T�rkiye (Turkey) (original) (raw)
T�rkiye (Turkey)
| Map of Turkey | Hear National Anthem "İstikl�l Marşı" (Independence March) | Text of National Anthem Adopted 12 Mar 1921 | Constitution (7 Nov 1982) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Map of Ottoman Empire 1798-1923 | Former Ottoman Anthems "Mahmudiye Marşı" (March of Mahmud; 1918-22 as Ottoman National March) (1829-1839, 1918-1 Nov 1922) "Mecidiye Marşı" (March of Abd�lmecid) (1839-1861, 1876) | Former Ottoman Anthems "Aziziye Marşı" (1861-1876) (March of Abd�l�ziz); "Hamidiye Marşı" (1876-1909); (March of Abd�lhamid); "Reşadiye Marşı" (1909-1918) (March of Mehmed Reşad) | Former Constitutions (23 Dec 1876; 20 Jan 1921; 10 Apr 1924; 9 Jun 1961) |
| Capital: Ankara (Kostantiniyye [Constantinople] 29 May 1453-13 Oct 1923; Edirne [Adrianople] 1365-1453; Bursa 1326-1365) | Currency: Turkish Lira (TRY); 1881-1922 Ottoman Empire Lira (XOTL); 1688-1881 Ottoman Empire Piastre (XTOP) | National Holiday: 29 Oct (1923) Cumhuriyet Bayramı (Republic Day) | Population: 82,017,514 (2019) 23,800,000 (1914) 16,000,000 (1683) |
| GDP: 2.19trillion(2017)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:2.19 trillion (2017) | Exports: 2.19trillion(2017)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:166.2 billion (2017) Imports: $225.1 billion (2017) | Ethnic groups: Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 18%, other minorities 7-12% (2016) | |
| Total Active Armed Forces: 355,200 (2018) U.S. Forces: 1,778 (2023) Merchant marine: 1,234 ships (2019) | Religions: Muslim 98% (of which Sunni 81.5%, Shi'a 3.9%, non-orthodox Alevi 10.6%, Alawites 1%, Quranist Muslims 1%), Spiritual but not religious 1%, others 0.8% Christian 0.2% (2017-2018) | ||
| International Organizations/Treaties: ACS (observer), ADB (nonregional), AfDB (nonregional), AG, AIIB, ANT, APA, APM, AU (observer), BIS, BRICS (applicant), BSEC, BTWC, CAN (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (associate), CFE (suspended), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), CTBT, D-8, DC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, ENMOD (signatory), ESA (cooperating state), ESCR, EU (candidate), Eutelsat, FAO, FATF, G-20, GUAM (observer), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IORA (partner), IPU, IRENA, ISA (observer), ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, Moon, MTCR, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OS, OSCE, OST, OTS, PA (observer), PAM, Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue partner), SECP, SELEC, SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WA, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC |
| Turkey Index | Chronology 74 BC - 17 Jan 395 AD Part of the Roman Empire (Bithynia annexed 74 BC, Cappadocia in 18 AD, and Pontus in 62 AD). 17 Jan 395 Part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. 1068 Most of Anatolia part of the Great Seljuk Empire. c.1100 Seljuk of R�m centered at Konya, and by 1240 occupies most of Antaolia. c.1224 After the death of Chingis (Genghis)Khan, S�leyman Şah of the clan (gens) of Kaji (Kayı), one of the foremost of the Oğuz (Oghuz), settles in Armenia. c.1231 Tribe withdraws, Suleiman dies by drowning when his horse stumbles, followers disperse into Anatolia and Syria; of four sons, two returned to Khwarazm, two others moved further, of which in the process Ertuğrul (Ertoghrul) joins a battle, supporting smaller (Seljuks) force to victory against larger force of Mongols, and he becomes follower of the former and is given near ancient Dorylaeum (Dor�laion) in Phrygia, by Kayqubad II Seljuk (Saldjuq) Sultan of R�m. 26 Jun 1243 Mongols defeat Seljuk of R�m at Battle of K�se Dağ. c.1289 Othman (Osman) is given a fief around Melangeia (Mel�ngeia), in Sangarius (Sakarya) River valley in northern Bithynia, with insignia of nobility. 27 Jul 1302 Othman (Osman) defeats the Byzantine army at Battle of Bapheus, heralding the final capture of Bithynia by the Turks. 1308 Last Seljuq Sultan Mesud II, vassal of Il-khanate, is killed. The dissolution of the Seljuq state leaves many small Anatolian Turkish principalities (or beyliks), among them that of the Ottomans (Osmanoğlu), which eventually conquers the rest reuniting Anatolia. 6 Apr 1326 Turks capture Bursa (Pro�sa) from the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. 29 Jul 1326 Following the death of Othman (Osman), the ruling house becomes the 'Othmanlı (Ottoman dynasty) (�l-i Osman [Kayı boyu]). 2 Mar 1331 Turks take Nicaea (İznik) from the Byzantines. c.1346 Karasi (Karasioğlu) annexed by the Ottomans. Mar 1354 Turks seize Gallipoli (Gelibolu) from Byzantines. Jul 1362 Turks capture Adriano�polis (Edirne) from the Byzantines. 1371 Turks begin the conquest of Thessaly (finished 1395/1396). 1390 Aydın (Aydınoğlu), Menteshe (Mentesheoğlu), and Sarukhan (Sarukhanoğlu) are annexed by the Ottomans. 1391 Hamid (Hamidoğlu) and Jandar (İsfendiyaroğlu), and from 1398 Eretna (Eretnaoğlu), annexed by the Ottomans. 20 Jul 1402 Battle of Ankara (Angora), Timur (Tamerlane) defeats Ottoman forces. Bayezid commits suicide in captivity. 20 Jul 1402 - 5 Jul 1413 Ottoman Civil War, also called the "interregnum period" (Fetret devri). 10 Jun 1422 - Sep 1422 Ottoman siege of Constantinople. 1428 Germiyan (Germiyanoğlu) bequeathed to Ottoman ruler. 29 May 1453 Constantinople (Kostantiniyye), now İstanbul, captured by the Ottomans (having been under siege since 6 Apr 1453), from the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, becoming its capital. 29 May 1453 Ottoman (or Osmanli) State or the Ottoman Empire (Devlet-i Osmaniyye; in modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti [Ottoman State]). Most common term of reference, not fixed by legislative acts, but used in the 1876 Constitution (the Ottoman capture of Constantinople taken as the notional date for the beginning of the polity style). 29 May 1460 Moreadespotate captured by the Ottomans. 15 Aug 1461 Trebizond (Trabzon), the last Byzantine holdout state, is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. 1475 Karaman (Karamanoğlu) annexed by Ottomans. 1516 Ramadan (Ramazanoğlu) incorporated into the Ottoman Empire. 1522 Dulkadir (Dulkadiroğlu) annexed by Ottomans 27 Sep 1529 � 15 Oct 1529 First Ottoman siege of Vienna. 1534 Afshar (Afsharoğlu) annexed by the Ottomans. 18 May 1565 - 8 Sep 1565 Ottoman siege of Malta. 7 Oct 1571 Battle of Lepanto, Ottomans defeated by the Holy League (including Spain, Venice, Genoa, Knights of Malta, Papal States, etc.) off Patras, Morea. 1589 Beylerbeyi Janissary revolt. 1606 Revolt of Kalender Oghlu in Sarukhan. Aug 1627 - 18 Sep 1628 Rebellion of Abaza Mehmed Pasha in Erzurum. 12 Aug 1648 Atmeydanı soldiers revolt. 4 Mar 1656 - 8 Mar 1656 �ınar soldiers revolt. 17 Jul 1683 - 12 Sep 1683 Second Ottoman siege of Vienna. 19 Jul 1703 - 22 Aug 1703 Janissary revolt in Edirne. 1 Oct 1730 Janissary revolt led by Patrona Halil. 6 Mar 1807 - 12 Aug 1807 Russian blockade of Constantinople. 25 Oct 1807 - 13 Jul 1808 Janissary revolt led Kabak�ı Mustafa. 1829 - 1830 Revolt of At�alı Kel Mehmet in Aydın province. 6 May 1833 - Jan 1841 Egypt annexes Syria (incl. Lebanon, Palestine) and to administer Crete, Adana, Hejaz by Convention of K�tahya (revoked buy the Convention of London of 27 Nov 1840). 23 Nov 1876 Ottoman Constitution established (rescinded 13 Feb 1878, restored 24 Jul 1908). 24 Jul 1908 Constitution of 1876 restored by the Young Turks. 13 Jan 1913 Ottoman coup d'etat carried out by members of the. Committee of Union and Progress. 16 May 1915 - 12 Mar 1918 Russian occupation of western Ottoman Armenia. 13 Nov 1918 - 2 Oct 1923 Allied forces occupy Constantinople and from 10 Nov 1918 the Bosporus, the Dardanelles, islands of İmbros, Lemnos, Samothrace, and Bozcaada (Tenedos) (see Straits Zone). 27 Nov 1918 - 23 Jul 1939 French administration of Hatay. 2 Dec 1918 - 7 Jan 1922 French occupation of Cilicia. 29 Apr 1919 - 5 Jul 1921 Italian occupation of Antalya. 15 May 1919 - 8 Sep 1922 Greece occupies Smyrna (İzmir) and surrounding areas and most of Eastern Thrace. 19 May 1919 - 11 Oct 1922 Turkish war of liberation. 23 Apr 1920 Grand National Assembly constituted at Ankara as a dissident authority on the territory of the Ottoman Empire. 10 Aug 1920 By Treaty of S�vres (not ratified), Ottoman Empire cedes Syria and Mount Lebanon to France, and French to occupy Cilicia; Cyprus, Palestine, Transjordan, and Mesopotamia (Iraq) ceded to the U.K.; the Dodecanese Islands and Rhodes recognized as Italian and Antalya to be occupied by Italy; Aegean islands of Imbros and Tenedos, eastern Thrace (but not Constantinople) and Izmir (Smyrna) district under sovereignty of Greece; Hejaz and Armenia to be independent; with Kurdistan to be autonomous; and the Zone of the Straits demilitarized and under Allied occupation. 7 Feb 1921 State of Turkey is declared, with executive and legislative authority vested in the Grand National Assembly. 2 Nov 1922 Grand National Assembly is declared the sole state authority of Turkey and successor to the Ottoman imperial house, thus de-recognizing the authority of the ruler of the Ottoman Empire (retroactively from 16 Mar 1920). 4 Nov 1922 Collapse of Ottoman government in Constantinople. 24 Jul 1923 By Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey regains all the lands occupied by Greece; Turkish sovereignty over the western Armenia, Kurdish areas, Cilicia, and Antalya is restored; and the Straits remain demilitarized but allied occupation is ended (effective 6 Aug 1924). 29 Oct 1923 Republic of Turkey 3 Mar 1924 Caliphate is abolished. 1 Nov 1928 Latin alphabet adopted for Turkish (effective 1 Jan 1929). 28 Mar 1930 Kostantiniyye (Constantinople) formally renamed İstanbul. 21 Jul 1936 Turkey re-occupies the former demilitarized Straits. 29 Jun 1939 Hatay re-incorporated into Turkey. 1 Jun 2022 Communication to UN that Turkish short-form name T�rkiye is to be used in all languages. |
|---|---|
| Antalya (Adalia) (1919-1921) | |
| Cilicia (1919-1921) | |
| Hatay (1918-1939) | |
| Smyrna(Izmir) (1919-1922) | |
| Zone of the Straits (1918-1936) | |
| South-Western Caucasus (1918-1919) | |
| Kurdish Polities (1816-1835, 1927-1931) | |
| Russian Occupied Turkish (Western) Armenia (1915-1918) | |
| Pera and Galatea (1273-1453) | |
| Ecumenical Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople | |
| Historic Maps of Turkey |
Note: names of Ottoman rulers are given with their common modern name followed by nicknames in quotes, with their given name without ordinal number (which was never used officially) and patronymic in parentheses (Names with invocation as found on the calligraphic seals or signatures known as tughras are not listed).
Beys
c.1299 � 29 Jul 1326 Osman I "Gazı" (b. 1259 - d. 1326)
(Othman H�n)29 Jul 1326 - Mar 1362 Orhan "Gazı" (b. 1281 � d. 1362)
(Orhan bin Othman H�n)
Mar 1362 - 1383 Murad I "H�davendig�r", "Şehit" (b. 1326 - d. 1389)
(Murad bin Orhan H�n)
Sultans (title Padışah)�1383 - 15 Jun 1389 Murad I "H�davendig�r", "Şehit" (s.a.)
