Kingdoms of Italy - Consuls and Senators (original) (raw)

Consuls & Senators of Rome AD 887 - 1191 The feudal period of the late eighth and ninth centuries was one in which little central authority existed in Europe. In the mid-eighth century, the expandingFrankish empire defeated the Lombards in Italy, seizing the formerByzantine exarchate of Ravenna and handing it to the papacy as the Papal States. Unfortunately, as the Frankish empire descended into division and disunity, later popes struggled to hold onto all the territory. At the same time, a civil authority was beginning to emerge in Rome itself following its independence from Constantinople. Initially it was dominated by just a few powerful noble families, and such was their power that even the papacy was under their thumb in the tenth century. The first noble to exercise domination over the papacy was Prince Theophylact of the Theophylactii. He served Louis III of East Francia as judex in Italy, and was subsequently elected consul by Rome's nobility. He was also a senator and magister militum, and count of Tusculum (modern Tuscany).
Rome's colosseum
887 - c.914 Theophylact / Theophylactus Prince, Consul, and Senator ofRome. Count of Tusculum.
887 - c.914 Theodora Wife and senatrix.
897 Perhaps acting under pressure from the powerful Spoleto family, Pope Stephen convenes the Cadaver Synod, in which the corpse of Pope Fromosus is disinterred, dressed in papal robes, and tried on various charges.
904 This is a period in which powerful women of the nobility play politics and influence papal rule inRome, and one in which a dominating civil power emerges in the city, typified by the Theophylactii. Senator Theophylact, count of Tusculum, and his wife, Senatrix Theodora (said to be the mistress of Pope John X), are the parents of Marozia. She is reputedly the concubine of Pope Sergius and gives birth to a son (the later Pope John XI). She also succeeds her father in being the power behind the papal 'throne'. Marozia is married to Alberic I of Spoleto, increasing her influence and allowing their son, Senator Alberic II, to continuing the numbering in AD 932 that had started with the dukes of Spoleto. Tusculum amphitheatre This romantic painting shows the amphitheatre of the Italian city of Tusculum, native territory of the influential counts of Tusculum who dominated the early post-Frankish Roman civil authority
914 - 931 Marozia Dau. Lady ofRome. Died 945.
914 - 922 Alberic I Husband. Duke of Spoleto.
915 - 928 As the latest in a series of conflicts with the Saracens, Pope John X leads the Christian League of various Italian states into the Battle of Garigliano, a drawn-out combination of fights and a siege. The Saracens find themselves in a worsening situation and eventually attempt to flee, only to be captured and killed. In 928, the pope himself is killed through the machinations of Lady Marozia.
932 - 954 Alberic II Son of Marozia & Alberic I, 'Prince & Senator of the Romans'.
936 The power of Lady Marozia, daughter of Prince Theophylact, and her mother over the papal office is succeeded by that of Marozia's son, Alberic II, who elects several popes in succession. His son goes one step further when in 955, acting on his late father's wishes, he becomes Pope himself.
954 Pope Agapetus is a surprisingly strong-willed pope for this period. He appeals to the king of theSaxons, Otto I, to end the stranglehold of Prince Alberic II over the papacy. The appeal has little immediate effect, until after Otto becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
954 - 963 Octavianus / Ottaviano Son. Prince of Rome.Pope John XII (955-964).
963 - 964 Following on from a previous appeal fromPope Agapetus II to free the papacy from outside control, Holy Roman Emperor Otto I arrives in Rome, taking direct control of the city where he has Pope John accused in an ecclesiastical court. The pope is deposed and replaced, but in his other guise as Octavianus he is powerful enough to have Otto's representatives mutilated and himself reinstated.
964 - 965 Pope John's control of Rome is short-lived, as he dies soon afterwards. Benedict V is elected, but is deposed after just a month by former Anti-pope Leo VIII.
965 - 966 Pope John XIII is accepted byHoly Roman Emperor Otto I but not by Rome. A revolt against him sees him temporarily banished from the city between December 965 to November 966, and a populist government rules in Rome. His successor is also supported by Otto, but not by the most powerful family of Rome, the descendants of Consul Theophylact, count of Tusculum.
966 - 972 Holy Roman Emperor Otto I remains in direct control ofRome for much of his lifetime. In 973, Crescentius of the powerful Crescentii family becomes dominant, opponent of the Theophylactii in the struggle for the control of Rome.
