 Mar 1964 - 11 Sep 1971) ------------------------------------- Provisional UAR Constitution (5 Mar 1958-27 Sep 1962; dormant in EGY to 25 Mar 1964)
Capital: Cairo (al-Qahirah) (al-Fustat 642-750, 905-973; al-Askar 750-868; al-Qatai 868-905; Alexandria 332 BC-642 AD) (UAR: Cairo 1958-1961) Currency: Egyptian Pound (EGP); 1805-1885 Egyptian Piastre (EGQ) National Holiday: 23 Jul (1952) Eid al-Thawra (Revolution Day) Population: 111,247,248 (2024)
GDP: 1.91trillion(2023)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:1.91 trillion (2023) Exports: 1.91trillion(2023)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:76.3 billion (2022) Imports: $97.1 billion (2022) Ethnic groups: Egyptian 99.7%, other 0.3% (2006)
Total Active Armed Forces: 438,500 (2021) U.S. Forces: 253 (2023) Merchant marine: 441 ships (2023) Religions: Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 90%, Christian (majority Coptic Orthodox, other Christians include Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, Maronite, Orthodox, and Anglican) 10% (2015)
International Organizations/Treaties: ABEDA, ACS (observer), AfCFTA, AfDB, AFESD, AIIB (nonregional),AL, AMF, AOAD, Arabsat, AU, BRICS, BSEC (observer), BTWC (signatory), CAEU, CD, CEN-SAD, CICA, COMESA, CTBT (signatory), D-8, EBRD, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, GAFTA, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IEA (association), IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IORA (partner), IPU,IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LCBC (observer), MIGA, NAM, NATO (mediterranean dialogue), NDB, NPT, NTBT, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPEC (observer), OSCE (partner), OST, PA (observer), PAM, PCA, SCO (dialogue partner), SICA (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP,UNFCC-PA,UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Egypt Index Chronology c.3200 BC Upper (Southern) and Lower (Northern) Egypt united (Kingdom of Egypt) under the rule of the Pharaohs. c.2686 BC � c.2181 BC Old Kingdom period. 2589 BC - 2566 BC Reign of Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops), builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza. c.2055 BC � c.1650 BC Middle Kingdom period. c.1650 BC - c.1550 BC Northern Egypt under Hyksos rule. c.1550 BC � c.1077 BC New Kingdom period. c.1478 BC - 1458 BC Reign of Pharaoh Hatshepsut (f). 1353 BC - 1336 BC Reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV). 1279 BC - 1213 BC Reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II "the Great" May? 1274 BC Battle of Kadesh between Egypt and Hittite Empire. 744 BC � 656 BC Under Kushite (Nubian) rule. 671 BC - 612 BC Part of Assyrian Empire, ruled by vassal Pharaohs. 526 BC - 404 BC Part of the Persian Empire (as Mudraya satrapy). 404 BC - 343 BC Kingdom of Egypt (restored). 343 BC - 332 BC Part of the Persian Empire. Dec 332 BC - 7 Nov 305 Part of Macedonia (under Alexander "the Great" to Jun 323 BC). 7 Nov 305 BC-23 Aug 30 BC (Ptolemaic) Kingdom of Egypt. 55 BC - 32 BC Egypt a vassal kingdom of the Roman Republic. 51 BC � 12 Aug 30 BC Reign of Queen Cleopatra VII Philopator. 36 BC Egypt under Cleopatra VII granted Cilicia, Crete, Cyprus (already from 43 BC), Cyrene, Coele-Syria, Syria, Phoenicia and Arabia Petraea by Rome in the Donations of Antioch. In 34 BC Marcus Antonius (Marc Antony) gives Cleopatra and her children further domains in Armenia, Asia Minor, Greece and Libya in the Donations of Alexandria, which are not recognized by Rome. 2 Sep 31 Forces of Queen Cleopatra VII and Marcus Antonius are defeated by Rome under Gaius Octavianus (Octavian) at the Battle of Actium (�ktion). 23 Aug 30 BC - Oct 270 AD Part of the Roman Empire (as Provincia Aegypti). Oct 270 - 272 Part of the Palmyrene Empire. 272 - 17 Jan 395 Part of the Roman Empire. 17 Jan 395 - 619 Part of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire (as Aig�ptou province). 618 - 629 Part of the Sassanian Empire (as Agiptus province). 629 - 642 Eastern Roman (Byzantine) rule restored. 12 Dec 639 Arab Muslim invasion begins. Jan 640 Arab Muslim armies take Pelusium (Pelousion) and in Mar 640, Belbeis (Phelbes), and in Jul 640 Heliopolis. 8 Nov 641 Arab - Byzantine truce, Byzantines agree to evacuate Alexandria (completed on 17 Sep 642; End 645 - Summer 646 Byzantine re-occupation of Alexandria). 642 Part of the Caliphate (Umayyad 661-750, Abbasid Caliphate 25 Jan 750-5 Jan 909, Fatimid Caliphate 5 Jan 909 - 1171 and Ayyubid Caliphate 1171 - 2 May 1250). 8 Nov 1219 - 29 Aug 1221 Damietta occupied by the Latin Crusaders. 6 Jun 1249 - 8 May 1250 Damietta occupied by Latin Crusaders under Louis IX. 2 May 1250 Mameluke Sultanate of Egypt. 9 Oct 1365 - 12 Oct 1365 Alexandria sacked by the Latin Crusaders. 24 Jan 1517 Part of the Ottoman Empire (as Eyalet-i Mısr). 1769 - 1 Aug 1775 De facto Mameluke Beylicate (under Ottoman suzerainty) 21 Jul 1798 Battle of the Pyramids, France under Napoleon defeats Egyptian Mameluke forces. 25 Jul 1798 - 3 Sep 1801 French occupation (�gypte)(Cairo 25 Jul 1798 - 18 Jun 1801, Alexandria 2 Jul 1798 - 3 Sep 1801, Suez Nov 1798 - Sep 1800, Aswan 2 Feb - 26 May 1799). On 30 Jan 1799, French Egypt is divided into 16 provinces headed by a French military governor. 27 Jul 1801 - 16 Mar 1803 British occupation. 9 Jul 1805 Muhammad `Ali dynasty informally inaugurated. 20 Mar 1807 - 23 Sep 1807 British occupy Alexandria under Alexander Mackenzie Fraser (b. 1758 - d. 1809). 12 Jun 1821 - 26 Jan 1885 Annexation of The Sudan. 6 May 1833 - Jan 1841 Egypt annexes Syria (incl. Lebanon, Palestine) and to administer Crete, Adana, Hejaz by Convention of K�tahya (revoked by the Convention of London of 27 Nov 1840). 1 Jun 1841 Office of governor made hereditary, heirs to be nominated by the Ottoman Sultan (office of governor is made hereditary along rules of primogeniture 27 May 1866 by imperial ferman). 8 Jun 1867 Khedivate of Egypt (al-Khidiwiyah al-Misriyah = Hıdiviyet-i Mısır); title of khedive is conferred on governor of Egypt by Ottoman imperial ferman. 10 Jun 1873 Internal autonomy confirmed (by Ottoman_ferman_ and autonomy defined by added ferman 7 Aug 1879). 25 Aug 1882 - 26 Jul 1956 United Kingdom (and France) administer Suez Canal. 14 Sep 1882 Occupied by U.K. (remains formally still under Ottoman suzerainty). 8 May 1892 Sinai peninsula administration granted to Egypt by Ottoman Sultan. 3 May 1906 Sinai transferred to Egypt by Ottoman Empire. 18 Dec 1914 - 15 Mar 1922 British protectorate (U.K still reserved four matters - security of imperial communications, defense, the protection of foreign interests and of minorities, and the Sudan to 14 Nov 1936). 19 Dec 1914 Sultanate of Egypt (al-Saltanah al-Misriyah), Khedivate is abolished. 15 Mar 1922 Kingdom of Egypt (al-Mamlakah al-Misriyah) proclaimed a sovereign and independent state. 13 Sep 1940 - 17 Dec 1940 Italian occupation of Sollum (13 Sep - 17 Dec 1940) and Sidi Barrani (16 Sep - 11 Dec 1940). 28 Apr 1941 - 7 Nov 1942 German occupation of Sollum (28 Apr 1941 - 12 Jan 1942 & 25 Jun - 12 Nov 1942), Sidi Barrani (25 Jun - 12 Nov 1942) and Mersa Matruh (29 Jun - 7 Nov 1942). 14 May 1948 - 6 Jun 1967 Egyptian administration over the Gaza Strip. 18 Jun 1953 Republic of Egypt (Jumhuriyat Misr). 26 Jul 1956 Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal. 29 Oct 1956 - 7 Nov 1956 Suez Crisis, intervention by U.K., France and Israel. 2 Nov 1956 - 7 Mar 1957 Sinai peninsula and Gaza Strip occupied by Israel. 1 Feb 1958 Unification of Egypt and Syria into the United Arab Republic is proclaimed pending the approval by state legislatures and depending on the results of the referendum. 5 Feb 1958 Unification approved by Egyptian National Assembly and the Syrian Chamber of Deputies. 21 Feb 1958 Referendums in Egypt 100% and in Syria 100% vote for unification (results approved 22 Feb 1958). 22 Feb 1958 United Arab Republic (al-Jumhuriyah al-'Arabiyah al-Muttahidah)(Egypt united with Syria). 5 Mar 1958 - 29 Sep 1961 Egyptian Region (al-Iqlim al-Misri), within the United Arab Republic. 8 Mar 1958 - 26 Dec 1961 United Arab Republic federated with North Yemen in a lose confederation named United Arab States (ad-Duwal al-'Arabiyah al-Muttahidah). 29 Sep 1961 United Arab Republic ceases to exist de facto following the secession of Syria (Egypt continues to use the name United Arab Republic to 1971). 6/12 Jun 1967-25 Apr 1982 Sinai peninsula occupied by Israel. 2 Sep 1971 Arab Republic of Egypt (Jumhuriyat Misr al-'Arabiyah) 1 Jan 1972 - 19 Nov 1977 Part of Federation of Arab Republics (Ittihad al- Jumhuriyat al-'Arabiyah)(Egypt,Libya, and Syria).
Multinational Force and Observers (since 1982)
Suez Canal Authority (1858-1956)
Coptic Orthodox Church
Coptic Catholic Church
Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria
Map of Sinai Peninsula
Historical Maps of Egypt