(Murad bin Orhan H�n)
15 Jun 1389 - 20 Jul 1402 Bayezid I"Yıldırım", (b. 1354 - d. 1403)
"Sult�n-� İklim-i R�m"
(Bayezid bin Murad H�n)
20 Jul 1402 � 26 May 1421Mehmed I "�elebi" (b. 1389 - d. 1421)
(Mehmed bin Bayezid H�n)
(in eastern Anatolia to 5 Jul 1413)
20 Jul 1402 - 17 Feb 1411 S�leyman "�elebi" (b. 1377 - d. 1411)
(S�leyman bin Bayezid H�n)
(co-sultan in Rumelia)
1403 - 1406 İsa "�elebi" (b. 1380 - d. 1406)
(İsa bin Bayezid H�n)
(in rebellion; in western Anatolia)
18 Feb 1411 - 5 Jul 1413 Musa "�elebi" (b. 1388 - d. 1413)
(Musa bin Bayezid H�n)
(co-sultan in Rumelia)
26 May 1421 - Dec 1444 Murad II "Koca", "Gazı" (1st time) (b. 1404 - d. 1451)
(Murad bin Mehmed H�n)
Dec 1444 - May 1446 Mehmed II (1st time) (b. 1432 - d. 1481)
(Mehmed bin Murad H�n)
May 1446 - 3 Feb 1451 Murad II "Koca", "Gazı" (2nd time) (s.a.)
(Murad bin Mehmed H�n)
3 Feb 1451 � 3 May 1481 Mehmed II "Fatih", "Gazı" (s.a.)
(2nd time)
c.20 May 1481�24 Apr 1512 Bayezid II "Adl�", "Sofu", "Veli" (b. 1446 - d. 1512)
(Bayezid bin Mehmed H�n)
31 May 1481 - 20 Jun 1481 Cem (in dissidence) (b. 1459 - d. 1495)
(Cem bin Mehmed H�n)
24 Apr 1512�21/22 Sep 1520 Selim I "Yavuz" (b. 1467 - d. 1520)
(Selim-şah bin Bayezid H�n)
30 Sep 1520 � 7 Sep 1566 S�leyman I "Kanuni", "Gazı", (b. 1494 - d. 1566)
"Muhteşem", "Sahib-i Kiran",
"Sahib-�l Aş�ret el Kamilet"
(S�leyman-şah bin Selim-şah H�n)
30 Sep 1566 � 15 Dec 1574 Selim II "Sarı", "Mest", (b. 1524 - d. 1574)
"Sarhoş", "Sığır"
(Selim-şah bin S�leyman-ş�h H�n)
22 Dec 1574 � 16 Jan 1595 Murad III (b. 1546 - d. 1595)
(Şah Murad bin Selim-şah H�n)
27 Jan 1595 � 21 Dec 1603 Mehmed III "Adl�", "Eğri-fatihi" (b. 1566 - d. 1603)
(Mehmed bin Murad H�n)
21 Dec 1603 � 22 Nov 1617 Ahmed I "Baht�" (b. 1590 - d. 1617)
(Şah Ahmed bin Mehmed H�n)
22 Nov 1617 � 26 Feb 1618 Mustafa I "Deli" (1st time) (b. 1592 - d. 1639)
(Şah Mustafa bin Mehmed H�n)
26 Feb 1618 � 19 May 1622 Osman II "Gen�", "Şehit" (b. 1603 - d. 1622)
(Şah Osman bin Ahmed H�n)
19 May 1622 � 10 Sep 1623 Mustafa I "Deli" (2nd time) (s.a.)
(Şah Mustafa bin Mehmed H�n)
10 Sep 1623 � 9 Feb 1640 Murad IV "Gazı", "Fatih-i Bağdad", (b. 1612 - d. 1640)
"Sahib-i Kiran"
(Şah Murad bin Ahmed H�n)
9 Feb 1640 � 8 Aug 1648 İbrahim I "Deli" (b. 1615 - d. 1648)
(Şah İbrahim bin Ahmed H�n)
8 Aug 1648 � 9 Nov 1687 Mehmed IV "Avcı" (b. 1641 - d. 1692)
(Şah Mehmed bin İbrahim H�n)
9 Nov 1687 � 22 Jun 1691 S�leyman II (b. 1644 - d. 1691)
(Şah S�leyman bin İbrahim H�n)
22 Jun 1691 � 6 Feb 1695 Ahmed II (b. 1642 - d. 1695)
(Şah Ahmed bin İbrahim H�n)
6 Feb 1695 - 22 Aug 1703 Mustafa II "Gazı" (b. 1664 - d. 1703)
(Şah Mustafa bin Mehmed H�n)
22 Aug 1703 - 1 Oct 1730 Ahmed III (b. 1673 - d. 1736)
(Şah Ahmed bin Mehmed H�n)
1 Oct 1730 - 13 Dec 1754 Mahmud I "Gazı", "Kambur" (b. 1696 - d. 1754)
(Mahmud H�n bin Mustafa H�n)
13 Dec 1754 - 30 Oct 1757 Osman III (b. 1696 - d. 1757)
(Osman H�n bin Mustafa H�n)
30 Oct 1757 - 21 Jan 1774 Mustafa III (b. 1717 - d. 1774)
(Mustafa H�n bin Ahmed H�n)
21 Jan 1774 - 7 Apr 1789 Abd�lhamid I (b. 1725 - d. 1789)
(Abd�lhamid H�n bin Ahmed H�n)
7 Apr 1789 - 29 May 1807 Selim III "Cihandar", "İlhami" (b. 1761 - d. 1808)
(Selim H�n bin Mustafa H�n)
29 May 1807 - 28 Jul 1808 Mustafa IV (b. 1779 - d. 1808)
(Muustafa H�n bin Abd�lhamid H�n)
28 Jul 1808 - 1 Jul 1839 Mahmud II "Adl�", "Gazı" (b. 1785 - d. 1839)
(Mahmud H�n bin Abd�lhamid H�n)
1 Jul 1839 - 25 Jun 1861 Abd�lmecid I "Gazı" (b. 1823 - d. 1861)
(Abd�lmecid H�n bin Mahmud H�n)
25 Jun 1861 - 30 May 1876 Abd�laziz I (b. 1830 - d. 1876)
(Abd�l�ziz H�n bin Mahmud H�n)
30 May 1876 - 31 Aug 1876 Murad V (b. 1840 - d. 1904)
(Mehmed Murad H�n bin Abd�lmecid H�n)
31 Aug 1876 - 27 Apr 1909 Abd�lhamid II "Kanlı", "Bedros" (b. 1842 - d. 1918)
(Abd�lhamid H�n bin Abd�lmecid H�n)
27 Apr 1909 - 3 Jul 1918 Mehmed V (b. 1844 - d. 1918)
(Mehmed H�n bin Abd�lmecid H�n)
4 Jul 1918 - 4 Nov 1922 Mehmed VI "Kara" (b. 1861 - d. 1926) (Mehmed Vahideddin H�n bin Abd�lmecid H�n)
(leaves national territory on 17 Jun 1922,
derecognized by Constituent Assembly 2 Nov 1922,
deposed as caliph [_Halife_] on 19 Nov 1922)
24 Nov 1922 - 3 Mar 1924 Abd�lmecid II (b. 1868 - d. 1944)
(Abd�lmecid bin Abd�l�ziz H�n)
(caliph [_Halife_] only, deposed 3 Mar 1924)
**Presidents of the Turkish Grand National Assembly
(in opposition to the Ottoman government to 4 Nov 1922)
23 Apr 1920 - 24 Apr 1920 Şerif Bey (acting) (b. 1845 - d. 1929) Non-party
(= Mehmet Şerif Avcıoğlu)
24 Apr 1920 - 11 Aug 1923 Gazı Mustafa Kemal (1st time) (b. 1881 - d. 1938) Mil
11 Aug 1923 Abd�rrahman Şeref Bey (acting) (b. 1853 - d. 1925) Non-party
11 Aug 1923 - 13 Aug 1923 Ali Fuad Paşa (provisional) (b. 1882 - d. 1968) Mil
13 Aug 1923 - 29 Oct 1923 Gazı Mustafa Kemal (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
Presidents
29 Oct 1923 - 10 Nov 1938 Gazı Mustafa Kemal (s.a.) CHP
(from 24 Nov 1934, Mustafa Kemal Atat�rk)
10 Nov 1938 - 11 Nov 1938 Mustafa Abd�lhalik Renda (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1948) CHP
11 Nov 1938 - 22 May 1950 Mustafa İsmet İn�n� (b. 1884 - d. 1973) CHP
22 May 1950 - 27 May 1960 Mahmud Cel�leddin Bayar (b. 1883 - d. 1986) DP
27 May 1960 - 28 Mar 1966 Cemal G�rsel (b. 1895 - d. 1966) Mil; 1961
(chairman of the Committee of National Unity to Non-party
28 May 1960, Head of State 28 May 1960 - 26 Oct 1961)
2 Feb 1966 - 28 Mar 1966 İbrahim Şevki Atasagun (b. 1899 - d. 1984) Non-party
(acting for G�rcel)
28 Mar 1966 - 28 Mar 1973 Cevdet Sunay (b. 1900 - d. 1982) Non-party
28 Mar 1973 - 6 Apr 1973 Mehmet Tekin Arıburun (acting) (b. 1905 - d. 1993) Non-party
6 Apr 1973 - 6 Apr 1980 Fahri Sabit Korut�rk (b. 1903 - d. 1987) Non-party
6 Apr 1980 - 12 Sep 1980 İhsan Sabri �ağlayangil (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1993) AP
12 Sep 1980 - 9 Nov 1989 Ahmet Kenan Evren (b. 1917 - d. 2015) Non-party
(Head of State and chairman of National
Security Council to 9 Nov 1982)
9 Nov 1989 - 17 Apr 1993 Halil Turgut �zal (b. 1927 - d. 1993) AnaP
17 Apr 1993 - 16 May 1993 Ahmet H�samettin Cindoruk (acting) (b. 1933) DYP
16 May 1993 - 16 May 2000 S�leyman Demirel (b. 1924 - d. 2015) DYP
16 May 2000 - 28 Aug 2007 Ahmet Necdet Sezer (b. 1941) Non-party
28 Aug 2007 - 28 Aug 2014 Abdullah G�l (b. 1950) AKP
28 Aug 2014 - Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (b. 1954) AKP
Grand Viziers (vez�r-i �zam)
c.1320 - c.1331 Al��ddin (Bey) Pasha
c.1331 - c.1348 Nizam�ddin Ahmed Pasha (d. 1380)
c.1348 - c.1360 Mehmed Hacı Pasha
c.1360 - c.1364 Sinan�ddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha (d. 1364)
c.1368 - 21 Jan 1387 �andarlı "Kara" Halil Hayreddin (d. 1387)
Pasha
22 Jan 1387 - 18 Dec 1406 �andarlı Ali Pasha (d. 1406)
18 Dec 1406 - 1413 "Osmancıklı" İmamz�de Halil Pasha
1413 - Jul 1421 "Amasyalı" Bayezid Pasha (d. 1421)
Jul 1421 - 25 Aug 1429 �andarlı İbrahim Pasha (d. 1429)
Aug 1429 - 1438 "Koca" Mehmed Nizam�ddin Pasha (d. 1439)
1438 - 10 Jul 1453 �andarlı Halil Pasha (d. 1453)
1453 - 1456 "Zağanos" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1462)
1456 - 1466 Veli Mahmud Pasha (1st time) (b. 1420 - d. 1474)
1466 - 1469 Rum Mehmed Pasha (d. 1470)
1469 - 1472 İshak Pasha (1st time) (d. 1497)
1472 - 1474 Veli Mahmud Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1474 - 1476 Gedik Ahmed Pasha (d. 1482)
1476 - 1477 "Hoca" Sinan Pasha (b. 1440 - d. 1486)
1477 - 4 May 1481 "Karamanlı" Mehmed Pasha (b. 1458 - d. 1481)
1481 - 1482 İshak Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1483 - 1497 "Koca" Davut Pasha (d. 1498)
1497 - 1498 "Hersekzade" Ahmed Pasha (1st time)(b. 1459 - d. 1517)
1498 - 1499 �andarlı İbrahim Pasha (b. 1429 - d. 1499)
1499 - Nov 1501 Mesih (Misac) Pasha (d. 1501)
1501 - 1503 "Hadım" Ali Pasha (1st time) (d. 1511)
1503 - 1506 "Hersekzade" Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)(s.a.)
1506 - Apr 1511 "Hadım" Ali Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1511 (3 months) "Hersekzade" Ahmed Pasha (3rd time)(s.a.)
1511 - 1512 "Koca" Mustafa Pasha (d. 1512)
1512 - 28 Nov 1514 "Hersekzade" Ahmed Pasha (4th time)(s.a.)