973 - 985 Crescentius I Grandson of Theophylact. Consul ofRome from 980.
974 The untimely death ofPope Benedict VI is apparently at the hands of Anti-pope Boniface, on the orders of Crescentius I. Boniface flees to Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman empire, following the subsequent public outcry. The Crescentii are able to offer their own replacement, Benedict VII, son of David, who himself is the brother of Alberic II. He is elected by the imperial representative ofHoly Roman Emperor Otto II along with the clergy and people of Rome.
984 - 985 Anti-pope Boniface VII returns to Rome in 984, and murders the unpopular Pope John XIV. He seizes the papal office for a short period before he himself seems to fall victim to assassination in 985. Little is known of this period in Rome, reflecting the political uncertainty in the region following the death ofHoly Roman Emperor Otto II. However, the presence in Rome of Empress Theophanu, mother and regent of Otto III, helps to stabilise the situation during the office of John XV.
985 Giovanni Crescenzio I Consul ofRome. Restored in 996.
985? - 996 Crescentius II Deposed his predecessor? Hanged.
996 - 997 Pope John XVII is elected by Crescentius II of the Crescentii and the nobles of Rome in opposition of the wishes of the youngHoly Roman Emperor Otto III. The emperor marches on Rome, forcing John to flee, but he is captured, and his nose, ears and tongue are removed. He survives the ordeal and is sent to a monastery for the remainder of his life. Crescentius II, at bay in the Castel Sant'Angelo, is captured after a siege and is hanged from the castle walls.
996 - 998 Giovanni Crescenzio I Restored. Died 998.
998 - 1001 Holy Roman Emperor Otto III takes direct control ofRome as part of his dream to recreate theRoman empire united together with the papacy. His dream falls apart when the people of Rome revolt against him, led by Gregory, count of Tusculum, and force him from the city. He dies on the way back to the city with an army.
1001 - 1002 Gregory I Son of Alberic II. Count of Tusculo (Tusculum).
1002 - 1012 Giovanni Crescenzio II / John Crescentius Son of Crescentius II.
1003 The next two popes, both named John, are elected by the consul and patrician of Rome, John Crescentius, son of Crescentius II. The third pope elected by John Crescentius, Sergius IV, shows some signs of resisting his domination, possibly by supporting an opposing faction.
1012 Pope Benedict VIII is opposed by Gregory VI and a small opposition faction and is forced to flee Rome. He is returned to office byHoly Roman Emperor Henry II, and the latter is subsequently crowned by the grateful pope. Benedict also manages to subdue the powerful Crescentii, leading nobles in Rome for over a century.
1012 Theophylact II Son of Gregory. Count of Tusculo (Tusculum).Pope Benedict VIII.
1012 - 1015 Alberic III Brother. Count of Tusculo (Tusculum). Consul ofRome.
1015 - 1032 Romano di Tusculo / Romanus Brother.Pope John XIX.
1033 - 1046 Theophylact III? Son of Alberic III. Count of Tusculo (Tusculum).
1036 - 1044 Pope Benedict IX is briefly forced to flee Rome. His entire period of office is reputed to be one involving immorality, adultery, rape and murder, with the_Catholic Encyclopaedia_ calling him a disgrace. In this instance he is restored byHoly Roman Emperor Conrad II. At the end of 1044 he is again forced to leave the city, with his opposition electing Sylvester III.
1046 - 1047 Holy Roman Emperor Henry III takes control ofRome and convenes the Council of Sutri in December 1046 to sort out the mess that is the papal office. Benedict and Sylvester are declared to be deposed, and Gregory is asked to resign. The office is granted to Clement II, but his death in 1047 allows Benedict IX to seize the Lateran Palace. He is forced out by troops of Henry III in 1048 and is subsequently excommunicated.
1047? Annibale degli Annibali Senator ofRome.
1047 - 1058 Gregory II Brother of Theophylact III. Count of Tusculo (Tusculum).
1058 Pope Benedict X is elected by the count of Tusculum, but some cardinals suggest that votes have been bought. Stephen's election is generally opposed and a new pope, Nicholas II, is elected at Siena. He proceeds to Rome, declaring Benedict's excommunication at Sutri. Open warfare ensures between the supporters of either pope, and a campaign in the regions around Rome leads to Benedict renouncing his claim of office.