**Presidents of the Revolutionary Command Council (supra-constitutional authority)23 Jul 1952 - 25 Aug 1952 Gamal Abdel Nasser (1st time) (b. 1918 - d. 1970) Mil
25 Aug 1952 - 25 Feb 1954 Muhammad Yusuf Naguib (1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1984) Mil
25 Feb 1954 - 8 Mar 1954 Gamal Abdel Nasser (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil/LR
8 Mar 1954 - 14 Nov 1954 Muhammad Yusuf Naguib (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil/LR
14 Nov 1954 - 25 Jun 1956 Gamal Abdel Nasser (3rd time) (s.a.) Mil/LR

Mameluke Beys(de facto rulers)
1768 - 13 Apr 1773 Ali Bey al-Kabir, Sheikh al-Balad (b. 1727/28 - d. 1773)
(from 1769, adopts the style Sultan)
176. - 1769 Human Abu Yusuf
(head of Hawwara Arabs de facto ruler in Upper Egypt)
13 Apr 1773 - 10 Jun 1775 Muhammad Bey Abu ad-Dhahab (b. 1735 - d. 1775)
26 Jun 1775 - Aug 1777 Triumvirate
- Murad Bey, emir al-Hajj (b. 1750 - d. 1801)
(1st time) (military governor)
- Ibrahim Bey, Sheikh al-Balad (b. 1735 - d. 1816)
(1st time) (civil governor)
- Yusuf Bey, emir al-Hajj
(head of the Mecca Pligrims)
Aug 1777 - Feb 1778 Ismail Bey, Sheikh al-Balad (b. c.1735 - d. 1791)
(1st time)
Feb 1778 - 1786 Murad Bey, emir al-Hajj (2nd time) (s.a.)
- jointly with -
Feb 1778 - 1786 Ismail Bey, Sheikh al-Balad (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1786 - 1790 Triumvirate
- Ismail Bey, Sheikh al-Balad (s.a.)
(4th time)
- Ali Bey Defterdar
- Hasan Bey, Amir al-Haji
1790 - 25 Jul 1798 Murad Bey, Amir al-Hajj (s.a.)
(3rd time)
- joint ruler with -
1790 - 25 Jul 1798 Ibrahim Bey, Sheikh al-Balad (s.a.)
(2nd time)
25 Jul 1798 - 1800 French Administration
5 Apr 1800 - 1801 Murad Bey, emir al-Hajj (s.a.)
(4th time)
- jointly with -
1800 - 1801 Ibrahim Bey, Sheikh al-Balad (s.a.)
(3rd time)
(in opposition to French rule)
Apr 1801 - 12 Mar 1804 Osman Bardisi, Sheikh al-Balad (b. 1758 - d. 1806)
(in opposition to French rule to 27 Jun 1801)
- jointly with the following two -
1802 - Mar 1803 Muhammad Bey al-Alfi (= Elfi Bey) (b. 1751 - d. 1807)
Apr 1803 - 13 Apr 1804 Ibrahim Bey, Sheikh al-Balad (s.a.)
(4th time)