18 Dec 1514 - Mar 1515 Dukakinoğlu Ahmed Pasha (d. 1515)
18 Jun 1515 - 8 Sep 1515 "Hadım" Sinan Pasha (1st time) (b. 1459 - d. 1517)
8 Sep 1515 - 26 Apr 1516 "Hersekzade" Ahmed Pasha (5th time)(s.a.)
26 Apr 1516 - 22 Jan 1517 "Hadım" Sinan Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Jan 1517 - 13 Sep 1517 Yunus Pasha (d. 1517)
25 Jan 1518 - 27 Jun 1523 P�r� Mehmed Pasha (d. 1533)
27 Jun 1523 - 14 Mar 1536 "Pargalı" İbrahim Pasha (d. 1536)
14 Mar 1536 - 13 Jul 1539 Ayas Mehmed Pasha (b. c.1483 - d. 1539)
13 Jul 1539 - Apr 1541 Damat �elebi L�tfi Pasha (d. 1564)
Apr 1541 - 28 Nov 1544 "Hadım" S�leyman Pasha (b. 1467 - d. 1547)
28 Nov 1544 - 6 Oct 1553 Damat R�stem Pasha (1st time) (b. 1500 - d. 1561)
6 Oct 1553 - 29 Sep 1555 "Kara" Ahmed Pasha (d. 1555)
29 Sep 1555 - 10 Jul 1561 Damat R�stem Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Jul 1561 - 28 Jun 1565 Semiz Ali Pasha (d. 1565)
28 Jun 1565 - 11 Oct 1579 Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (b. 1505 - d. 1579)
11 Oct 1579 - 28 Apr 1580 Şemsi Ahmed Pasha (b. 1492 - d. 1580)
28 Apr 1580 - 7 Aug 1580 Lala Mustafa Pasha (b. c.1500 - d. 1580)
7 Aug 1580 - 6 Dec 1582 "Koca" Sinan Pasha (1st time) (b. 1520 - d. 1596)
24 Dec 1582 - 25 Jul 1584 Kanlıeli Siyavuş Pasha (1st time) (d. 1602)
28 Jul 1584 - 29 Oct 1585 �zdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (b. 1526 - d. 1585)
1 Nov 1585 - 14 Apr 1586 "Hadım" Mesih Mehmed Pasha (d. 1592)
14 Apr 1586 - 2 Apr 1589 Kanlıeli Siyavuş Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Apr 1588 - 1 Aug 1591 "Koca" Sinan Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Aug 1591 - 4 Apr 1592 Serdar Ferhat Pasha (1st time) (d. 1595)
4 Apr 1592 - 28 Jan 1593 Kanlıeli Siyavuş Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
28 Jan 1593 - 16 Feb 1595 "Koca" Sinan Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
16 Feb 1595 - 7 Jul 1595 Serdar Ferhat Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Jul 1595 - 19 Nov 1595 "Koca" Sinan Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
19 Nov 1595 - 29 Nov 1595 Tekeli Lala Mehmed Pasha (d. 1595)
1 Dec 1595 - 3 Apr 1596 "Koca" Sinan Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
4 Apr 1596 - 27 Oct 1596 Damat İbrahim Pasha (1st time) (b. 1517 - d. 1601)
27 Oct 1596 - 5 Dec 1596 Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha (b. c.1545 - d. 1605)
5 Dec 1596 - 3 Nov 1597 Damat İbrahim Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Nov 1597 - 9 Apr 1598 "Hadım" Hasan Pasha (d. 1598)
9 Apr 1598 - 6 Jan 1599 "Cerrah" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1604)
6 Jan 1599 - 10 Jul 1601 Damat İbrahim Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
22 Jul 1601 - 4 Oct 1603 "Yemiş�i" Hasan Pasha (b. 1535 - d. 1603)
16 Oct 1603 - 26 Jul 1604 "Malko�" Yavuz Ali Pasha (d. 1604)
5 Aug 1604 - 21 Jun 1606 Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha (d. 1606)
21 Jun 1606 - 9 Dec 1606 Derviş Mehmed Pasha (d. 1606)
11 Dec 1606 - 5 Aug 1611 "Kuyucu" Murad Pasha (b. 1515 - d. 1611)
5 Aug 1611 - 17 Oct 1614 G�m�lcineli Damat Nasuh Pasha (d. 1614)
17 Oct 1614 - 17 Nov 1616 "�k�z Kara" Mehmed Pasha (1st time)(d. 1619)
17 Nov 1616 - 18 Jan 1619 Damat Halil Pasha (1st time) (d. 1629)
18 Jan 1619 - 23 Dec 1619 "�k�z Kara" Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)(s.a.)
23 Dec 1619 - 9 Mar 1621 "G�zelce" Ali Pasha (d. 1621)
9 Mar 1621 - 17 Sep 1621 "Ohrili" H�seyin Pasha (d. 1622)
17 Sep 1621 - 20 May 1622 Dilaver Pasha (d. 1622)
20 May 1622 - 13 Jun 1622 "Kara" Davud Pasha (d. 1623)
13 Jun 1622 - 8 Jul 1622 "Mere" H�seyin Pasha (1st time) (d. 1624)
8 Jul 1622 - 21 Sep 1622 "Lefkeli" Mustafa Pasha (d. 1648)
21 Sep 1622 - 5 Feb 1623 "Hadım" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1626)
5 Feb 1623 - 30 Aug 1623 "Mere" H�seyin Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Aug 1623 - 3 Apr 1624 "Kemankeş Kara" Ali Pasha (d. 1624)
3 Apr 1624 - 28 Jan 1625 "�erkes" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1625)
8 Apr 1625 - 1 Dec 1626 Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1564 - d. 1632)
1 Dec 1626 - 6 Apr 1628 Damat Halil Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Apr 1628 - 25 Oct 1631 "Gazi Ekrem" H�srev Pasha (d. 1632)
25 Oct 1631 - 10 Feb 1632 Hafız Ahmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Feb 1632 - 18 May 1632 "Topal" Recep Pasha (d. 1632)
18 May 1632 - 2 Feb 1637 "Tabanıyassi" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1637)
2 Feb 1637 - 26 Aug 1638 Bayram Pasha (d. 1638)
27 Aug 1638 - 24 Dec 1638 "Tayyar" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1638)
23 Dec 1638 - 31 Jan 1644 "Kemankeş Kara" Mustafa Pasha (b. 1592 - d. 1644)
31 Jan 1644 - 17 Dec 1645 Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha (b. 1603 - d. 1646)
17 Dec 1645 - 16 Sep 1647 "Nevesinli" Salih Pasha (d. 1647)
16 Sep 1647 - 21 Sep 1647 "Kara" Musa Pasha (d. 1649)
21 Sep 1647 - 8 Aug 1648 "Hezarpare" Ahmed Pasha (d. 1648)
8 Aug 1648 - 21 May 1649 "Sofu" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1649)
21 May 1649 - 5 Aug 1651 "Kara Dev" Murad Pasha (1st time) (d. 1655)
5 Aug 1651 - 21 Aug 1651 Melek Ahmed Pasha (d. 1662)
21 Aug 1651 - 27 Sep 1651 Abaza Siyavuş Pasha (1st time) (d. 1656)
27 Sep 1651 - 20 Jun 1652 "G�rc�" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1665)
20 Jun 1652 - 21 Mar 1653 "Tarhuncu" Ahmed Pasha (d. 1653)
21 Mar 1653 - 28 Oct 1654 "Koca" Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha (d. 1655)
28 Oct 1654 - 11 May 1655 "İbşir" Mustafa Pasha (b. 1607 - d. 1655)
11 May 1655 - 19 Aug 1655 "Kara Dev" Murad Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Aug 1655 - 28 Feb 1656 "Ermeni" Suleyman Pasha (b. 1607 - d. 1687)
28 Feb 1656 - 5 Mar 1656 "Deli" H�seyin Pasha (d. 1659)
5 Mar 1656 (4 hours) "Zurnazen" Mustafa Pasha (d. 1666)
5 Mar 1656 - 25 Apr 1656 Abaza Siyavuş Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Apr 1656 - 15 Sep 1656 "Boynueğri" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1665)
15 Sep 1656 - 31 Oct 1661 K�pr�l� Mehmed Pasha (b. 1578 - d. 1661)
31 Oct 1661 - 19 Oct 1676 K�pr�l�zade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (b. 1635 - d. 1676)
19 Oct 1676 - 25 Dec 1683 "Merzifonlu" "Kara" Mustafa Pasha (b. 1634? - d. 1683)
25 Dec 1683 - 18 Nov 1685 "Kara" İbrahim Pasha (d. 1687)
18 Nov 1685 - 18 Sep 1687 "Sarı" S�leyman Pasha (d. 1687)
18 Sep 1687 - 23 Feb 1688 Abaza Siyavuş Pasha (d. 1688)
23 Feb 1688 - 2 May 1688 "Ayaşlı" Nişancı İsmail Pasha (b. 1620 - d. 1690)
30 May 1688 - 7 Nov 1689 "Bekri" Mustafa Pasha (d. 1690)
10 Nov 1689 - 19 Aug 1691 Fazıl Mustafa Pasha K�pr�l� (b. 1637 - d. 1691)
24 Aug 1691 - 21 Mar 1692 "Arabacı" Ali Pasha (b. c.1620 - d. 1693)
23 Mar 1692 - 17 Mar 1693 Hacı �alık Ali Pasha (b. 1640 - d. 1698)
17 Mar 1693 - 13 Mar 1694 "Bozoklu" Mustafa Pasha (b. 1638 - d. 1698)
13 Mar 1694 - 22 Apr 1695 S�rmeli Ali Pasha (b. c.1645 - d. 1695)
3 May 1695 - 11 Sep 1697 "Elmas" Mehmed Pasha (b. 1662 - d. 1697)
17 Sep 1697 - 4 Sep 1702 Amcazade H�seyin Pasha K�pr�l� (b. 1644 - d. 1702)
4 Sep 1702 - 24 Jan 1703 Daltaban Mustafa Pasha (d. 1703)
24 Jan 1703 - 22 Aug 1703 Rami Mehmed Pasha (b. 1654 - d. 1706)
22 Aug 1703 - 17 Nov 1703 "Kavanoz" Ahmed Pasha (d. 1705)
17 Nov 1703 - 28 Sep 1704 Damad Hasan Pasha (b. 1655 - d. 1713)
28 Sep 1704 - 25 Dec 1704 "Kalaylıkoz" Hacı Ahmed Pasha (b. 1645 - d. 1715)
25 Dec 1704 - 3 May 1706 Baltacı Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1662 - d. 1712)
3 May 1706 - 16 Jun 1710 �orlulu Damad Ali Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1711)
16 Jun 1710 - 18 Aug 1710 K�pr�l�zade Damad Numan Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1719)
18 Aug 1710 - 20 Nov 1711 Baltacı Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Nov 1711 - 12 Nov 1712 Ağa Yusuf Pasha (d. 1713)
12 Nov 1712 - 6 Apr 1713 Silahdar S�leyman Pasha (d. 1715)
6 Apr 1713 - 27 Apr 1713 Hoca İbrahim Pasha (d. 1713)
27 Apr 1713 - 5 Aug 1716 Silahdar Damad Ali Pasha (b. 1667 - d. 1716)
5 Aug 1716 - 26 Aug 1717 Hacı Halil Pasha (b. 1655 - d. 1733)
26 Aug 1717 - 9 May 1718 Nişancı Mehmed Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1728)
9 May 1718 - 1 Oct 1730 "Nevşehirli" Damad İbrahim Pasha (b. 1666 - d. 1730)
1 Oct 1730 - 22 Jan 1731 Silahdar Damad Mehmed Pasha (d. 1737)
22 Jan 1731 - 10 Sep 1731 "Kabakulak" İbrahim Pasha (d. 1743)
10 Sep 1731 - 12 Mar 1732 "Topal" Osman Pasha (b. 1663? - d. 1733)
12 Mar 1732 - 12 Jul 1735 "Hekimoğlu" Ali Pasha (1st time) (b. 1689 - d. 1758)
12 Jul 1735 - 9 Jan 1736 "G�rc�" İsmail Pasha (d. 1738)
9 Jan 1736 - 6 Aug 1737 Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (d. 1756)
6 Aug 1737 - 19 Dec 1737 Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha (b. 1660 - d. 1749)
19 Dec 1737 - 22 Mar 1739 Yeğen Mehmed Pasha (d. 1745)
22 Mar 1739 - 23 Jun 1740 Hacı İvazzade Mehmed Pasha (b. 1675 - d. 1743)
22 Jul 1740 - 21 Apr 1742 Nişancı Hacı Ahmed Pasha (d. 1753)
21 Apr 1742 - 23 Sep 1742 "Hekimoğlu" Ali Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Sep 1742 - 9 Aug 1746 Said Hasan Pasha (b. 1679 - d. 1748)
9 Aug 1746 - 24 Aug 1747 "Tiryaki" Hacı Mehmed Pasha (b. 1680 - d. 1751)
24 Aug 1747 - 3 Jan 1750 "Boynueğri" Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (d. 1761)
3 Jan 1750 - 1 Jul 1752 Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha (d. 1753)
1 Jul 1752 - 15 Feb 1755 �orlulu "K�se" Bahir Mustafa Pasha (d. 1765)
(1st time)
15 Feb 1755 - 18 May 1755 Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 May 1755 - 24 Aug 1755 Naili Abdullah Pasha (b. 1698 - d. 1758)