1058 - 1084 A republic led by the aristocratic families of Rome holds secular power in the city, perhaps led by Gregory III, count of Tusculum.
1058 - c.1108 Gregory III Son. Count of Tusculo (Tusculum).
1061 The election of Pope Alexander II by the new method of convening the College of Cardinals is not recognised by the imperial court in Germany underHoly Roman Emperor Henry IV, which elects Honorius. He marches to Rome, but is unable to dislodge Alexander, and his support is eventually withdrawn. He is excommunicated in 1063, but persists with his claim until his death. College of Cardinals The College of Cardinals (seen here in 1922) was formed in 1061 to elect the pope and has since endured for almost a millennium
1080 - 1085 Anti-pope Clement III is appointed by an exasperatedHoly Roman Emperor, Henry IV. The emperor has already been excommunicated twice by Pope Gregory VII for opposing his reforms which will involve a loss of established imperial power over the papacy. In 1084, Henry IV enters Rome and takes direct control of the city, forcing Gregory to retire to Castel Sant'Angelo where he is besieged. Clement is installed as pope in his place. Gregory's death in 1085 solves nothing, as Henry IV and Clement have been driven from Rome by Duke Robert Guiscard of Apulia and Calabria.
1085 - 1108 Following the withdrawal ofHoly Roman Emperor Henry IV from Rome, a new republic is formed by the city's aristocratic families. During this period, new noble families emerge into positions of power, especially the Frangipane and Vico families. The counts of Tusculum are sidelined by this time. When the prefecture is restored, the Frangipanes are ready to step into the role.
1108 - 1143 Pierleone Frangipane Prefect ofRome.
1108 - 1143 Leone Frangipane Prefect ofRome.
c.1108 - 1126 Tolomeo I / Ptolemy I Son of Gregory III. Count of Tusculo (Tusculum).
1126 - 1153 Tolomeo II / Ptolemy II Son. Count of Tusculo (Tusculum).
1143 - 1144 Pope Lucius' dealings with Roger II, duke ofApulia and Calabria, lead to a peace of sorts between the Papal States and the Normans in southern Italy, but supply the Roman Senate with the opportunity to reassert its ancient rights. Led by Giordano Pierleoni, a republic is re-established in Rome which seeks to control the Papal States, although the nobility remain neutral in the matter. The Commune of Rome is established, led by Pierleoni. Lucius attempts to force the issue and the Forum is used as a battlefield in which the pope receives a fatal injury. His successor is unable to enter Rome for much of his term in office. However, Pierleoni is deposed by the people after a year in command.
1144 - 1145 Giordano Pierleoni / Jordanus Son of Pierleone Frangipane. Senator ofRome. Deposed.
1146 - 1152 Giacomo da Vico
1152 - 1158 A republic, not controlled by the aristocratic families this time, is formed inRome as Pope Eugenius III arrives from his exile in Tusculum to be formally installed.
1153 - c.1167 Jonathan Son of Tolomeo II. Count of Tusculo (Tusculum).
1153 - 1179 Raino Brother and joint count of Tusculo (Tusculum).
1158 - 1167 Pietro I da Vico
1167 - 1178 Giovanni da Vico
1177 Venice offers hospitality to Pope Alexander III and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, and the republic arbitrates the peace between them following Barbarossa's defeat at Legnano the year before (29 May 1176). Barbarossa renounces his claim to Roman territory and recognises the pope as the city's sovereign prince on 1 August 1177.
1186 - 1228 Pietro II da Vico
1191 The number of senatores (senators) in Rome is reduced to one in a thorough reformation of the process of governing the city. From this point on, civil government in Rome is generally handled by the senators rather than the nobility or the papacy.
Senatores of Rome AD 1191 - 1434 The new communal government in Rome was recognised by Pope Clement III in 1188. In 1191, the number of senatores (senators) in the city was reduced to one in a thorough reformation of the process of governing the city. From this point on, civil government in Rome would be handled by the senators rather than the nobility or the papacy. Later, there were frequently two senators selected to govern together, and usually for a term of just one year. The power-sharing policy was between the Papist Guelf Party, which was led by the Orsini family, and their opponents, the Imperialist Ghibelline Party which was led by the Colonna family. It was a way of allowing each of them to act as a restraint towards the other. (Additional information by William Willems, from Histoire du diocèse et de la principauté de Liége, Joseph Daris (1890-1899, in French), and from External Links: Catholic Encyclopaedia, and Histoire de la Principauté de Liège, Joseph Grandjean (in French), and Les Belges, leur histoire (in French).)