Beylerbeys (governors)
9 Oct 1699 - 6 May 1704 Kara Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (d. 1722)
7 May 1704 - 7 Oct 1704 Baltaci S�leyman Pasha
(did not take office)
7 Oct 1704 - 31 Aug 1706 Rami Mehmed Pasha (b. 1645 - d. 1706)
1 Sep 1706 - Sep 1707 Dellak Ali Pasha (1st time)
Sep 1707 - 28 Oct 1709 Damat Hasan Pasha (2nd time) (b. c.1658 - d. 1713)
28 Oct 1709 - Aug 1710 "Morali" Ibrahim Pasha (d. 1725)
Aug 1710 - 30 Jul 1711 K�se Halil Pasha (d. 1715)
30 Jul 1711 - 1712 Veli Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (d. 1716)
1712 Kara Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1712 - 1714 Veli Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Sep 1714 - 1716 Abdi Pasha (1st time)
1 Jul 1717 - 9 Sep 1720 Dellak Ali Pasha (2nd time)
10 Sep 1720 - 30 Apr 1721 Recep Pasha (d. 1726)
1 May 1721 - 30 Sep 1725 Nişanci Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1670 - d. 1728)
1 Oct 1725 - Feb 1726 "Morali" Ali Pasha (d. 1735)
Feb 1726 - 29 Sep 1727 Nişancı Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Sep 1727 - Oct 1727 Abdi Pasha (2nd time)
Oct 1727 - 1729 Ebubekir Pasha (1st time) (b. 1670 - d. 1757/58)
1729 Abdi Pasha (2nd time)
11 Jul 1729 - 1731 K�pr�l� Abdullah Pasha (b. 1684 - d. 1735)
1731 - 1733 Silahdar Damat Mehmed Pasha (d. 1737)
1 Jul 1733 - 1735 Muhassil Osman Pasha (d. 1750)
1735 - 1739 Ebubekir Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1739 - 1740 Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (d. 1743)
1740 - 1741 Ali (Hakimzade) Pasha (1st time) (b. 1689 - d. 1758)
1741 - 3 Jul 1743 Hatibzade Yahya Pasha (d. 1755)
Jul 1743 - 28 Feb 1744 Muhammad Said Pasha (1st time) (d. 1761)
1 Mar 1744 - 31 Aug 1748 Koca Mehmet Ragip Pasha (b. 1689 - d. 1763)
1 Sep 1748 - Jan 1752 Nişanci Ahmed Pasha (d. 1753)
Jan 1752 - Dec 1752 Muahmmad Melek Pasha (b. 1719/20 - d. 1802)
Dec 1752 - Oct 1755 Hassan ash-Sharawi
Oct 1755 - Dec 1756 Ali (Hakimzade) Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Dec 1756 - 29 Apr 1757 Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm (d. 1762)
30 Apr 1757 - 1758 Muhammad Said Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1758 - 1761 K�se Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1st time)(d. 1765)
1761 Kamil Ahmed Pasha
1761 - 1762 K�se Bahir Mustafa Pasha (2nd time)(s.a.)
1762 Ebubekir Rasim Pasha (d. 1762)
1762 - 1764 Ahiskali Mehmed Pasha (d. 1767)
1764 - Sep 1764 Haci Ahmed Pasha (d. 1764)
1764 - 1765 Macar Haci Hasan Pasha (d. 1768)
1765 - 1767 Silahdar Mahir Hamza Pasha (b. 1727/28 - d. 1768)
1767 �elebi Mehmed Pasha
1767 - 1768 Raquim Mehmed Pasha
1768 - 1769 Ali Bey Al-Kabir (acting) (s.a.)
1769 K�pr�l� Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
1769 - 1771 Kelleci Osman Pasha (d. 1774)
1772 - 1773 Vekil Osman Pasha (d. 1773)
1773 - 1774 Kara Halil Pasha (d. 1775)
1774 - 1775 Haci Ibrahim Pasha
1775 - 15 Jul 1778 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (b. 1723 - d. 1784)
23 Jan 1779 - Sep 1779 Raif Ismail Pasha (1st time) (d. 1785)
Sep 1779 - Nov 1779 Ibrahim Pasha (d. 1779)
Nov 1779 - Jul 1780 Raif Ismail Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1780 - 1781 Ibrahim Bey (1st time) (s.a.)
Feb 1781 - Jul 1782 Melek Mehmed Pasha
Jul 1782 - Jul 1783 Sharif (Şerif) Pasha (?)
1783 - 30 Oct 1784 Silahdar Mehmed Pasha
1784 - 1785 Murad Bey (s.a.)
1785 Ibrahim Bey (2nd time) (s.a.)
1785 - 1786 Yeğen Seyyid Mehmed Pasha
17 Aug 1786 - 1787 Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha (acting)(b. 1713 - d. 1790)
30 Apr 1787 - Dec 1788 Keki 'Abidi Pasha (1st time) (d. 1789)
Dec 1788 - 3 Jan 1789 Ismail Pasha (1st time) (d. 1792)
3 Jan 1789 - 30 Jan 1789 Keki 'Abidi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Jan 1789 - 1791 Ismail Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
May 1791 � Sep 1794 Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha (b. 1743 � d. 1812)
15 Oct 1794 � 7 Jun 1796 Kayserili Haci Salih Pasha (d. 1801/02)
1796 - 1798 Lokmacı Hacı Ebubekir Pasha
3 Nov 1798 - 1799 Abdullah Pasha al-Azm (b. c.1765 - d. 1809)
(confirmed by the French)
Aug 1799 - 10 Aug 1801 Nasuh Pasha al-Azm (d. 1809)
(arrived Feb 1800)
French Military Commanders of the Arm�e d'Orient
2 Jul 1798 - 22 Aug 1799 Napol�on Bonaparte (b. 1769 - d. 1821)