24 Aug 1755 - 25 Oct 1755 Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha (d. 1755)
25 Oct 1755 - 1 Apr 1756 "Yirmisekizzade" Mehmed Said Pasha (d. 1761)
1 Apr 1756 - 11 Jan 1757 �orlulu "K�se" Bahir Mustafa Pasha (s.a.)
(2nd time)
11 Jan 1757 - 8 Apr 1763 "Koca" Mehmed Ragıb Pasha (b. 1698 - d. 1763)
8 Apr 1763 - 1 Nov 1763 Hamza Hamid Pasha (b. 1700 - d. 1770)
1 Nov 1763 - 28 Mar 1765 �orlulu "K�se" Bahir Mustafa Pasha (s.a.)
(3rd time)
28 Mar 1765 - 7 Aug 1768 Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1706 - d. 1773)
7 Aug 1768 - 20 Oct 1768 Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha (b. 1727 - d. 1768)
20 Oct 1768 - 12 Aug 1769 Yağlık�ızade Nişancı Mehmed Emin (b. 1723 - d. 1769)
Pasha
12 Aug 1769 - 12 Dec 1769 "Moldovancı" Ali Pasha (d. 1773)
12 Dec 1769 - 25 Dec 1770 İvazzade Halil Pasha (b. 1724 - d. 1777)
25 Dec 1770 - 11 Dec 1771 Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (b. 1710 - d. 1771)
11 Dec 1771 - 4 Aug 1774 Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Aug 1774 - 6 Jul 1775 İzzet Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1732 - d. 1783)
6 Jul 1775 - 5 Dec 1777 "Moralı" Derviş Mehmed Pasha (b. 1729/30 - d. 1777)
5 Dec 1777 - 1 Sep 1778 Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (b. 1716 - d. 1784)
1 Sep 1778 - 21 Aug 1779 "Kalafat" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1792)
21 Aug 1779 - 20 Feb 1781 Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (b. 1735 - d. 1781)
20 Feb 1781 - 25 Aug 1782 İzzet Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Aug 1782 - 31 Dec 1782 Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha (b. 1726 - d. 1786)
31 Dec 1782 - 31 Mar 1785 Halil Hamid Pasha (b. 1736 - d. 1785)
31 Mar 1785 - 24 Jan 1786 Şahin Ali Pasha (d. 1789)
25 Jan 1786 - 28 May 1789 "Koca" Yusuf Pasha (1st time) (b. 1730 - d. 1800)
20 May 1789 - 3 Dec 1789 Keth�da �erkes Hasan Pasha (d. 1810)
3 Dec 1789 - 30 Mar 1790 "Cezayirli" "Gazı" Hasan Pasha (b. 1713 - d. 1790)
30 Mar 1790 - 15 Feb 1791 Rus�uklu �elebizade Şerif Hasan (d. 1791)
Pasha
15 Feb 1791 - 4 May 1792 "Koca" Yusuf Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 May 1792 - 19 Oct 1794 Damad Melek Mehmed Pasha (b. 1720 - d. 1802)
19 Oct 1794 - 30 Aug 1798 İzzet Mehmed Pasha (b. 1743 - d. 1812)
30 Aug 1798 - 24 Apr 1805 Yusuf Ziya�ddin Pasha (1st time) (d. 1819)
24 Apr 1805 - 14 Nov 1806 "Bostancıbaşı" Hafiz İsmail Pasha (b. 1758 - d. 1807)
14 Nov 1806 - 18 Jun 1807 "Ke�iboynuzu" İbrahim Hilmi Pasha (b. 1747 - d. 1817)
18 Jun 1807 - 28 Jul 1808 �elebi Mustafa Pasha (d. 1811)
28 Jul 1808 - 15 Nov 1808 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha "Bayrakdar" (b. 1755 - d. 1808)
15 Nov 1808 - 1 Jan 1809 �avuşbaşı Memiş Pasha (d. 1809)
1 Jan 1809 - Mar 1809 �arhacı Ali Pasha (d. 1823)
Mar 1809 - 10 Apr 1811 Yusuf Ziya�ddin Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Apr 1811 - 5 Sep 1812 "Laz" Aziz Ahmed Pasha (d. 1819)
5 Sep 1812 - 1 Apr 1815 Hurşid Ahmed Pasha (d. 1822)
1 Apr 1815 - 5 Jan 1818 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1st time) (b. 1780 - d. 1859)
5 Jan 1818 - 5 Jan 1820 "Burdurlu" Derviş Mehmed Pasha (b. 1765 - d. 1837)
5 Jan 1820 - 26 Mar 1821 Seyyid Ali Pasha (b. 1756 - d. 1826)
28 Mar 1821 - 30 Apr 1821 "Benderli" Ali Pasha (d. 1821)
30 Apr 1821 - 10 Nov 1822 Hacı Salih Pasha (d. 1823)
10 Nov 1822 - 10 Mar 1823 "Bostancıbaşı""Deli" Abdullah Pasha(d. 1823)
10 Mar 1823 - 13 Dec 1823 Silahdar Ali Pasha (d. 1829)
13 Dec 1823 - 14 Sep 1824 Mehmed Said Galip Pasha (b. 1763 - d. 1829)
14 Sep 1824 - 24 Oct 1828 "Benderli" Selim Sırrı Pasha (b. 1771 - d. 1831)
24 Oct 1828 - 28 Jan 1829 İzzet Mehmet Pasha (1st time) (b. 1792 - d. 1855)
28 Jan 1829 - 18 Feb 1833 Reşid Mehmed Pasha (b. 1780 - d. 1836)
18 Feb 1833 - 2 Jul 1839 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Jul 1839 - 8 Jun 1840 "Koca" Mehmed H�srev Pasha (b. 1769 - d. 1855)
8 Jun 1840 - 4 Dec 1841 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
4 Dec 1841 - 30 Aug 1842 İzzet Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Aug 1842 - 28 Sep 1846 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
28 Sep 1846 - 29 Apr 1848 "Koca" Mustafa Reşid Pasha (b. 1800 - d. 1858)
(1st time)
29 Apr 1848 - 12 Aug 1848 İbrahim Sarim Pasha (b. 1801 - d. 1853)
12 Aug 1848 - 26 Jan 1852 "Koca" Mustafa Reşid Pasha (s.a.)
(2nd time)
26 Jan 1852 - 5 Mar 1852 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
5 Mar 1852 - 6 Aug 1852 "Koca" Mustafa Reşid Pasha (s.a.)
(3rd time)
6 Aug 1852 - 3 Oct 1852 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (1st time) (b. 1815 - d. 1871)
3 Oct 1852 - 14 May 1853 Damad Mehmed Ali Pasha (b. 1813 - d. 1868)
14 May 1853 - 29 May 1854 Mustafa Naili Pasha (1st time) (b. 1798 - d. 1871)
29 May 1854 - 23 Nov 1854 "Kıbrıslı" Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1813 - d. 1865)
23 Nov 1854 - 2 May 1855 "Koca" Mustafa Reşid Pasha (s.a.)
(4th time)
2 May 1855 - 1 Nov 1856 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Nov 1856 - 6 Aug 1857 "Koca" Mustafa Reşid Pasha (s.a.)
(5th time)
6 Aug 1857 - 22 Oct 1857 Mustafa Naili Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Oct 1857 - 7 Jan 1858 "Koca" Mustafa Reşid Pasha (s.a.)
(6th time)
7 Jan 1858 - 18 Oct 1859 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 Oct 1859 - 24 Dec 1859 "Kıbrıslı" Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Dec 1859 - 28 May 1860 "M�tercim" Mehmed R�st� Pasha (b. 1811 - d. 1882)
(1st time)
28 May 1860 - 6 Aug 1861 "Kıbrıslı" Mehmed Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Aug 1861 - 22 Nov 1861 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
22 Nov 1861 - 5 Jan 1863 Ke�ecizade Mehmed Emin Fuad Pasha (b. 1815 - d. 1869)
(1st time)
5 Jan 1863 - 1 Jun 1863 Yusuf K�mil Pasha (b. 1808 - d. 1876)
1 Jun 1863 - 5 Jun 1866 Ke�ecizade Mehmed Emin Fuad Pasha (s.a.)
(2nd time)
5 Jun 1866 - 11 Feb 1867 "M�tercim" Mehmed R�st� Pasha (s.a.)
(2nd time)
11 Feb 1867 - 7 Sep 1871 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
7 Sep 1871 - 31 Jul 1872 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1st time) (b. 1818 - d. 1883)
31 Jul 1872 - 19 Oct 1872 Ahmed Şefik Midhat Pasha (1st time)(b. 1822 - d. 1884)
19 Oct 1872 - 15 Mar 1873 "M�tercim" Mehmed R�st� Pasha (s.a.)
(3rd time)
15 Mar 1873 - 15 Apr 1873 Ahmed Esad Pasha (1st time) (b. 1828 - d. 1875)
15 Apr 1873 - 15 Feb 1874 Şirvanlizade Mehmed R�st� Pasha (b. 1828 - d. 1874)
15 Feb 1874 - 26 Apr 1875 H�seyin Avni Pasha (b. 1820 - d. 1876)
26 Apr 1875 - 26 Aug 1875 Ahmed Esad Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Aug 1875 - 12 May 1876 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 May 1876 - 19 Dec 1876 "M�tercim" Mehmed R�st� Pasha (s.a.)
(4th time)