1191 - 1193 Benedetto First solo senator ofRome.
1193 - 1195 Giovanni Capoccio
1195 - 1197 Pierleoni Capoccio
1197 - 1198 The senatorial government ofRome is briefly interrupted when a republic is declared. Santa Maria in Trastevere Santa Maria in Trastevere (on the right) was perhaps founded in the third century, restored in the eighth and ninth, and totally rebuilt in the twelfth, much of which survives today
1198 Scotto Paparone
1199 - 1204 Pandolfo della Suburra
1204 Gregorio Pierleoni
1204 - 1205 Feuding between the Pope's family and the Orsinis reaches a head, with rioting in the city and strongholds on either side being besieged. The tumult causes much damage toRome's ancient buildings.
1205 - 1207 Pandolfo della Suburra Restored.
1207 - 1212 Giovanni di Leone
1212 Gentile
1212 - 1213 Giovanni del Giudice
1213 Petruccio di Settisolio
1214 Giovanni degli Alberteschi
1215 Guido Buonconte
1216 Pandolfo Giudice
1217 Nicola di Parenzi
1218 Lorenzo di Processu
1219 Stefano Malabranca
1220 Giacomo di Ottone
1220 - 1222 Parenzo di Parenzi
1222 - 1225 Annibale di Buonconte
1225 Buonconte de' Monaldeschi
1225 Parenzo di Parenzi Restored.
1225 - 1227 Angelo de' Benincasa
1227 Anibaldo degli Anibaldi
1228 Eude o Ottone
1229 Ricardo Calisti
1229 Antonio Calisti
1230 - 1231 Anibaldo Anibaldi
1230 - 1231 Giovanni II da Vico Prefect ofRome.
1231 - 1233 Giovanni de' Poli
1233 Pandolfo della Suburra
1233 Gianotto di Oddone
1234 - 1235 Luca Savelli
1235 Angelo Malabranca
1235 - 1236 Giovanni Cenci Frangipane
1237 Petrasso Count of Anguillara.
1237 Annibale degli Anibaldi
1238 Giovanni de' Poli Restored.
1238 Giovanni Cenci Frangipane Restored.
1238 - 1241 Giovanni del Giudice Podesta of Florence (1234).
1241 Annibale degli Anibaldi Restored.
1241 Oddone Colonna
1241 - 1243 Matteo Rossi-Orsini
1244 - 1262 Pietro III Count of Anguillara. Prefect ofRome.
1244 - 1245 Annibale degli Anibaldi
1246 Pietro Frangipani
1247 Bobo di Giovanni
1248 - 1249 Pietro Anibaldi
1248 - 1249 Angelo Malabranca
1249 - 1252 The position of senator inRome is vacant.
1252 Raimundo Capizuccio
1252 - 1254 Brancaleone degli Andalò Count of Casalecchio.
1255 Jacopo Capoccio
1255 Buonconter de' Monaldeschi
1256 Martino della Torre
1256 - 1257 Emanuele de Madio
1257 - 1258 Brancaleone degli Andalò Restored.
1258 - 1259 Castellano degli Andalò
1259 Napoleone Orsini
1259 Riccardo degli Anibaldi
1260 - 1261 Giovanni Savelli
1260 - 1261 Anibaldo Anibaldi
1261 - 1263 A provisional government managesRome's affairs, following which, in 1263, King Charles I ofSicily is elected senator.
1262 - 1268 Pietro IV da Vico Prefect ofRome.
1263 - 1266 Charles I of Anjou King ofSicily (1266-1285). King of Hungary (1308-1342).
1266 Luca Savelli
1267 - 1268 A populist government controls the city. The Ghibelline party is crushed at the Battle of Tagliacozzo in 1268, and Charles of Anjou is able to retake control ofRome. Battle of Tagliacozzo The Battle of Tagliacozzo saw Charles d'Anjou, the Angevin king of Sicily, regain control of Rome in his role as a senator of the city's civil government
1268 - 1278 Charles I of Anjou Restored. Now also king ofAlbania (1272-1285).