22 Aug 1799 - 14 Jun 1800 Jean-Baptiste Kl�ber (b. 1753 - d. 1800)
14 Jun 1800 - 31 Aug 1801 (Abdallah) Jacques Fran�ois de (b. 1750 - d. 1810)
Menou
British Military Commanders
8 Mar 1801 - 21 Mar 1801 Sir Ralph Abercromby (b. 1734 - d. 1801)
21 Mar 1801 - Oct 1801 John Hely-Hutchinson (b. 1757 - d. 1832)
Oct 1801 - Jul 1802 Richard Ford William Lambart, (b. 1763 - d. 1836)
Earl of Cavan
Jul 1802 - 16 Mar 1803 Sir John Stewart (b. 1751 - d. 1815)
Governors ( Walis)(from 9 Jul 1805, a hereditary post)
10 Aug 1801 - Jan 1802 Kucuk Hussein Pasha (b. 1758 - d. 1803)
1801 - 8 Jan 1802 Ebu Merak Mehmed Pasha
22 Jan 1802 - 3 May 1803 H�srev (Khusrau) Mehmed Pasha (b. 1769 - d. 1855)
(1st time)
3 May 1803 - Jun 1803 Taher Pasha (b. 17.. - d. 1818)
Jun 1803 M�ftizade Ahmed Pasha (d. 1824)
Jun 1803 - Jul 1803 Khurshid Ahmed Pasha (1st time) (d. 1822)
Jul 1803 - 31 Jan 1804 Ali Pasha Jazairli (b. 17.. - d. 1804)
31 Jan 1804 - Mar 1804 Othman Al Bardeisy (acting)
12 Mar 1804 � 14 Mar 1804 H�srev (Khusrau) Mehmed Pasha (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Mar 1804 - 9 Jul 1805 Khurshid Ahmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Jul 1805 - 1 Sep 1848 Muhammad Ali Pasha (1st time) (b. 1769 - d. 1849)
1 Sep 1848 - 10 Nov 1848 Ibrahim Pasha (b. 1789 - d. 1848)
(regent from 15 Apr 1848)
10 Nov 1848 - 2 Aug 1849 Muhammad Ali Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Aug 1849 - 13 Jul 1854 Abbas Hilmi Pasha (b. 1813 - d. 1854)
13 Jul 1854 - 18 Jan 1863 Muhammad Said Pasha (b. 1822 - d. 1863)
18 Jan 1863 - 8 Jun 1867 Ismail Pasha (b. 1830 - d. 1895)
Khedives�
8 Jun 1867 - 26 Jun 1879 Ismail Pasha (s.a.)
26 Jun 1879 - 7 Jan 1892 Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha (b. 1852 - d. 1892)
7 Jan 1892 - 19 Dec 1914 Abbas Hilmi Pasha (b. 1874 - d. 1944)
Sultans�
19 Dec 1914 - 9 Oct 1917 Hussein Kamil (b. 1853 - d. 1917)
9 Oct 1917 - 16 Mar 1922 Fuad (b. 1868 - d. 1936)
Kings�
16 Mar 1922 - 28 Apr 1936 Fuad I (s.a.)
28 Apr 1936 - 26 Jul 1952 Faruq I (b. 1920 - d. 1965)
28 Apr 1936 - 8 May 1936 Ali Mahir Pasha -Regent (b. 1882 - d. 1960) IP
(1st time)(ex officio)
8 May 1936 - 29 Jul 1937 Prince Muhammad Ali -Regent (b. 1875 - d. 1955) Non-party
(chairman Council of Guardianship)
26 Jul 1952 - 18 Jun 1953 AhmadFuad II (b. 1952)
26 Jul 1952 - 5 Aug 1952 Ali Mahir Pasha -Regent (s.a.) IP
(2nd time)(ex officio)
5 Aug 1952 - 14 Oct 1952 Amir Muhammad Abdul Moneim -Regent (b. 1899 - d. 1979) Non-party
(1st time)(chairman Provisional Guardianship)
14 Oct 1952 Muhammad Yusuf Naguib -Regent (s.a.) Mil
(ex officio)
14 Oct 1952 - 18 Jun 1953 Amir Muhammad Abdul Moneim -Regent (s.a.) Non-party
(2nd time)(Provisional Guardian of the Throne)
President
18 Jun 1953 - 25 Feb 1954 Muhammad Yusuf Naguib (1st time) (s.a.) Mil/LR
President of the Revolutionary Command Council
25 Feb 1954 - 27 Feb 1954 Gamal Abdel Nasser (1st time) (s.a.) Mil/LR
President
27 Feb 1954 - 14 Nov 1954 Muhammad YusufNaguib (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil/LR
President of the Revolutionary Command Council 14 Nov 1954 - 17 Nov 1954 Gamal Abdel Nasser (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
President of the Council of Ministers
17 Nov 1954 - 25 Jun 1956 Gamal Abdel Nasser (s.a.) Mil
Presidents 25 Jun 1956 - 28 Sep 1970 Gamal Abdel Nasser (s.a.) Mil;1957 NU;1962 ASU
(from 22 Feb 1958, Head of State of United Arab Republic)
29 Sep 1970 - 6 Oct 1981 Anwar al-Sadat (b. 1918 - d. 1981) ASU;1978 HDW
(interim to 17 Oct 1970)
6 Oct 1981 - 14 Oct 1981 Sufi Hasan Abu Talib (interim) (b. 1925 - d. 2008) HDW
14 Oct 1981 - 11 Feb 2011 Muhammad Hosni Mubarak (b. 1928 - d. 2020) HDW
20 Jun 2004 - 7 Jul 2004 Atef Ebeid (acting for Mubarak) (b. 1932 - d. 2014) HDW
6 Mar 2010 - 27 Mar 2010 Ahmed Nazif (acting for Mubarak) (b. 1952) HDW
10 Feb 2011 - 11 Feb 2011 Omar Suleiman (acting for Mubarak) (b. 1936 - d. 2012) Non-party
11 Feb 2011 - 30 Jun 2012 Muhammad Hussein Tantawi Sulayman (b. 1935 - d. 2021) Mil
(president of Supreme Council for the Armed Forces)
30 Jun 2012 - 3 Jul 2013 Muhammad Morsi Isa al-Ayyat (b. 1951 - d. 2019) Non-party
3 Jul 2013 - 8 Jun 2014 Adli Mahmud Mansour (interim) (b. 1945) Non-party
8 Jun 2014 - Abdel Fattah al-Sisi (b. 1954) Non-party