19 Dec 1876 - 5 Feb 1877 Ahmed Şefik Midhat Pasha (2nd time)(s.a.)
5 Feb 1877 - 11 Jan 1878 İbrahim Edhem Pasha (b. 1818 - d. 1893)
Chief ministers
11 Jan 1878 - 4 Feb 1878 Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (b. 1826 - d. 1885) Non-party
4 Feb 1878 - 18 Apr 1878 Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1st time) (b. 1823 - d. 1891) Non-party
18 Apr 1878 - 28 May 1878 Mehmed Sadık Pasha (b. 1825 - d. 1901) Non-party
28 May 1878 - 4 Jun 1878 "M�tercim" Mehmed R�st� Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
4 Jun 1878 - 4 Dec 1878 Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha (b. 1814 - d. 1883) Non-party
4 Dec 1878 - 29 Jul 1879 Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha (b. 1821 - d. 1890) Non-party
29 Jul 1879 - 18 Oct 1879 Ahmed Arifi Pasha (b. 1830 - d. 1895) Non-party
18 Oct 1879 - 9 Jun 1880 "K���k" Mehmed Said Pasha (b. 1838 - d. 1914) Non-party
(1st time)
9 Jun 1880 - 12 Sep 1880 Mehmed Kadri Pasha (b. 1832 - d. 1884) Non-party
12 Sep 1880 - 2 May 1882 "K���k" Mehmed Said Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
(2nd time)
2 May 1882 - 12 Jul 1882 Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha (b. 1833 - d. 1912) Non-party
12 Jul 1882 - 1 Dec 1882 "K���k" Mehmed Said Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
(3rd time)
1 Dec 1882 - 3 Dec 1882 Ahmed Vefik Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
Grand viziers
3 Dec 1882 - 25 Sep 1885 "K���k" Mehmed Said Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
(1st time)
25 Sep 1885 - 4 Sep 1891 "Kıbrıslı" Mehmed K�mil Pasha (b. 1832 - d. 1913) Non-party
(1st time)
4 Sep 1891 - 8 Jun 1895 Ahmed Cevad Pasha (b. 1851 - d. 1900) Non-party
8 Jun 1895 - 2 Oct 1895 "K���k" Mehmed Said Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
(2nd time)
2 Oct 1895 - 7 Nov 1895 "Kıbrıslı" Mehmed K�mil Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
(2nd time)
7 Nov 1895 - 9 Nov 1901 Halil Rıfat Pasha (b. 1820 - d. 1901) Non-party
13 Nov 1901 - 14 Jan 1903 "K���k" Mehmed Said Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
(3rd time)
14 Jan 1903 - 22 Jul 1908 "Avlonyalı" Mehmed Ferid Pasha (b. 1852 - d. 1914) Non-party
22 Jul 1908 - 5 Aug 1908 "K���k" Mehmed Said Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
(4th time)
5 Aug 1908 - 14 Feb 1909 "Kıbrıslı" Mehmed K�mil Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
(3rd time)
14 Feb 1909 - 14 Apr 1909 H�seyin Hilmi Pasha (1st time) (b. 1855 - d. 1922) Non-party
14 Apr 1909 - 5 May 1909 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (1st time) (b. 1845 - d. 1936) Non-party
5 May 1909 - 12 Jan 1910 H�seyin Hilmi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
12 Jan 1910 - 30 Sep 1911 İbrahim Hakkı Pasha (b. 1863 - d. 1918) Non-party
30 Sep 1911 - 22 Jul 1912 "K���k" Mehmed Said Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
(5th time)
22 Jul 1912 - 29 Oct 1912 "Gazı" Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (b. 1839 - d. 1918) Mil
29 Oct 1912 - 23 Jan 1913 "Kıbrıslı" Mehmed Kamil Pasha (s.a.) Non-party
(4th time)
23 Jan 1913 - 11 Jun 1913 Mahmud Şevket Pasha (b. 1856 - d. 1913) CUP
12 Jun 1913 - 4 Feb 1917 Said Halim Pasha (b. 1865 - d. 1921) CUP
4 Feb 1917 - 14 Oct 1918 Mehmed Talaat Pasha (b. 1874 - d. 1921) CUP
14 Oct 1918 - 11 Nov 1918 Ahmed İzzet Pasha (b. 1864 - d. 1937) Mil
11 Nov 1918 - 4 Mar 1919 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
4 Mar 1919 - 2 Oct 1919 Damad Mehmed Ferid Pasha (1st time)(b. 1854 - d. 1923) Non-party
2 Oct 1919 - 8 Mar 1920 Ali Rıza Pasha (b. 1859 - d. 1932) Mil
8 Mar 1920 - 5 Apr 1920 Salih Hulusi Pasha (b. 1864 - d. 1939) Non-party
5 Apr 1920 - 21 Oct 1920 Damad Mehmed Ferid Pasha (2nd time)(s.a.) Non-party
21 Oct 1920 - 4 Nov 1922 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.) Non-party
Prime ministers
24 Jan 1921 - 12 Jul 1922 Mustafa Fevzi �akmak Pasha (b. 1876 - d. 1950) Mil
(in opposition)
12 Jul 1922 - 14 Aug 1923 H�seyin Rauf Orbay (b. 1881 - d. 1964) Non-party
(in opposition until 4 Nov 1922)
14 Aug 1923 - 30 Oct 1923 Ali Fethi Okyar Bey (1st time) (b. 1880 - d. 1943) CHP
30 Oct 1923 - 21 Nov 1924 Mustafa İsmet Pasha (1st time) (s.a.) CHP
21 Nov 1924 - 6 Mar 1925 Ali Fethi Okyar (2nd time) (s.a.) CHP
6 Mar 1925 - 27 Sep 1937 Mustafa İsmet Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) CHP
(from 1 Jan 1935, İsmet In�n�)
27 Sep 1937 - 25 Jan 1939 Mahmud Cel�leddin Bayar (s.a.) CHP
25 Jan 1939 - 8 Jul 1942 İbrahim Refik Saydam (b. 1881 - d. 1942) CHP
8 Jul 1942 - 9 Jul 1942 Ahmet Fikri T�zer (b. 1878 - d. 1942) CHP
9 Jul 1942 - 7 Aug 1946 Mehmet Ş�kr� Saracoğlu (b. 1887 - d. 1953) CHP
7 Aug 1946 - 9 Sep 1947 Mehmet Recep Peker (b. 1888 - d. 1950) CHP
9 Sep 1947 - 16 Jan 1949 Hasan H�sn� Saka (b. 1886 - d. 1960) CHP
16 Jan 1949 - 22 May 1950 Mehmet Şemsettin G�naltay (b. 1883 - d. 1961) CHP
22 May 1950 - 27 May 1960 Ali Adnan Ertekin Menderes (b. 1899 - d. 1961) DP
28 May 1960 - 30 Oct 1961 Cemal G�rsel (s.a.) Mil
30 Oct 1960 - 20 Nov 1961 Emin Fahrettin �zdilek (acting) (b. 1898 - d. 1989) Mil
20 Nov 1961 - 21 Feb 1965 Mustafa İsmet İn�n� (3rd time) (s.a.) CHP
21 Feb 1965 - 27 Oct 1965 Suat Hayri �rg�pl� (b. 1903 - d. 1981) Non-party
27 Oct 1965 - 26 Mar 1971 S�leyman Demirel (1st time) (s.a.) AP
26 Mar 1971 - 17 Apr 1972 İsmail Nihat Erim (b. 1912 - d. 1980) Non-party
17 Apr 1972 - 15 Apr 1973 Ferit Sadi Melen (b. 1906 - d. 1988) GCP
(acting to 22 May 1972)
15 Apr 1973 - 25 Jan 1974 Mehmet Naim Talu (b. 1919 - d. 1998) Non-party
25 Jan 1974 - 17 Nov 1974 Mustafa B�lent Ecevit (1st time) (b. 1925 - d. 2006) CHP
17 Nov 1974 - 31 Mar 1975 Mahmut Sadi Irmak (b. 1904 - d. 1990) Non-party
31 Mar 1975 - 21 Jun 1977 S�leyman Demirel (2nd time) (s.a.) AP
21 Jun 1977 - 11 Jul 1977 Mustafa B�lent Ecevit (2nd time) (s.a.) CHP
11 Jul 1977 - 5 Jan 1978 S�leyman Demirel (3rd time) (s.a.) AP
5 Jan 1978 - 12 Nov 1979 Mustafa B�lent Ecevit (3rd time) (s.a.) CHP
12 Nov 1979 - 12 Sep 1980 S�leyman Demirel (4th time) (s.a.) AP
20 Sep 1980 - 13 Dec 1983 Saim B�lend Ulusu (b. 1923 - d. 2015) Mil/Non-party
13 Dec 1983 - 31 Oct 1989 Halil Turgut �zal (s.a.) AnaP
31 Oct 1989 - 9 Nov 1989 Ali H�srev Bozer (acting) (b. 1925 - d. 2020) AnaP
9 Nov 1989 - 23 Jun 1991 Yıldırım Akbulut (b. 1935 - d. 2021) AnaP
23 Jun 1991 - 20 Nov 1991 Ahmet Mesut Yılmaz (1st time) (b. 1947 - d. 2020) AnaP
20 Nov 1991 - 16 May 1993 S�leyman Demirel (5th time) (s.a.) DYP
16 May 1993 - 25 Jun 1993 Erdal İn�n� (acting) (b. 1926 - d. 2007) SHP
25 Jun 1993 - 6 Mar 1996 Tansu Penbe �iller (f) (b. 1946) DYP
6 Mar 1996 - 28 Jun 1996 Ahmet Mesut Yılmaz (2nd time) (s.a.) AnaP
28 Jun 1996 - 30 Jun 1997 Necmettin Erbakan (b. 1926 - d. 2011) RP
30 Jun 1997 - 11 Jan 1999 Ahmet Mesut Yılmaz (3rd time) (s.a.) AnaP
11 Jan 1999 - 18 Nov 2002 Mustafa B�lent Ecevit (4th time) (s.a.) DSP
18 Nov 2002 - 14 Mar 2003 Abdullah G�l (s.a.) AKP
14 Mar 2003 - 28 Aug 2014 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (s.a.) AKP
28 Aug 2014 - 24 May 2016 Ahmet Davutoğlu (b. 1959) AKP
(acting to 29 Aug 2014)
24 May 2016 - 9 Jul 2018 Binali Yıldırım (b. 1955) AKP
15 Jul 2016 - 16 Jul 2016 Peace at Home Council Mil
(in rebellion)
9 Jul 2018 Post abolished
�in this record, the only term denoting the ruler's style is Padışah (Padishah), which is recognized by all as signifying his "imperial" status, and is routinely used when referring to the Ottoman sovereigns. In addition to Padışah, each ruler used an immense variety of additional titles, varying from one use to another. Although some sources claim this variety to have formed the 'official style' of the Ottoman rulers, the styles actually used in official documents tend to be more concise. In addition to Padışah, each ruler used a variety of additional titles, varying from one use to another couched in elaborate formula, made up of a mixture of Arabic, Persian, and Ottoman Turkish probably left to each secretary to elaborate as the occasion demanded. An instrument issued under the authority of S�leyman-şah bin Selim-şah H�n which reads in translation as:
"The Sultan of Sultans, the proof of Emperors, the distributor of crowns to the monarchs of the surface of the earth, the shadow of God on the lands, the Sultan and the _Padışah_of the White Sea, the Black Sea, Rumelia, Anatolia, Karaman, of Rum, of the provinces of the Zulkadırs, of Diyarbakır, of Kurdistan, of Azerbaycan, of Acem [Persia], of Şam [Damascus], of Halep [Aleppo], of Mısır [Egypt], of Mecca and Medina, of Jerusalem, of all the lands of Arabia, of the Yemen, and of the many lands conquered by the irresistible power of my noble fathers and illustrious ancestors - may God illuminate their manifestations -, and of the many lands which my glorious and august majesty has conquered with a flaming sword."
A document addressed to the Venetian state in 1641 from İbrahim I found in Theunissen (1998, p. 626) and recorded as: "sultan-i selatin-i cihan ve b�rhan-i havakin-i devran tacbahş-i husrevan-i ru-i zemin sultan İbrahim han ibn Ahmed han ibn Mehemmed han ibn Murad han ibn Selim han ibn S�leyman han ibn Selim hanın."
The Office of Halife (Caliph): The claim that, upon the conquest of Egypt in 1517 and the displacement of the last Abbasid holder of the office, al-Mutawakkil III, the office and style of Khalifat Rasul Allah, Amir al-Mu'minin (Halife-i Resulullah, Emir�lm�minin)("Successor to the Messenger of God, Commander of the Faithful") was transferred to the Ottoman ruler by a formal deed of assignment has no corroboration from any contemporary source. A variety of "khalifal" titles was used by Ottoman rulers, and accorded to them by others in diplomatic correspondence and treaties. The Treaty of K���k Kaynarca (21 July 1774 N.S.) between the Ottoman and the Russian Empires for the first time ceded territory held to be under Ottoman rule; in it the Ottoman side consequently forcefully asserted the remaining authority of the Ottoman ruler in his capacity as halife (khalifa) over all Muslims in the ceded territories. The assertion of khalifal status and authority became from that moment a significant component of the political understanding of the nature and attributes of the office of Padışah. The status of the Padışah as halife was given formal sanction in the Ottoman Constitution of 23 Nov 1876 (rescinded 13 Feb 1878, restored 24 Jul 1908). Upon the extinction of the Ottoman Empire by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 1 Nov 1922, the ruler, Mehmed VI (s.a.), continued to be recognized as halife; after his flight from Istanbul on 17 Nov 1922, he was declared deposed from the office of halife by a fetva, endorsed by the Şeyh�lislam (Sheikh al-Islam) and ratified by the Grand National Assembly on 19 Nov 1922, and replaced on that date by Abd�lmecid bin Abd�l�ziz H�n, who was installed on 24 Nov 1922. The office of halife was abolished by the Grand National Assembly on 3 Mar 1924.
Ottoman titles: Agha (Ağa) = General officer; Bey/Beg = Chieftain; Beylerbey = Governor-general; Beyzade = Son of a Bey; Bostanji/Bostandji ( Bostancı ) = Palace guard;Chelebi ( �elebi) = Gentleman; Chavush ( �avuş) = Usher/messenger; Da mat (Damad) = ("bridegroom") Prince Consort; Defterdar = Treasurer; Deli = Calvary captain; Effendi (Efendi) = Master (or Lord); Emin = Intendant; Emir = Commander; Ghazi (Gazi) = Warrior; Gonnullu (G �n�ll�) = Military Veteran; Haji ( Hacı) = Pilgrim to Mecca; Hoja ( Hoca ) = Adviser; Kanuni = Legislator; Kapudan Pasha (Kaptan Paşa) = Admiral; Kazi (Kadı) = Judge; Keth�da/kehya = Lieutenant;Khan (H�n) = Sovereign; Lala = Tutor; Mirza = Prince; Mutasarrıf = Administrator; Nishanji (Nişancı) = Chancellor_; Padis_ hah ( Padişah) = Emperor; Pasha (Paşa) = Sir/Lord; Pashazade (Paşazade) = Son of a Pasha; Reis (Rais) = Naval Captain; Sardar ( Sidar, Serdar) = Headmaster; _Shehzade Sultan (Şehzade Sultan) = Sultan Imperial Prince; Silahdar = Master-General/Arm-Bearer; Sultanzade = Son of a Sultan; Wali (Vali) = Viceroy; Yaya = Fief holder.