1272 The much-travelled Charles of Anjou has spent a year carving out a territory which, in essence, replicates the former principality of Arbanon. It had taken a further five years of diplomacy to be accepted by theAlbanians themselves, following which he is declared king of Albania in 1272. This ties it in personal union Charles' kingdom ofNaples. Charles of Anjou The energetic Charles I, best known as Charles of Anjou, was a member of the royal Capetian dynasty and founder of the second 'House of Anjou', count of Provence and Forcalquier within the Holy Roman empire, count of Anjou and Maine in France, king of Sicily, prince of Achaea, and king of Albania
1272 - 1302 Pietro V da Vico Prefect ofRome.
1278 Matteo Rossi-Orsini II
1279 - 1280 Giovanni Colonna
1279 - 1280 Pandolfo Savelli
1281 - 1284 Charles I of Anjou Restored for a second time.
1284 Annibale Annibaldi
1284 - 1285 Pandolfo Savelli Restored.
1285 Annibale Transmundo
1286 - 1287 Gentile Orsini
1288 - 1289 Bertoldo Orsini
1288 Orso Orsini I
1288 - 1290 Niccolò de' Conti
1290 Luca Savelli
1290 Giovanni Colonna Lord ofRome.
1291 Pandolfo Savelli Restored for a second time.
1292 Stefano Colonna Count of Romagna.
1292 Matteo Rinaldo
1293 Agapito Colonna
1293 - Orsini First name unknown.
1293 - 1294 Pietro Rainieri de' Stefaneschi
1293 - 1294 Eude di San Eustacchio
1294 Tommaso da San Severino Count of Marsico.
1295 Ugolino de' Rossi
1296 Pietro de' Stefaneschi
1296 Andrea Romano
1297 - 1298 Pandolfo Savelli Restored for a third time.
1298 Eude o Oddone
1298 - 1300 The position of senator inRome is vacant.
1300 Riccardo Annibaldi
1300 Gentile Orsini
1300 - 1302 The position of senator inRome is again vacant.
1302 Giacomo Napoleone Orsini
1302 Matteo Rinaldi Orsini
1303 Guido de Pileo
1303 Tebaldo Orsini
1303 Alessio Bonaventura
1304 Gentile Orsini
1304 Luca Savelli
1305 - 1306 Paganino della Torre
1305 - 1377 [Pope](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) Clement V resides at Poitiers for the first four years of his papacy, before moving to an enclave in Avignon (now inFrance but at this time part of the lands of Frederick I, king ofSicily), in a period known as the Babylonian Captivity. This starts a period of decline in Rome, with no new building work being initiated, and many monuments and churches falling slowly into ruin.
1306 Gentile Orsini Restored.
1306 Stefano Colonna II
1307 Pietro Savelli
1307 Giovanni Normanni
1307 Giovanni Cerese
1307 - 1308 Ricardo degli Annibaldi
1307 - 1308 Giovanni Colonna
1308 Giacomo Sciarra Colonna
1308 Giacomo Savelli
1308 - 1337 Manfred da Vico Prefect of[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism).
1309 Giovanni Pietro de' Stefaneschi
1309 Tebaldo di San Eustachio
1312 Francesco Orsini
1312 Giacomo Sciarra Colonna
1312 - 1313 FeatureA populist revolt ousts the senators temporarily. TheHoly Roman empire's Henry VII travels to Rome in May 1312 to be crowned, accompanied by Theobald of Bar, prince-bishop of Liège (see feature link). Henry decides he wants to conquer Rome and Theobald is participating with him in street fights against Robert of Anjou, king ofNaples, when he is fatally wounded. The prince-bishop dies in Rome, sword in hand.
1313 Francesco Orsini Restored.
1313 Giacomo Sciarra Colonna Restored.
1314 - 1326 Robert d'Anjou King ofNaples (1309-1343).
1327 - 1328 [Pope](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) John XXII has already opposed Louis IV of [ Bavaria](GermanyBavarians.htm#Duchy of Bavaria %28Wittelsbachs%29) asHoly Roman emperor, so the Bavarian king invades [Italy](ItalyKingdom.htm#Lords of Milan) and sets up Nicholas V as a short-lived anti-pope. Fortunately, the successor of John XXII is much more conciliatory. Louis IV Wittelsbach The vigorous king of Bavaria and HRE Louis IV also became king of Italy in 1327 despite many objections and opposition figures, with his strength of will and character being proof of his desire and eligibility to rule
1328 Louis IV Wittelsbach Duke of[ Bavaria](GermanyBavarians.htm#Duchy of Bavaria %28Wittelsbachs%29) (1294-1347) &HRE (1314-1347).