Grand Viziers
1808 - 1828 Muhammad Ali Lazoghli Pasha (d. 1828)
(= Muhammad Laz Bey)
1857 - 1858 Zulfiqar Pasha (1st time) (b. 1815 - d. 1900)
1858 - 1861 Mustafa Pasha
1861 - 1864 Zulfiqar Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1864 - 1866 Ismail Raghib Pasha (1st time) (b. 1819 - d. 1884)
(acting)
1866 - Sep 1867 Muhammad Sharif Pasha (1st time) (b. 1823 - d. 1887)
Sep 1867 - Sep 1868 Ismail Raghib Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
Sep 1868 - 1872 Muhammad Sharif Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1872 Boghos Nubar Pasha (b. 1825 - d. 1899)
1872 - 28 Aug 1878 Prince Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha (s.a.)
Prime ministers
28 Aug 1878 - 23 Feb 1879 Boghos Nubar Pasha (1st time) (s.a.) Non-party
23 Feb 1879 - 10 Mar 1879 Khedive Ismail Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
10 Mar 1879 - 7 Apr 1879 Prince Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
(1st time)
7 Apr 1879 - 18 Aug 1879 Muhammad Sharif Pasha (1st time) (s.a.) Non-party
18 Aug 1879 - 21 Sep 1879 Khedive Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
(2nd time)
21 Sep 1879 - 10 Sep 1881 Riyad Pasha (1st time) (b. 1836 - d. 1911) Non-party
14 Sep 1881 - 4 Feb 1882 Muhammad Sharif Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
4 Feb 1882 - 26 May 1882 Mahmoud Sami al-Baroudi (b. 1838 - d. 1904) Non-party
18 Jun 1882 - 21 Aug 1882 Ismail Raghib Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
Jul 1882 - 13 Sep 1882 Arabi Pasha (in rebellion) (b. 1841 - d. 1911) Mil
21 Aug 1882 - 7 Jan 1884 Muhammad Sharif Pasha (5th time) (s.a.) Non-party
10 Jan 1884 - 9 Jun 1888 Boghos Nubar Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
9 Jun 1888 - 12 May 1891 Riyad Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
12 May 1891 - 15 Jan 1893 Mustafa Fahmi Pasha (1st time) (b. 1840 - d. 1914) Non-party
15 Jan 1893 - 17 Jan 1893 Hussein Fakhri Pasha (b. 1843 - d. 1910) Non-party
17 Jan 1893 - 16 Apr 1894 Riyad Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.) Non-party
16 Apr 1894 - 12 Nov 1895 Boghos Nubar Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.) Non-party
12 Nov 1895 - 12 Nov 1908 Mustafa Fahmi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
12 Nov 1908 - 21 Feb 1910 Boutros Ghali Pasha (b. 1847 - d. 1910) Non-party
22 Feb 1910 - 5 Apr 1914 Muhammad Said Pasha (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1928) Non-party
5 Apr 1914 - 12 Apr 1919 Hussein Rushdi Pasha (b. 1863 - d. 1928) Non-party
21 May 1919 - 19 Nov 1919 Muhammad Said Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
19 Nov 1919 - 20 May 1920 Yusuf Wahba Pasha (b. 1865 - d. 1933)
20 May 1920 - 16 Mar 1921 Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha (b. 1874 - d. 1938)
(1st time)
16 Mar 1921 - 1 Mar 1922 Adli Yakan Pasha (1st time) (b. 1864 - d. 1933)
1 Mar 1922 - 30 Nov 1922 Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha (b. 1873 - d. 1928) LCP
(1st time)
30 Nov 1922 - 15 Mar 1923 Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha (s.a.)
(2nd time)
15 Mar 1923 - 26 Jan 1924 Yahya Ibrahim Pasha (b. 1861 - d. 1936) Non-party
26 Jan 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 Saad Zaghlul Pasha (b. 1857 - d. 1927) WM
24 Nov 1924 - 7 Jun 1926 Ahmad Ziwar Pasha (b. 1864 - d. 1945) FP
7 Jun 1926 - 26 Apr 1927 Adli Yakan Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) LCP
26 Apr 1927 - 16 Mar 1928 Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha (s.a.) LCP
(2nd time)
16 Mar 1928 - 27 Jun 1928 Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1965) WM
27 Jun 1928 - 4 Oct 1929 Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha (1st time) (b. 1877 - d. 1941) LCP
4 Oct 1929 - 1 Jan 1930 Adli Yakan Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.) LCP
1 Jan 1930 - 20 Jun 1930 Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) WM
20 Jun 1930 - 22 Sep 1933 Ismail Sedki Pasha (1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1950) HS
22 Sep 1933 - 15 Nov 1934 Abdel Fattah Yahya Ibrahim Pasha (b. 1876 - d. 1951) IP
15 Nov 1934 - 30 Jan 1936 Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha (s.a.) IP
(3rd time)
30 Jan 1936 - 9 May 1936 Ali Maher Pasha (1st time) (s.a.) IP
9 May 1936 - 29 Dec 1937 Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.) WM
29 Dec 1937 - 18 Aug 1939 Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) WM
18 Aug 1939 - 28 Jun 1940 Ali Maher Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) IP
28 Jun 1940 - 14 Nov 1940 Hassan Sabry Pasha (b. 1879 - d. 1940) Non-party
15 Nov 1940 - 5 Feb 1942 Hussein Sirri Pasha (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1960) Non-party
5 Feb 1942 - 10 Oct 1944 Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (4th time) (s.a.) WM
10 Oct 1944 - 24 Feb 1945 Ahmad Maher Pasha (b. 1888 - d. 1945) SIP
26 Feb 1945 - 17 Feb 1946 Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha (b. 1888 - d. 1948) SIP
(1st time)
17 Feb 1946 - 9 Dec 1946 Ismail Sedki Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) HS
9 Dec 1946 - 28 Dec 1948 Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha (s.a.) SIP
(2nd time)
28 Dec 1948 - 26 Jul 1949 Ibrahim Abdel Hadi Pasha (b. 1896 - d. 1981) SIP
26 Jul 1949 - 12 Jan 1950 Hussein Sirri Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
12 Jan 1950 - 27 Jan 1952 Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (5th time) (s.a.) WM
27 Jan 1952 - 2 Mar 1952 Ali Mahir Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.) IP
2 Mar 1952 - 2 Jul 1952 Ahmad Naguib Hilali Pasha (b. 1891 - d. 1958) WM
(1st time)
2 Jul 1952 - 22 Jul 1952 Hussein Sirri Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.) Non-party
22 Jul 1952 - 23 Jul 1952 Ahmad Naguib Hilali Pasha (s.a.) WM
(2nd time)
23 Jul 1952 - 7 Sep 1952 Ali Mahir Pasha (4th time) (s.a.) IP
7 Sep 1952 - 25 Feb 1954 Muhammad Yusuf Naguib (1st time) (s.a.) Mil
25 Feb 1954 - 8 Mar 1954 Gamal Abdel Nasser (1st time) (s.a.) Mil/LR
8 Mar 1954 - 18 Apr 1954 Muhammad Yusuf Naguib (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil/LR
18 Apr 1954 - 29 Sep 1962 Gamal Abdel Nasser (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil/LR;1956 NU;1962 ASU
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Egyptian Region
7 Oct 1958 - 20 Sep 1960 Nureddin Tarraf (b. 1910 - d. 1995) NU
20 Sep 1960 - 16 Aug 1961 Kamaleddin Hussein (b. 1921 - d. 1999) NU
Prime ministers
29 Sep 1962 - 3 Oct 1965 Ali Sabri (b. 1920 - d. 1991) ASU
3 Oct 1965 - 10 Sep 1966 Zakaria Mohieddin (b. 1918 - d. 2012) ASU
10 Sep 1966 - 19 Jun 1967 Muhammad Sedki Sulayman (b. 1919 - d. 1996) ASU
19 Jun 1967 - 28 Sep 1970 Gamal Abdel Nasser (3rd time) (s.a.) ASU
21 Oct 1970 - 17 Jan 1972 Mahmoud Fawzi (b. 1900 - d. 1981) ASU
17 Jan 1972 - 26 Mar 1973 Aziz Sedki (b. 1920 - d. 2008) ASU
26 Mar 1973 - 25 Sep 1974 Anwar al-Sadat (1st time) (s.a.) ASU
25 Sep 1974 - 16 Apr 1975 Abdel Aziz Muhammad Hejazi (b. 1923 - d. 2014) ASU
16 Apr 1975 - 2 Oct 1978 Mamdouh Muhammad Salem (b. 1918 - d. 1988) ASU;1978 HDW
2 Oct 1978 - 15 May 1980 Mustafa Khalil (b. 1920 - d. 2008) HDW
15 May 1980 - 6 Oct 1981 Anwar al-Sadat (2nd time) (s.a.) HDW
7 Oct 1981 - 2 Jan 1982 Muhammad Hosni Mubarak (s.a.) HDW
2 Jan 1982 - 5 Jun 1984 Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin (b. 1926 - d. 1984) HDW
5 Jun 1984 - 4 Sep 1985 Kamal Hassan Ali (b. 1921 - d. 1993) HDW
(acting to 17 Jul 1984)
4 Sep 1985 - 10 Nov 1986 Ali Mahmoud Lutfi (b. 1935 - d. 2018) HDW
10 Nov 1986 - 4 Jan 1996 Atef Muhammad Naguib Sedki (b. 1930 - d. 2005) HDW
4 Jan 1996 - 5 Oct 1999 Kamal Ganzouri (1st time) (b. 1933 - d. 2021) HDW
5 Oct 1999 - 14 Jul 2004 Atef Ebeid (s.a.) HDW
14 Jul 2004 - 31 Jan 2011 Ahmed Nazif (s.a.) HDW
31 Jan 2011 - 7 Mar 2011 Ahmed Muhammad Shafiq (b. 1941) HDW
7 Mar 2011 - 7 Dec 2011 Essam Abdel-Aziz Sharaf (b. 1952) Non-party
7 Dec 2011 - 2 Aug 2012 Kamal Ganzouri (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
2 Aug 2012 - 8 Jul 2013 Hisham Qandil (b. 1962) Non-party
8 Jul 2013 - 16 Jul 2013 Vacant
16 Jul 2013 - 1 Mar 2014 Hazem al-Beblawi (b. 1936) Non-party
1 Mar 2014 - 19 Sep 2015 Ibrahim Mahlab (b. 1949) Non-party
19 Sep 2015 - 7 Jun 2018 Sherif Ismail (b. 1955 - d. 2023) Non-party
23 Nov 2017 - 27 Jan 2018 Mostafa Madbouli (b. 1966) Non-party
(acting for Ismail)
7 Jun 2018 - Mostafa Madbouli (s.a.) Non-party
(acting to 14 Jun 2018)