Territorial Disputes: Complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the Aegean Sea; status of North Cyprus question remains; Syria and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq; Syria did not surrender its irredentist claim to Hatay until 2005; in 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord re-establishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and the rapprochement effort has faltered; Tomb of Suleyman Shah (Turkish: S�leyman Şah T�rbesi) is a sovereign exclave of Turkey situated within Syria's Aleppo governorate in accordance with the Ankara Agreement of 20 Oct 1921 (it is the burial place of S�leyman Shah grandfather of Osman I the founder of the Ottoman Empire); Turkish authorities have complained that blasting from quarries in Armenia might be damaging the medieval ruins of Ani, on the other side of the Arpacay valley; dispute with Syria concerning the Turkish occupation of parts of North Syria since Aug 2016.
Party abbreviations : AKP = Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (Justice and Development Party, populist, social conservative, nationalist, neo-Ottomanist, est.14 Aug 2001); AnaP = Anavatan Partisi (Motherland Party, liberal conservative, nationalist, 20 May 1983-31 Oct 2009, re-est.11 Sep 2011); CHP = Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (Republican People's Party, social-democratic, Kemalist, 9 Sep 1923-16 Oct 1981, re-est.9 Sep 1992); DSP = Demokratik Sol Parti (Democratic Left Party, social-democratic, Kemalist, est.14 Nov 1985); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: AP = Adalet Partisi (Justice Party, conservative, former DP, 11 Feb 1961 - 16 Oct 1981); CGP = Cumhuriyet�i G�ven Partisi (Republican Reliance Party, to 4 May 1973 called Nationalistic Reliance Party, split from CHP, 12 May 1967-16 Oct 1981); CUP = İttihad ve Terakki Fırkası/Birlik ve İlerleme Partisi (Committee of Union and Progress, "Young Turks", constitutional monarchist, nationalist, 1913-18 only legal party, 1889-1918); DP = Demokrat Partisi (Democratic Party, liberal conservative, 7 Jan 1946 - 29 Sep 1960); DYP = Doğru Yol Partisi (True Path Party, liberal conservative, former AP, renamed Demokrat Parti in 2007, merged into AnAP, 23 Jun 1983-27 May 2007); RP = Refah Partisi (Welfare Party, Islamic conservative, 19 Jul 1983-16 Jan 1998); SHP = Sosyaldemokrat Halk�ı Parti (Social Democratic People's Party, reformist, populist, nationalist, merger of Social Democracy Party and People's Party, 3 Nov 1985-18 Feb 1995, merged with CHP)
Antalya (Adalia)
![[Kingdom of Italy flag
1860-1947]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/it-1897m.gif)
28 Mar 1919 Italians occupy Antalya (Adalia), Kaş, Silifke, and on 23 Jul 1919
Muğla (and Fethiye, Bodrum, and Marmaris on 11 May 1919). Antalya
vilayet had been promised by the Allies as an Italian 'zone of
interest' in the Treaty of London of 1915.
5 Jul 1921 Italian evacuation of Antalya.
Italian Commander
28 Mar 1919 - 29 Apr 1919 Alessandro Ciano (b. 1871 - d. 1945)
Commanders of the Royal Italian Expeditionary Corps in Anatolia
29 Apr 1919 - 24 Jul 1919 Giuseppe Battistoni (b. 1869 - d. 1921)
24 Jul 1919 - 17 Aug 1919 Luigi Bongiovanni (b. 1866 - d. 1941)
**Commanders of the Royal Italian Expeditionary Corps in the Eastern Mediterranean
17 Aug 1919 - 18 Dec 1919 Vittorio Elia (b. 1859 - d. 1944)
18 Dec 1919 - 7 Aug 1920 Achille Porta (b. 1868 - d. 1953)
7 Aug 1920 - 29 Apr 1922 Giorgio Fusoni
Go vernors of Antal ya_Vilayet_
1918 - 1919 Firuzan Bey
1919 Talat (Kişmir) Bey
1919 - 1920 Cemal Bey
1920 Kemal Bey
Nov 1920 - Aug 1921 Aşir Atlı (b. 1881 - d. 1957)
1921 Fahrettin Bey
1921 - 8 Oct 1923 Hilmi Uran Bey (b. 1886 - d. 1957)
Cilicia
![[France]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/fr.gif)
6 Dec 1918 British forces occupy Kilis (and Antep 15 Jan 1919, Maraş 22 Feb
1919, and Urfa 24 Mar 1919).
11-19 Dec 1918 French forces occupy D�rtyol, Mersin, Tarsus, Ceyhan, Adana,
İsl�hiye, Hassa, and Osmaniye.
27 Dec 1918 French forces occupy Pozantı (and Kozan 7 Mar 1919).
1 Feb 1919 French occupation forces assume civil administration of Cilicia
(Cilicie), with headquarters in Adana.
29-30 Oct 1919 French forces replace British forces in Kilis, Maraş and Urfa (and
Antep on 5 Nov 1919).
11 Feb 1920 French withdraw from Maraş (and Urfa 11 Apr 1920, Pozantı 30 May
1920, and Antep 2 Jun 1920 which is re-occupied 9 Feb 1921).
4 Aug 1920 Local Armenians, Greeks, and Arabs led by Mihran Damadian
(b. 1863 - d. 1945) declare the independence of Cilicia, but
are suppressed by the French on 5 Aug 1920.
10 Aug 1920 By Treaty of S�vres Osmaniye, Ceyhan, D�rtyol, Hassa, Antep, Kilis,
Urfa, and Mardin, along with about two thirds of the Konya-Nusaybi
section of the Baghdad Railway are included in Mandatory Syria,
while Mersin, Tarsus, Adana, Pozanti and Kozan were not
(treaty was not ratified).
20 Oct 1921 France agrees to evacuate Cilicia by the Franco-Turkish Agreement
of Ankara (replacing the Cilicia Peace Treaty of 9 Mar 1921).
13 Nov 1921 - 4 Jan 1921 French withdraw from İsl�hiye, Hassa, Kilis, Antep, Tarsus,
Mersin, D�rtyol, Ceyhan, and Adana (and Osmaniye7 Jan 1922).
5 Jan 1922 Turkish forces enter Adana.
French Commander of the 1st Division of the Levant and of the Territory of Cilicia 2 Dec 1918 - 20 Sep 1920 Julien Claude Marie Sosth�ne Dufieux (b. 1873 - d. 1959) Mil
Chief Administrators in Armenia (from 1919, Chief of Administrative Control of Cilicia)
Dec 1918 - 1 Feb 1919 Louis Romieu (b. 1872 - d. 1943) Mil
1 Feb 1919 - 31 Aug 1920 �douard Br�mond (b. 1868 - d. 1948) Mil
(appointed 25 Dec 1918)
31 Aug 1920 - 4 Sep 1920 Pierre Capitrel (1st time)(acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1943) Mil
4 Sep 1920 - 20 Sep 1920 Hassler (acting) Mil
20 Sep 1920 - c.Nov 1921 Pierre Capitrel (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
(administration)
Sep 1920 - 5 Jan 1922 Julien Claude Marie Sosth�ne Dufieux (s.a.) Mil
(military and civilian affairs)
Governors of Adana Vilayet
Dec 1918 - Sep 1919 N�zım Bey (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1936)
2 Nov 1919 - Jun 1920 Mehmet Cel�l Bey (b. 1863 - d. 1926)
1 Jun 1920 - 20 Dec 1920 Bağdadi Abdurrahman Efendi (b. 1857 - d. 1952)
Hatay
| Map of Hatay | Hear National Anthem "İstikl�l Marşı" (The March of Independence) | Text of National Anthem Adopted 7 Sep 1938 | Constitution (7 Sep 1938 - 29 Jun 1939; in Turkish) --------------------------------- Fundamental Law (29 Nov 1937 - 6 Sep 1938) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Capital: Antakya (Antioch) | Currency: 1938-1939 Lebanon-Syria Pound (XLSP); from 13 Mar 1939 Turkish Lira (TRY) | National Holidays (adopted 18 May 1939): 29 Oct (1923) Cumhuriyet Bayramı (Republic Day) ------------------------------- 2 Sep (1938) Kuruluş G�n� (Foundation Day) ------------------------------- 5 Jul (1938) Kurtuluş G�n� (Liberation Day) | Population: 234,379 (1938) 219,080 (1936) |
| GDP: N/A∣∗∗Exports∗∗:N/A | Exports: N/A∣∗∗Exports∗∗:N/A Imports: $N/A | Ethnic groups: Arabs 46.2%; Turks 38.9%; Armenians 11.4%; Circassians, Jews, Kurds, and others 3.5% (1936) | |
| Total Gendarmes: N/A French Troops: 2,500 (1938) Turkish Troops: 2,500 (1938) | Religions: Arab Sunni Muslim 10%, Alawite Arabs 28%, Christian Arabs 8.2%, Greek Orthodox, other Christians, and Jewish (1936) | ||
| International Organizations/Treaties: None |
9 Nov 1918 British troops occupy İskenderun (Alexandretta) kaza (district)
of the Ottoman Aleppo vilayet.
27 Nov 1918 Sandjak of Alexandretta (İskenderun Sancağı/ Sandjak d'Alexandrette)
created.
7 Dec 1918 French troops occupy Antakya (Antioch).
10 Aug 1920 Sandjak of Alexandretta part of French Mandate of Syria.
29 Oct 1921 Formally ceded to France by Turkey by Ankara Agreement of 20 Oct
1921 with autonomy under Article VII - "A special administrative
regime shall be established for the district of Alexandretta. The
Turkish inhabitants of this district shall enjoy facility for
their cultural development. The Turkish language shall have
official recognition." (status confirmed by the Treaty of Lausanne
on 24 Jul 1923).
28 Jun 1922 - 1 Jan 1925 Along with State of Aleppo, part of Federation of the Syrian States
(with special administrative status).
1 Jan 1925 Along with Aleppo, part of the State of Syria (still with special
administrative status).
Mar 1926 - Jun 1926 Separate State of Alexandretta within Syria declared under
Ali Efendi Odahli (not recognized by French authorities).
22 May 1930 Reglement Organique du Sandjak d'Alexandrette of 14 May 1930,
formalizes a special regime for the Sandjak of Alexandretta,
within the State of Syria.
19 Nov 1931 Part of the Republic of Syria.
1934 Latin alphabet adopted for Turkish in the Sanjak of Alexandretta.
29 May 1936 Dispute regarding the future status of Alexandretta (Hatay) referred
to the League of Nations.
27 Jan 1937 France and Turkey agree to an autonomous status for the sanjak.
29 May 1937 Fundamental Law of the Sanjak of Alexandretta adopted by the Council
of the League of Nations and took effect 29 Nov 1937. The
autonomous sanjak becomes 'distinct but not separated' from French
Mandate of Syria.
5 Jul 1938 Turkish troops enter the sanjank.
2 Sep 1938 Hatay State (Hatay Devleti), renamed by the Assembly of the Sanjak
of Alexandretta.
7 Sep 1938 Hatay State is declared a republican state enjoying absolute
independence in its internal affairs in accordance with the
Constitution of 1938, passed by the Assembly of the Sanjak of
Alexandretta on 6 Sep 1938, separated from Syria.
29 Jun 1939 Dissolution of the Hatay State and its incorporation into Turkey
is approved, session of the National Assembly of the Hatay State,
Antakya (without sanction of the League of Nations).
11 Jul 1939 Territory of Hatay is organized as a province (vilayet) of Turkey in
accordance with a law passed by the Grand National Assembly of
Turkey on 7 Jul 1939 (signed into law 10 Jul 1939).
23 Jul 1939 Last French forces depart Antakya.
French Military Governors of Alexandretta
1 Nov 1918 - 1918? Mathiot Mil
1918? - Jan 1919 Malinjoud Mil
Jan 1919 - c.1920 Georges Jean Joseph Capdejelle (b. 1870 - d. 1957) Mil
French C hief Civil Administrator
27 Nov 1918 - 12 Sep 1921 �douard Br�mond (b. 1868 - d. 1948) Mil
Delegates of the High Commissioner of French-mandated Syria and Lebanon
1921 - 1923 ....