1328 Castruccio Castracani Lord of Pisa & Lucca.
1328 Rainiero della Faggiuola
1328 Bertoldo Orsini
1328 Stefano Colonna
1328 - 1335 Robert d'Anjou Restored.
1335 Riccardo Fortebraccio
1335 Giacomo Colonna
1335 - 1337 The position of senator in[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) is vacant.
1337 Stefano Colonna
1337 Orso dell'Anguillara
1337 Giacomo di Cante dei Gabrielli
1337 Bosone Novello dei Raffaelli da Gubbio
1338 - 1339 Matteo Orsini
1338 - 1339 Pietro Colonna
1339 - 1342 Disorder by the populace of[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) disturbs the city. Rule by two senators is reintroduced.
1340 Tebaldo di San Eustachio
1340 Martino de' Stefaneschi
1341 Orso dell'Anguillara
1341 Giordano Orsini
1341 Francesco Orsini
1341 Paolo Niccolo degli Annibaldi
1341 Francesco Savelli
1342 - 1352 Pope Clement VI Senator of[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) for Life.
1343 - 1344 Matteo Orsini
1343 - 1344 Paolo Conti
1344 Giordano Orsini
1344 Giovanni Colonna
1345 Bertoldo Orsini
1345 Orso dell'Anguillara
1345 Rainaldo Orsini
1345 Nicola Anibaldi
1346 Orso Orsini
1346 Nicola Conti
1346 Nicola Annibaldi Restored.
1346 Giordano Orsini
1347 Roberto Orsini
1347 Pietro Colonna
1347 Cola de Rienzo, an impassioned student of the Bible, believes that he has a divinely inspired mission to revive the ancient glories of[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism). He marches to the Capitol, surrounded by his adherents, and convokes a parliament of the people. Unfortunately, his head is turned by his sudden success and he quickly develops into a tyrant who is soon deposed.
1347 Cola Rienzo / Rienzi Tribune. Dictator of[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) (May-Dec).
1347 - 1350 The Black Death rips through Europe, killing about a third of its population. This has a major effect on the economy and on working practices, especially in England where the decimated peasant workforce is now able to demand freedom and pay for its services. TheJews are popularly blamed for the epidemic, but [Pope](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) Clement VI issues two papal bulls and urges the clergy to protect Jews. Black Death The Black Death ripped through Europe, killing perhaps one third of its entire population in just two or three years, but the plague also paved the way for great social changes as the reduced workforce was now in a position of negotiating power
1348 Bertoldo Orsini
1348 Luca Savelli
1349 Nicola de Zancato
1349 Guido Francesco Orsini
1350 Pietro Colonna Giordani
1350 Giovanni Orsini
1350 - 1351 Rinaldo Orsini
1350 - 1351 Stefanello Colonna
1351 Further revolts by the populace of the city disrupts the senatorial governorship of[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism). A popular government is formed in order to complete the exclusion of the nobles.
1351 - 1352 Giovanni Cerroni Captain. Dictator of[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism).
1352 Bertoldo Orsini
1352 Stefanello Colonna Restored.
1352 Giovanni Orsini
1352 Pietro Sciarra
1352 - 1353 The people of[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) revolt in 1352 and Francesco Baroncelli gains power as dictator. He is rapidly overthrown. The supremacy of the senate is granted to the pope, and Guido Patrizi is nominated as senator.
1353 Francesco Baroncelli Tribune. Dictator of[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism).
1353 - 1354 Guido Giordani Patrizi
1354 Cola Rienzi Restored.
1355 Orso Andrea Orsini
1355 Giovanni Tebaldi
1355 Luca Savelli
1355 Francesco Orsini
1356 Sciarra Colonna
1356 Nicola Orsini
1356 Orso Capoccio
1356 Pietro Capoccio
1357 Pietro Giordani Colonna
1357 Nicola Riccardi degli Anibaldi
1358 - 1362 Pope Innocent VI Senator of[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) for Life.