British Consul-general
1802 - 1815 Ernest Missett (agent to 1804) (b. c.1765 - d. 1820)
Controller-generals of Finances
25 Dec 1876 - 28 Aug 1878 William Govett Romaine (U.K.) (b. 1815 - d. 1893)
+ Joseph Alphonse Paul Martin (b. 1820 - d. 1886)
d'Ayguesvives, Baron de Malaret
(France)
28 Aug 1878 - 7 Sep 1879 Va cant
4 Sep 1879 - 7 Dec 1882 Sir Evelyn Baring (U.K.) (b. 1841 - d. 1917)
(to 23 Jun 1880)
+ Ernest Gabriel Le Barbier de (b. 1834 - d. 1900)
Bligni�res (France)(to 12 Mar 1882)
+ Sir Auckland Colvin (U.K.) (b. 1838 - d. 1908)
(from 23 Jun 1880)
+ Louis L�on Br�dif (France) (b. 1835 - d. 1909)
(from 13 Mar 1882)
7 Dec 1882 Post abolished Agents and Consuls-general in Egypt
10 Oct 1879 - 11 Sep 1883 Sir Edward Baldwin Malet (b. 1837 - d. 1908)
11 Sep 1883 - 6 May 1907 Sir Evelyn Baring (from 15 Jun (s.a.)
1892, Evelyn Baring, Baron Cromer;
from 30 Jan 1899, Evelyn Baring,
Viscount Cromer; from 8 Aug 1901,
Evelyn Baring, Earl of Cromer)
16 May 1907 - 12 Jul 1911 Sir John Eldon Gorst (b. 1861 - d. 1911)
29 Jul 1911 - 19 Dec 1914 Horatio Herbert Kitchener, (b. 1850 - d. 1916)
Viscount Kitchener
High Commissioners to Egypt and the Sudan
19 Dec 1914 - 9 Jan 1915 Sir Joshua Milne Crompton Cheetham (b. 1869 - d. 1938)
(acting)
9 Jan 1915 - 1 Jan 1917 Sir Vincent Arthur Henry McMahon (b. 1862 - d. 1949)
1 Jan 1917 - 7 Oct 1919 Sir Francis Reginald Wingate (b. 1861 - d. 1953)
7 Oct 1919 - 15 Jun 1925 Edward Henry Hynman Allenby, (b. 1861 - d. 1936)
Viscount Allenby
20 Oct 1925 - 8 Aug 1929 Sir George Ambrose Lloyd, (b. 1879 - d. 1941)
(from 16 Nov 1925, George Ambrose
Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Dolobran)
8 Aug 1929 - 16 Dec 1933 Sir Percy Lyham Loraine (b. 1880 - d. 1961)
8 Jan 1934 - 14 Nov 1936 Sir Miles Wedderburn Lampson (b. 1880 - d. 1964)
(ambassador to Egypt, High Commissioner for Sudan to 21 Feb 1946)
Ministers Resident in the Middle East
(from 28 Jan 1944, Ministers of State in the Middle East)
19 Feb 1942 - 19 Mar 1942 Oliver Lyttelton (b. 1893 - d. 1972)
19 Mar 1942 - 28 Jan 1944 Richard Gavin Gardiner Casey (b. 1890 - d. 1976)
28 Jan 1944 - 6 Nov 1944 Walter Edward Guinness, Baron Moyne(b. 1880 - d. 1944)
21 Nov 1944 - 27 Jul 1945 Sir Edward William Macleay Grigg (b. 1879 - d. 1955)
(from 3 Aug 1945, Edward William Macleay
Grigg,Viscount Altrincham of Tormarton)