1923 - 17 Jul 1937 Pierre Marie Andr� Durieux (b. 1884 - d. 1947)
1937 Mentque (acting)
6 Sep 1937 - 3 Jun 1938 Roger Garreau (b. 1891 - d. 1991) 3 Jun 1938 - 29 Jun 1939 Philibert Collet (b. 1896 - d. 1945) Mil
Governors
Dec 1936 - 1938 Husni al-Barazi (b. 1893 - d. 1975)
1938 Aladdin Bey
6 Jul 1938 - 3 Sep 1938 Abdurrahman Melek (b. 1896 - d. 1978)
Head of State (title Devlet Reisi)
3 Sep 1938 - 29 Jun 1939 Tayfur S�kmen (M�rsel) (b. 1892 - d. 1980)
(elected by assembly of the sanjak on 2 Sep 1938)
Prime Minister
4 Sep 1938 - 29 Jun 1939 Abdurrahman Melek (s.a.)
Smyrna (İzmir)
![[Greece]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/gr.gif)
15 May 1919 Smyrna (Sm�rni/İzmir) district occupied by Greece.
10 Aug 1920 Treaty of S�vres transferred 'the exercise of her rights of
sovereignty to a local parliament' which was to hold a
plebiscite in 5 years on incorporation into Greece, but left
area under Ottoman sovereignty, Greek occupation continuing
(treaty was not ratified).
30 Jul 1922 Greece declares Smyrna a protectorate.
9 Sep 1922 Turkish forces re-occupy İzmir.
11 Sep 1922 Last Greek troops evacuate Asia Minor.
Minister High Commissioner
21 May 1919 - 9 Sep 1922 Ariste�dis Stergi�dis (b. 1861 - d. 1949)
Greek Military Commanders
19 May 1919 - 2 Jun 1919 Nik�laos Zafeir�ou (b. 1871 - d. 1947)
(commander of 1st Infantry Division)
2 Dun 1919 - Dec 1919 Konstant�nos N�der (b. 1865 - d. 1942)
(commander of the Greek Occupation Army)
Dec 1919 - Feb 1920 Konstant�nos Mili�tis-Komnin�s (b. 1854 - d. 1941]
(commander of the Army of Asia Minor)
15 Feb 1920 - Nov 1920 Leon�das Paraskev�poulos (b. 1860 - d. 1936)
(commander-in-chief of the Greek Army)
Greek Commanders of the Army of Asia Minor
12 Nov 1920 - 19 May 1922 Anast�sios Papo�las (b. 1857 - d. 1935)
19 May 1922 � 24 Aug 1922 Ge�rgios Hatzian�stis (b. 1863 - d. 1922)
24 Aug 1922 - 11 Sep 1922 Ge�rgios Polym�makos (b. 1859 - d. 1942)
South-Western Caucasus (Kars)
| Map of South- Western Caucasus | **Capital: Kars | Fundamental Law (17 Jan 1919) | Ethnic groups: Turkish 27%, Armenian 25%, Kurdish 15%, Greek 11%, Russian 10%, Azerbaijani 9%, other 3% (1915, Kars oblast) | Population: 300,000 (1918 Kars oblast); 403,000 (1915, Kars oblast); 43,000 (1915, Oltu district) |
|---|
Jul 1828 - Sep 1829 Kars region occupied by Russia.
Sep 1855 - Mar 1856 Kars region occupied by Russia.
1 Nov 1877 Kars region occupied by Russia.
3 Mar 1878 Kars region (including Ardahan)(Karsskaya oblast) ceded to Russia by
the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of San Stefano (confirmed by the
Treaty of Berlin of 13 Jul 1878).
28 Nov 1917 � 25 Apr 1918 Under the Transcaucasian Commissariat (see under Georgia).
3 Mar 1918 Russia cedes the Kars oblast to the Ottoman Empire under provisions
of Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (ratified 29 Mar 1918; annulled by
armistice of Moudros 30 Oct 1918).
25 Apr 1918 � 15 Jan 1919 Ottoman occupation of Kars oblast (in Ardahan from 6 Mar 1918;
departed 30 Jan 1919).
4 Jun 1918 Cession to the Ottoman Empire is recognized by Armenia in the
Treaty of Batum.
15 Nov 1918 Kars National Council (Kars Milli Şura) established (from 1 Dec
1918, claimed authority over the Kars, Batum, and Nakhichevan
regions).
15 Jan 1919 � 28 Apr 1919 Allied (British) occupation of Kars (departed 17 May 1919), claims
by Armenia are not recognized.
18 Jan 1919 South-Western Caucasus Government (Cenub-i Garbi Kafkas H�kumeti)
established by the Great Congress, convened on 17 Jan 1919
(claimed authority over the Kars, Batum, and Nakhichevan regions).
10 Apr 1919 South-Western Caucasus Governmen is declared abolished by the
British High Commissioner to Turkey, Somerset Arthur Gough-
Calthorpe (b. 1865 - d. 1937).
12 Apr 1919 Dissolved by British forces.
20 Apr 1919 - 24 May 1919 Ardahan okrug occupied by Georgia.
28 Apr 1919 Kars region transferred by the Allies (British) to Armenia (Armenian
troops entered 24 Apr 1919), except Ardahan district (transferred
to Georgia) and Oltu district (nominally under British
administration of Batum, administered by a local government the
Oltu Şura H�kumeti).
24 May 1919 - Aug 1919 Ardahan occupied by British forces.
1919 - Nov 1920 Ardahan occupied by Armenia.
17 May 1920 Oltu district annexed to Turkey.
30 Oct 1920 Kars occupied by the Turkish troops (annexed 1 Nov 1920).
Nov 1920 Ardahan occupied by Turkish troops (annexed 1 Nov 1920).
2 Dec 1920 Kars region ceded by Armenia to Turkey by the Treaty of Alexandropol
(G�mr� Antlaşması)(not ratified by Armenia).
16 Mar 1921 By the Treaty of Moscow, Kars region and Ardahan recognized as
part of Turkey (confirmed by the Armenian S.S.R -Turkish Treaty
of Kars on 13 Oct 1921).
25 Dec 1925 Turkish sovereignty confirmed by Turkish-Soviet treaty.
19 Mar 1945 The Soviet Union denounces the Turkish-Soviet treaty and makes a
claim to the former territory.
22 Jun 1945 Turkey rejects Soviet Union claims (supported by the Western
Allies).
30 May 1953 Soviet Union renounces all territorial claims against Turkey.
Russian Military Governors (to Nov 1878 Administrators) of Kars oblast
1 Nov 1877 - 8 Jun 1878 Ivan Diomidovich Popko (b. 1819 - d. 1893)
8 Jun 1878 - 1 Apr 1881 Viktor Antonovich Frankini (b. 1820 - d. 1892)
1 Apr 1881 - 5 Oct 1883 Aleksandr Ignatyevich Grosman (b. 1836 - d. 1890)
5 Oct 1883 - 22 Apr 1898 Pyotr Ivanovich Tomich (b. 1838 - d. 1911)
29 May 1898 - 20 Jul 1899 Dmitriy Aleksandrovich Odintsov (b. 1852 - d. af.1909)
26 Jan 1900 - 1 Dec 1906 Aleksey Aleksandrovich Samoylov
1 Dec 1906 - 3 Feb 1908 Mikhail Pavlovich Babich (b. 1844 - d. 1918)
3 Feb 1908 - 23 Jun 1908 Sigismund Viktorovich Vol'skiy (b. 1852 - d. 1917)
23 Jun 1908 - 12 Jul 1912 Pyotr-Emmanuil Fridrikhovich (b. 1851 - d. af.1912)
fon Parkau
12 Jul 1912 - 1915 Aleksey Dmitriyevich Podgurskiy (b. 1862 - d. 1919)
1915 - Mar 1917 Aleksandr Ilyich Sushchinskiy (b. 1855 - d. 1933)
Commissar of the Kars Oblast of the Transcaucasian Commissariat
c.Mar 1918 Grigor Dzamoyan (b. 1885 - d. 1937) HHD
Ottoman Commander of the (to 8 Jun 1918, 2nd Caucasus Corps) 9th Army
25 Apr 1918 - Jan 1919 Yakup Şevki Pasha (b. 1876 - d. 1939) Mil
Ottoman M�tesarrif (lieutenant-governor) of Kars
25 Apr 1918 - Nov 1918 Mustafa Hilmi Bey (b. 1886 - d. 1957)
British Military Governors in Kars
(commanders of the 4th Battalion, Rifle Brigade)
15 Jan 1919 - 2 Mar 1919 Clive Errington Temperley (b. 1893 - d. 1956) Mil
2 Mar 1919 - 29 Mar 1919 Verney Asser (b. 1873 - d. 1944) Mil
29 Mar 1919 - 28 Apr 1919 George Allen Preston (b. 1868 - d. 1919) Mil
(military representative to 3 Apr 1919)
Governor of the Kars Region for the Republic of Armenia
19 Apr 1919 - 30 Oct 1920 Stepan Ghorghanyan (b. 1865 - d. 1925) Mil
British Military Representative, Ardahan
(subordinated to British military governor, Batum)
24 May 1919 - Aug 1919 S. Oliver Mil
Heads of Kars National Council
15 Nov 1918 - 1 Dec 1918 Emin Ağa Bor�ali (b. 1868 - d. 1937)
+ Fahrettin Bey Piroğlu (b. 1874 - d. 1958)
Head of the Kars National Council Government
1 Dec 1918 - 18 Jan 1919 Cihangirzade İbrahim Bey (b. 1874 - d. 1948)Head of the South-Western Caucasus Government ( title H�kumet Reisi )
18 Jan 1919 - 12 Apr 1919 Cihangirzade İbrahim Bey (s.a.)
Chairman of Provisional Administrative Council for Kars Region
15 Apr 1919 - 30 Apr 1919 Esat Bey �ildirli (b. 1887 - d. 1971)
Chairman of Oltu Assembly Administration
2 May 1919 - 25 May 1919 Mehmet Ramiz Bey
Head of Oltu Council Government
25 May 1919 - 17 May 1920 Yusuf Ziya Bey (b. 1886 - d. 1928) OITF
**Party abbreviations: HHD = Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutyun (Armenian Revolutionary Federation, "Dashnak", democratic socialist, Armenian nationalist, anti-communist, 1890-1920);OITF = Oltu İslam Terakki Fırkası (Oltu Islamic Progress Party, nationalist, 1919-1920); Mil - Military
Zone of the Straits
10 Nov 1918 Allied occupation of the Bosporus, the Dardanelles, the eastern
coast of the Sea of Marmara, islands of İmbros, Lemnos,
Samothrace, Tenedos, and 15 km deep into eastern and
western shores; entire area demilitarized (Zone of the Straits).
13 Nov 1918 Allies occupy Constantinople (Kostantiniyye)(de jure from 16 Mar
1920). Occupation zones - British in Pera, Galata and Şişli; the
French in the Old City and Western suburbs; and the Italians in
�sk�dar on the Anatolian side.
24 Jul 1923 International Straits Commission created by the Straits Convention
as part of Treaty of Lausanne to supervise the Zone of the Straits
which demilitarized the Dardanelles and opened the Straits to
unrestricted civilian and military traffic (effective 6 Aug 1924).
2 Oct 1923 Termination of Allied occupation (troops depart 23 Sep 1923).
6 Oct 1923 Turkish troops reenter Istanbul.
10 Jul 1936 New Straits Convention signed at Montreux, Switzerland ("Montreux
Convention")(ratified 9 Nov 1936), replacing the 1923 Convention.
21 Jul 1936 Turkey re-occupies the formerly demilitarized zone.
30 Sep 1936 International Commission of the Straits ceases to function.
Senior Allied (British) High Commissioners and Presidents of
the I nter-Allied Commission of Control and Organization
31 Oct 1918 - Jul 1919 Sir Somerset Arthur Gough- (b. 1864 - d. 1937)
Calthorpe
Jul 1919 - Nov 1920 Sir John Michael de Robeck (b. 1862 - d. 1928)
Nov 1920 - 1924 Sir Horace George Montagu (b. 1869 - d. 1941)
Rumbold
Nov 1922 - 1923 Sir Nevile Meyrick Henderson (b. 1882 - d. 1942)
(acting for Rumbold)
Presidents of the International Straits Commission (all from Turkey)
1924 - 1934 Vasıf Temel Paşa (b. 1871 - d. 1958)
1934 - Jun 1936 Mehmet Ali Dalay
French High Commissioners
Nov 1918 - Jan 1919 Jean-Fran�ois Charles Amet (b. 1861 - d. 1940)
8 Jan 1919 - 30 Mar 1919 Louis F�lix Marie Fran�ois (b. 1856 - d. 1942)
Franchet d'Esp�rey (acting)
30 Mar 1919 - Dec 1920 Jules Albert Defrance (b. 1860 - d. 1936)
11 Jan 1921 - 1924 Maurice C�sar Joseph Pell� (b. 1863 - d. 1924)**Greek High Commissioners
Nov/Dec1919 - Jan/Feb1921 Efth�mios Kanell�poulos (b. 1872 - d. 1933)Jan/Feb 1921-Jan/Feb 1922 Nik�laos V�tsis (b. 1877 - d. 1931)
11 Feb 1922 - 29 Jul 1922 Nik�laos Triantafyll�kos (b. 1855 - d. 1939)
29 Jul 1922 � 1924 Char�lampos Sim�poulos (b. 1874 - d. 1942)
Italian High Commissioners
Nov 1918 - Jun 1919 Carlo Sforza, conte Sforza (b. 1872 - d. 1952)
1919 - 1920 Romano Lodi F� (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1971)
Sep 1920 - 1923 Antonio Giovanni Luigi Camillo (b. 1852 - d. 1935)
Adolfo Edoardo Eugenio Adele
Garroni, marchese Garroni
Japanese High Commissioners
18 Apr 1921 - 15 Jun 1923 Uchida Sadatsuchi (b. 1865 - d. 1942)15 Jun 1923 - 1925 Kasama Akio (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1945)
United States High Commissioners
30 Nov 1918 � 3 May 1919 Lewis J. Heck (acting to Jan 1919) (b. 1889 - d. 1964)
3 May 1919 - 12 Aug 1919 Gabriel Bie Ravndal (acting) (b. 1865 - d. 1950)
12 Aug 1919 - 1927 Mark Lambert Bristol (b. 1868 - d. 1939)
General Commanders-in-Chief of the Allied Armies of the Orient (in Constantinople)12 Nov 1918 - 5 Apr 1920 Louis F�lix Marie Fran�ois (s.a.)
Franchet d'Esp�rey (France)
5 Apr 1920 - 2 Oct 1923 Pierre �mile Nayral Martin de (b. 1862 - d. 1949)
Bourgon (France)
**General Officers Commanding-in-Chief, Army of the Black Sea (in Constantinople)
Dec 1918 - Oct 1920 George Francis Milne (U.K.) (b. 1866 - d. 1948)
Oct 1920 - 23 Sep 1923 Sir Charles Harington (U.K.) (b. 1872 - d. 1940)
Mayors of Kostantiniyye (Constantinople)
28 Aug 1918 - 15 Dec 1918 Cemil Pasha Topuzlu (1st time) (b. 1866 - d. 1958)
18 Dec 1918 - 4 May 1919 Yusuf Ziya Bey
5 May 1919 - 28 Feb 1920 Cemil Pasha Topuzlu (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Mar 1920 - 17 Apr 1920 Hayreddin Bey
18 Apr 1920 - 2 Dec 1920 Salim Pasha
5 Dec 1920 - 23 Feb 1921 Yusuf Razi Bey
24 Feb 1921 - 5 Jul 1921 Mehmed Ali Bey
7 Jul 1921 - 4 Mar 1922 Mehmet Cel�l Bey (b. 1863 - d. 1926)
5 Mar 1922 - 13 Apr 1923 Ziya Bey
Kurdish Polities
| Map of Kurdish Areas | Capital: Ararat: Kurdava (1927-1931) Soran: Rawanduz (1816-1836) | Population: N/A |
|---|
1514 Kurds voluntarily accept Ottoman rule and as a result
the Sultan formally recognized the existing Kurdish
principalities (Baban, Botan, Badinan, Soran, etc.) as
independent states under Osmanli supervision.
1870 Last of the Kurdish principalities abolished.
10 Aug 1920 Treaty of S�vres contains provisions for a Kurdish state
under U.S. mandate, this is never implemented.
24 Apr 1920 Mosul declared a part of Iraq.
6 Mar 1921 - 17 Jun 1921 Kurdish rebellion in Ko�giri present-day eastern Sivas Province.
Aug 1924 - 10 Oct 1925 Halid Beg Cibran (b. 1882 - d. 1925) of the Cibran tribe leads a
Kurdish revolt in Beyt�şşebap.
8 Feb 1925 - Mar 1925 Sheikh Said (b. 1865 - d. 1925) rebellion mostly led by Zaza
speakers, but also gained support among some of the neighboring
Kurmanji-speaking Kurds in the region.
28 Oct 1927 - 17 Sep 1930 Republic of Ararat (Komara Ararat� or Komara Agiriy�) proclaimed in
northeastern part of Turkey with a capital at Kurdava (Doğubayazıt)
(primarily a rebellion of Kurmanji Kurds in Ağrı Province).
20 Mar 1937 - Dec 1938 Kurdish rebellion in the Dersim region of eastern Turkey.
12 Apr 1995 - 26 Sep 1999 Kurdistan Parliament in Exile (Parlamenta Kurdistan� Li Dervey�
Welat)(PKDW) founded in Brussels, Belgium.
24 May 1999 Kurdistan National Congress (Kongreya Netewey� ya Kurdistan�)
founded in exile as the successor to the PKDW.
Emirs of Soran
.... - .... Kelos
.... - .... Isa
.... - .... Shah Ali Bey
.... - .... Pir Budak bin Shah Ali Bey
.... - .... Mir Saifeddin
.... - .... Mir Hussain
.... - .... Mir Saidi bin Shah Ali Bey
.... - .... Saifeddin bin Mir Hussain bin
Pir Budak
.... - .... Kuli Bey bin Sulaiman Bey Mir
Saidi
.... - .... Budak Bey bin Kuli Bey bin
Sulaiman Bey
.... - .... Sulaiman Bey bin Kuli Bey
bin Sulaiman Bey
.... - .... Ali Bey bin Sulaiman Bey
.... - .... Shkali Bey
17.. - 1816 Sulaiman Bey
1816 - 1825 Khanzad
1825 - 1836 Mohammed Pasha "Mir Kor" (b. 1783 - d. 1838)
President of the Republic of Ararat (governor of Agir� Province)
28 Oct 1927 - 17 Sep 1930 İbrahim Heski (d. 1931) Khoyboun
(İbrahim Paşa Haski Tello)
Military leader of the Republic of Ararat (General commander of Kurdish Armed Forces)
28 Oct 1927 - 17 Sep 1930 İhsan Nuri Paşa (b. 1893 - d. 1976) Mil/Khoyboun
Presidents of the Kurdistan Parliament in Exile
26 Mar 1995 - 12 Apr 1995 İsmet Ch�riff Vanly (acting) (b. 1924 - d. 2011) PDK
12 Apr 1995 - 26 Sep 1999 Yaşar Kaya (b. 1938 - d. 2016) HEP
(in The Hague, Netherlands;
later in Brussels, Belgium exile)
President of the Kurdistan National Congress
24 May 1999 - 20.. Jawad Mella (in London, UK exile)(b. 1946)
C o-chairs **of the Kurdistan National Congress (in exile)
27 Sep 2015 - Oct 2019 Rebwar Rashed
+ Nil�fer Ko� (f)
Oct 2019 - Zainab Morad Sohrab (f)
+ Ahmet Karam�s
P arty abbreviations: HEP = Halkın Emek Partisi (People's Labour Party, social-democratic, Kurdish nationalist, est.7 Jun 1990, banned by Turkey 14 Jul 1993); Khoyboun = Xoyb�n - Ciwata Serxwebuna Kurd (Being Ones-self, pan-Kurdish, nationalist, secular, 5 Oct 1927-1946); PDK = Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistan�/Partiya Demokrata Kurdistan (Kurdistan Democratic Party [KDP], Kurdish nationalist, center-right, secular, est.16 Aug 1946)
Russian Occupied Turkish (Western) Armenia
![[Russia flag]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/ru.gif)
Jan/May 1916 - Apr 1918
Note: Despite some popular belief, no ethnic Armenian was appointed to chief administrative positions in the Russian occupied areas of the Ottoman Empire.
18 May 1915 � 13 Aug 1915 Russians briefly occupy Van.
Jan/May 1916 Russians occupy the provinces of Turkish (Western) Armenia -
(taking cities of Erzerum16 Feb 1916, Bitlis 3 Mar 1916 - 5 Aug
1916, Trebizond 18 Apr 1916, Erzincan 26 Jul 1916, Mush 18 Feb
1916, and Van in May 1916).
4 Jun 1916 Administration of Occupied Turkish Provinces (from 9 May 1917,
of Turkish Armenia and Other Occupied Turkish Provinces)
established by Russia in Tiflis (from Dec 1917, under the
Transcaucasian Commissariat which acts on behalf of Russian
Republic), the occupied area divided by the Russians in four
oblasti: Erzurum, Khnus, Trebizond (Pontic), and Van.
18 Dec 1917 Armistice of Erzincan which leads to withdrawal by Jan 1918 of
ethnic Russian component of the Russian Caucasus Army.
12 Feb/7 Apr 1918 Turkish forces re-occupy the area (Trebizond 24 Feb 1918,
Erzerum 12 Mar 1918, and Van 7 Apr 1918).
3 Mar 1918 Soviet Russia agrees to evacuate the Russian Caucasus Army by
the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (not recognized by Transcaucasian
Commissariat).
Russian Commander (of the Caucasus Army)
May 1915 � Jul 1916 Nikolay Nikolayevich Yudenich (b. 1862 - d. 1933) Mil
Governors-general of Occupied Turkish Provinces
18 Jul 1916 � 1916 Nikolay Nikolayevich Peshkov (b. 1857 - d.af.1917)Mil
1916 � 30 Jan 1917 Mikhail Nikolayevich Dryagin (b. 1852 - d.af.1917)Mil
30 Jan 1917 � May 1917 Boris Stepanovich Romanovskiy- (b. 1870 - d. 1941) Mil
Roman'ko
Commissar-general of Turkish Armenia and Other Occupied Turkish Provinces
28 May 1917 � Apr 1918 Pyotr Ivanovich Averyanov (b. 1867 - d. 1937) Mil
Assistants to the Commissar-general for Civil Affairs
28 May 1917 � Apr 1918 Yakov Khristoforovich Zavriyev (b. 1864 - d. 1920) HHD
(Akop Zavriyan) (= Hakob Zavriev)
+ Fyodor Igorevich Ivanitskiy (b. 1861 - d. 1929) KDP
(21 Aug 1917 � Dec? 1917)
Party abbreviations: HHD = Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutyun (Armenian Revolutionary Federation, "Dashnak", socialist, nationalist, 1890-1920);KDP = Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya (Constitutional Democratic Party, "Kadets", Russian liberal, 12 Oct 1905-12 Dec 1917); Mil = Military
Genoese Pera and Galatea
![[Genoa flag]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/it-genoa.gif)
1273 Republic of Genoa granted Pera & Galatea suburbs of Constantinople.
29 May 1453 Constantinople captured by the Ottomans.
Podestas (mayors)
1273 Oberto Sardena
1276 Ingueto Spinola
1279 Niccol� Doria
1285 Guideto de Nigro (acting)
1300 Bernabo Spinola
1300 - 1302 Govino Tartaro
1304 Rosso Doria
1315 - 1316 Montano de Marinis
1335 Andalo de Maris
1338 Costantino Doria
1348 Benedetto d'Arco
1356 Lanzarotto de Castro
1357 Bartolomeo Rubeo
13.. Jacopo Grillo (acting)
1367 Tommaso di Iglione
1376 Bartolomeo Pindeberi
1379 Luciano de Nigro
1382 Lorenzo Gentile
1386 Eliano de Camilla
1386 - 1387 Raffaele Doria
1387 Giovanni de Mezzano
1390 Antonio Leardo
1391 - 1392 Niccol� Zoagu
1392 Dorino Usodimare
1396 - 1397 Luchino de Bonavey
1397 Gentile Grimaldi
1402 Lodovico Bavoso
1402 Bartolomeo Rubeo
1403 Giannoto Lomellino (1st time)
(acting)
1404 Giovanni Sauli (1st time)
1404 Giovanni Botto
1405 Napoleone Salvago
1405 Giannoto Lomellino (2nd time)
1405 Giovanni Sauli (2nd time)
1410 Tommaso de Campofregoso
1411 Quilico de Taddei
1413 Corrado Cigala
1418 Thedisio Doria
1423 Zacaria Spinola
1425 - 1426 Imperiale Lomellino
1426 Taddeo de Zoagli
1427 Giannotto Spinola
1430 - 1431 Filippo de Franchi
1432 - 1433 Ilairo Imperiale
1434 Agostino Montalolo
1435 Ansaldo Doria
1435 Stefano de Marinis
1438 Giovanni di Levanto
1439 Simone Macie
1440 - 1442 Niccol� Antonio Spinola
1443 - 1444 Baruel de Grimaldi
1445 - 1446 Baldassarre Maruffo
1446 - 1447 Luchino de Facio
1447 Pietro di Marco (acting)
1448 - 1449 Benedetto di Vivaldi
1449 Francisco Cavallo
1451 - 1452 Angelo Giovanni Lomelino
(acting to 1452)
1452 - 29 May 1453 Francesco Giustiniani
� Ben Cahoon