Ottoman High Commissioners in Egypt (in Cairo)
5 Nov 1885 - 1908 Gazı Ahmed Mukhtar Pasha (b. 1839 - d. 1919)
1908 - 1909 Ali Rida al-Rikabi Pasha (b. 1868 - d. 1942)
23 Feb 1909 - 5 Aug 1914 Mehmed Şerif Rauf Pasha (b. 1838 - d. 1923)

�Full style of the ruler:
(a) 8 Jun 1867 - 19 Dec 1914: Khidiw Misr (in Turkish: Mısır Hıdivi)("Khedive of Egypt");
(b) 19 Dec 1914 - 16 Mar 1922: Sultan Misr ("Sultan of Egypt");
(c) 16 Mar 1922 - 16 Oct 1951: Malik Misr ("King of Egypt");
(d) 16 Oct 1951 - 18 Jun 1953: Malik Misr wa-al-Sudan ("King of Egypt and of the Sudan");
(e) 1899 - 16 Oct 1951: in occasional official use with the (titular to 19 Dec 1914) addition of "Sovereign of Nubia, the Sudan, Kordofan, and Dar Fur."

Territorial Disputes: the Halaib Triangle and Wadi Halfa Salient are controlled by Egypt, but also claimed by The Sudan. Each country claims that Bir Tawil trapezoid belongs to the other, and neither clearly controls it; Egypt no longer shows its administration of the Bir Tawil trapezoid in The Sudan on its maps; Egypt constructed a barrier and established a buffer zone on its border with Gaza to halt the passage of weapons and militants through cross-border smuggling tunnels and pressure the Palestinian HAMAS terrorist group that runs the Gaza Strip; Egyptian-administered islands of Tiran and Sanafir, administered by Egypt since 1950 (based on 1906 Egyptian-Ottoman border delineation) were ceded to Saudi Arabia on 24 Jun 2017; Ethiopia's construction of a large dam (the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) on the Blue Nile in northern Ethiopia since 2011 has become a focal point of relations with Egypt and The Sudan; Egypt has described the giant hydroelectric project as an existential threat because of its potential to control the flow of the river that is a key source of water for the country; Ethiopia completed filling the dam in 2023.

Party abbreviations: DP= Hizb el-Dostour (Constitution Party, democratic liberal, est.2012);**HHA = Hizb Al-Hurriya wa Al-�Adala (Freedom and Justice Party, nominally independent, has strong links to Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt, islamist, est.2011, banned 23 Sep 2013); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: ASU = al-Ittihad al-Istiraki al-'Arabi (Arab Socialist Union, nasserist arab socialism, pan-arabist, only legal party 1962-1978); FP = Federal Party; HDW = Hizb al-Dimuqratiyah al-Wataniyah (National Democratic Party, centrist, authoritarian, 1978-16 Apr 2011); HS = Hizb al-Sha'b (People's Party, Ismail Sedki personalist, anti-Wafd, 1930-1946); IP = Ittihad Party (Union Party, royalist); LCP = Hizb al-Ahrar al-Dusturiyyin (Liberal-Constitutional Party, liberal, split from WM, 1922-1953); LR = Liberation Rally (government party, secular, revolutionary republican, only legal party Feb 1953-1956, replaced by NU); NU = al-Ittihad al-Kawmi (National Union, Arab nationalist, Arab socialist, Nasserism, anti-communist, U.A.R. national party, 28 May 1957-1962, merged into Arab Socialist Union); SIP = Saadist Institutional Party (split from WM, est.1938);UMMA = al Hizb al Umma or Umma Party (People's Party, Egyptian nationalist, moderate, 1907-1925); WM = al Wafdu al Misri (Egyptian Delegation "Wafd", national-liberal 1919-1953);WP = Watani Party (National Party, conservative, islamist, Egyptian nationalist, 1907-1953)

Suez Canal Authority

Map of Suez Canal Zone Headquarters: Ismailia (Ismailiyah) and Cario -------------------------- UK Forces: 80,000 (1951) Population: 91,090 (Canal governorate)(1917), 30,996 (Suez governorate) (1917)

30 Nov 1854 Canal construction authorized (by acte de concession).
5 Jan 1856 Canal grounds conceded to CUCMS for 99 years from Canal opening
(by acte de concession).
15 Dec 1858 Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez constituted.
25 Apr 1859 Canal construction begins.
17 Nov 1869 Suez Canal opens; operated and owned by the Compagnie Universelle
du Canal Maritime de Suez (Universal Company of the Suez
Maritime Canal).
30 Jan 1866 Certain Egyptian rights on 'terrains r�serv�s' reserved; modus
_operandi_defined by Egypt Suez Canal convention (renewed 22 Feb
1866, ratified by Ottoman Empire 19 Mar 1866).
25 Nov 1875 U.K. government becomes the majority share holder of Suez Company
(172,602 shares out of a total of 400,000 ordinary shares).
25 Aug 1882 British take control of the canal.
14 Nov 1936 Military occupation of Egypt terminated, stationing of 'British
Forces' in Egypt Suez Canal authorized, but not constituting,
an occupation and not prejudicing sovereign rights of Egypt.
8 Oct 1951 Egyptian government unilaterally abrogates the 1936 treaty.
19 Oct 1954 U.K. forces to be withdrawn in stages over 20 months (by the
Anglo�Egyptian Agreement of 1954).
24 Mar 1956 U.K. withdrawal completed.
26 Jul 1956 Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal.
5 Nov 1956 - 22 Dec 1956 British, French and Israeli forces occupy the Suez Canal.
22 Dec 1956 Restored to Egypt.
10 Apr 1957 Canal reopened.
5 Jun 1967 - 5 Jun 1975 Canal closed by Egypt.

Presidents of the Council of Administration of the Universal Company of the Suez Maritime Canal (in Paris)
15 Dec 1855 - 7 Dec 1894 Ferdinand, vicomte de Lesseps (b. 1805 - d. 1894)
17 Dec 1892 - 17 Jul 1896 Jules Guichard (b. 1827 - d. 1896)
(acting for de Lesseps to 7 Dec 1894)
17 Jul 1896 - 3 Aug 1896 Rapha�l Auguste Roualle, dit de (b. 1839 - d. 1901)
Rouville (acting)
3 Aug 1896 - 19 May 1913 Auguste Louis Alb�ric, (b. 1837 - d. 1924)
prince d'Arenberg
19 May 1913 - 4 Apr 1927 Charles C�lestin Auguste Jonnart (b. 1857 - d. 1927)
4 Apr 1927 - 1 Mar 1948 Louis, marquis de Vog�� (b. 1868 - d. 1948)
4 Apr 1948 - 26 Jul 1956 Fran�ois Jules Charles-Roux (b. 1879 - d. 1961)
Agents sup�rieur of the Suez Company in Egypt (in Alexandria to 1879, then Cairo)
30 Apr 1855 - 13 Aug 1861 Samuel Willem Ruijssenaers (b. 1815 - d. 1877)
(Ruyssena�rs)(provisional to 17 Dec 1858)
13 Aug 1861 - 21 Jun 1867 Prosper G�rardin
21 Jun 1867 - 1870 Fran�ois Philippe Voisin (b. 1821 - d. 1918)
"Voisin-Bey"
1 Jan 1870 - 31 May 1876 �mile Daubr�e (b. 1814 - d. 1896)
1 Jun 1876 - 31 Dec 1882 Aim� Victor de Lesseps (b. 1848 � d. 1896)
1 Jan 1883 - 31 Jul 1893 Rapha�l Auguste Roualle, dit de (s.a.)
Rouville
1894 - 1929 Charles, comte de S�rionne (b. 1863 - d. 1939)
Jan 1929 - 1948 Louis, baron de Benoist (b. 1882 - d. 1957)
1948 - 26 Jul 1956 Jean-Philippe, comte de Grailly (b. 1899 - d. 1989)

British Vice-Consuls at Port Tawfiq (Port Suez)
1922 - 1924 George Evelyn Arthur Cheyne (b. 1886 - d. 1939)
Monck-Mason
1924 - 1925 Gabriel Cyprael Pierides (acting) (b. 1852 - d. 1928)
1925 - 1926 Thomas Cecil Rapp (b. 1893 - d. 1984)
1926 Abbas Barry (acting)
Mar 1926 - 1929 Edward Hubert Lascelles Hadwen (b. 1900 - d. 1947)
(acting to 3 Feb 1927)
1929 - 1934 Albert Napier Williamson-Napier (b. 1894 - d. 1969)
(acting to 1930)
1934 - 1936 Harry Maurice Eyres (b. 1898 - d. 1962)
1936 - 1939 David Jarvis Mill Irving (b. 1904 - d. 1978)
20 Jun 1939 - 1941 Robert Giffen Dundas (b. 1909 - d. 1984)
Consuls for Governorate of the Suez Canal (in Suez)
1941 - 1942 Robert Giffen Dundas (s.a.)
1942 - 1944 Herbert George Jakins (b. 1897 - d. 1988)
1944 - 1946 Wolstan Beaumont Charles Weld (b. 1899 - d. 1961)
Forester
1946 - 1947 Frederick Herbert Gamble (b. 1907 - d. 1983)
1947 - 1948 Randle Martin Mainwaring Brett (b. 1902 - d. 1972)
(acting)
1948 - 1954 Chantry Hamilton Page (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
1954 - 1955 Francis Justinian Pelly (b. 1913 - d. 2009)
1955 - 1956 James Andrew Duncan Stewart- (b. 1906 - d. ....)
Robinson (acting)
1956 Joseph Todd Mulvenny (b. 1897 - d. 1959)

British General Officers Commanding-in-chief, Middle East (from 1945, Middle East Land Forces)
12 Apr 1934 - 1939 Sir George Alexander Weir (b. 1876 - d. 1951)
1938 - 1939 Sir Robert "Copper" Gordon- (b. 1881 - d. 1956)
Finlayson
28 Jul 1939 - 4 Jul 1941 Sir Archibald Wavell (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
5 Jul 1941 - 14 Aug 1942 Sir Claude John Eyre Auchinleck (b. 1884 - d. 1981)
15 Aug 1942 - 19 Feb 1943 Harold Rupert Leofric George (b. 1891 - d. 1969)
Alexander
19 Feb 1943 - 6 Jan 1944 Henry Maitland Wilson (b. 1881 - d. 1964)
6 Jan 1944 - Jun 1946 Sir Bernard Charles Tolver Paget (b. 1887 - d. 1961)
Jun 1946 - Jun 1947 Miles Christopher Dempsey (b. 1896 - d. 1969)
Jun 1947 - 25 Jul 1950 Sir John Tredinnick Crocker (b. 1896 - d. 1963)
25 Jul 1950 - Apr 1953 Sir Brian Hubert Robertson (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
Apr 1953 - 28 Sep 1953 Sir Cameron Gordon Graham Nicholson(b. 1898 - d. 1979)
28 Sep 1953 - 13 Jun 1956 Sir Charles Frederic Keightley (b. 1901 - d. 1974)
British Commander-in-chief, Middle East Land Forces
5 Nov 1956 - 22 Dec 1956 Sir Charles Frederic Keightley (s.a.)
(U.K.)

Multinational Force and Observers

[Multinational Force and Observers (Sinai, Egypt)]

3 Aug 1981 Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) in the Sinai peninsula
established by Egypt/Israel Protocol (effective 25 Apr 1982).

Directors-General, Multinational Force and Observers (in Rome, Italy)(all from U.S.)
25 Apr 1982 - 15 Feb 1984 Leamon Ray Hunt (b. 1927 - d. 1984)
16 Feb 1984 - 31 Aug 1984 Victor Herman Dikeos (acting) (b. 1923 - d. 2014)
1 Sep 1984 - Jul 1988 Peter Dalton Constable (b. 1932 - d. 2000)
Jul 1988 - Aug 1998 Wat Tyler Cluverius IV (b. 1934 - d. 2010)
Aug 1998 - Jul 2004 Arthur Hayden Hughes (b. 1939)
7 Jul 2004 - 30 Jun 2009 James A. Larocco (b. 1948)
1 Jul 2009 - Aug 2017 David Michael Satterfield (b. 1954)
Aug 2013 - Jan 2014 .... (acting for Satterfield)
22 Aug 2017 - Aug 2022 Robert Stephen "Steve" Beecroft (b. 1957)
1 Aug 2022 - Elizabeth L. Dibble (f) (b. 1957)

Forces Commanders, Multinational Force and Observers
25 Apr 1982 - 27 Mar 1984 Fredrik Vilhelm Bull-Hansen (b. 1927 - d. 2018)
(Norway)
27 Mar 1984 - 30 Mar 1989 Egil Johannes Ingebrigtsen (b. 1929 - d. 2022)
(Norway)
30 Mar 1989 - 11 Apr 1991 Donald Stuart McIver (New Zealand) (b. 1936 - d. 2016)
11 Apr 1991 - 21 Apr 1994 Johannes Willem Cornelis "Joop" (b. 1940 - d. 1994)
van Ginkel (The Netherlands)
21 Apr 1994 - 10 Apr 1997 David Bruce Ferguson (Australia) (b. 1941)
10 Apr 1997 - 1 Mar 2001 Tryggve Tellefsen (Norway) (b. 1941)
1 Mar 2001 - 1 Mar 2004 Robert "Bob" Meating (Canada) (b. 1947?)
1 Mar 2004 - 1 Mar 2007 Roberto Martinelli (Italy) (b. 1948)
1 Mar 2007 - 1 Mar 2010 Kjell Narve Ludvigsen (Norway) (b. 1947)
1 Mar 2010 - 3 Mar 2014 Warren J. Whiting (New Zealand) (b. 195.)
3 Mar 2014 - 1 Mar 2017 Denis William Thompson (Canada) (b. 1960?)
1 Mar 2017 - 1 Dec 2019 Simon Andrew Stuart (Australia)
1 Dec 2019 - 5 Mar 2023 Evan Williams (1st time)
(New Zealand)
5 Mar 2023 - 25 Sep 2023 Pavel Kol�ř (Czech Republic) (b. 1970)
25 Sep 2023 - 17 Mar 2024 Evan Williams (2nd time)
(New Zealand)
17 Mar 2024 - Michael Garraway (Australia)

� Ben Cahoon