1358 Raimondi de' Tolomei
1359 Luigi Rocca
1359 Ungaro de Sassoferrato
1360 Tommaso de Planciano
1361 Hugh de Lusignan
1361 Paolo de Argento Count of Campello.
1362 Lazzaro de' Cancelliari
1363 Rosso de' Ricci
1363 Guelfo di Bostenti
1363 Bonifacio Ricciardi
1364 - 1365 Francesco Ugolini degli Arcipreti
1365 - 1367 Three thousand men, mostly archers, are enrolled under the command of two banderesi. with four antepositi constituting a supreme council of war. As a whole, the body is styled the 'Felix Societas Balestrariorum et Pavesatorum'. It is instituted to support the reformers and re-establish order in[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) and the Campagna, to keep down the nobles and defend the republic. It fulfils these duties severely, sometimes too severely. Its power is temporarily suspended by the return of the pope to the city and his assumption of supreme authority.
1367 Biagio Fernando de Belvisio
1367 Berardo Monaldeschi
1368 Bertrando de' Rainardi
1368 Gentile da Varano
1369 Luigi de Sabran Count d'Ariano.
1369 - 1370 Bernardo Corrado de' Monaldeschi
1371 - 1372 With Urban V leaving the city again shortly before his death, having failed to fully establish himself, a second period of banderesi government controls[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism).
1372 Raimundo de' Tolomei
1373 Pietro de Marina
1373 Fortunato Rainoldi
1374 Antonio da San Raimundo
1375 Francesco Count of Campello.
1376 Simeone de' Tommasi
1376 - 1377 A third period of banderesi government controls Rome until[Pope](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) Gregory XI ends the Babylonian Captivity by restoring the papacy to its traditional seat in the city. His death the following year leads to the Roman mob breaking into the College of Cardinals to insist on the election of an Italian pontiff. Pope Gregory XI Pope Gregory XI ended the Babylonian Captivity by bringing the papacy back to Rome, where it has remained ever since, but this seemingly encouraged the Roman populace to insist on an Italian pontiff to succeed him
1377 Gomez Albornoz
1377 Guido de Prohinis
1378 Tommaso da San Severino
1378 - 1379 The government of[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism), ever turbulent, forms another short-lived period of banderesi government in opposition to the pope's authority.
1382 Tommaso Minoti
1383 - 1389 During the discord engendered by the difficult Pope Urban VI, a banderesi government controls civil affairs in[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism). The pope excommunicates the banderesi and they eventually submit to him, making him master of the city shortly before his death in 1389.
1389 Damiano Cattaneo
1389 - 1391 [Pope](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) Urban's successor fails to control the banderesi, the time taken to appoint a senator being part of the problem. A short period of government by banderesi is resolved in 1391.
1391 - 1392 Giovanni Cenci
1393 - 1398 Pope Boniface's relations with[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) decline rapidly when the banderesi discover that he intends to keep all recently conquered territory for himself, rather than appoint it to Rome's keeping. A riot breaks out and the pope is forced to flee to Perugia in October 1392. Eventual agreement is reached which allows the pope to elect the senator, and if he fails to do so the conservators will carry on the government after swearing fealty to him. The senatorial function will not be controlled or hampered by the banderesi. The immunities of the clergy are to be preserved, and all church property is to be respected by the magistrates. When a plot to re-establish the banderesi is discovered in 1398, the ringleaders are beheaded, ending the banderesi threat once and for all.
1399 Angelo Alaleoni
1399 Zaccaria Trevisano
1400 Benuttino Cima
1400 Bartolomeo Carafa
1401 Pier Francesco de' Brancaleoni
1401 Antonio Avuti Count of Monteverde.
1402 Pier Francesco de' Brancaleoni Restored.
1403 Riccardo d'Agnello
1404 Giacomo di Montedolce
1405 Bente dei Bentivogli
1405 Francesco Panciatichi
1406 - 1407 Pier Francesco de' Brancaleoni
1407 Giovanni Cima da Cingoli
1408 - 1410 Ladislas King ofNaples (1386-1414). Lord of [Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) from 1408.
1408 - 1410 Gianezzo Torti
1410 - 1411 Ruggero Count of Antigliola.
1411 - 1412 Ricardo degli Alidosi
1413 Felcino di Hermannis Count of Monte Giuliano.
1413 - 1414 Ladislas King of Naples, restored as lord of [Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism).
1413 - 1414 Niccolò de Diano
1414 Giovanni Torti
1414 Antonio de' Grassi
1415 Ricardo degli Alidosi d'Imola
1416 Giovanni Alidosi
1417 Ruggero Restored. Count of Antigliola.
1417 - 1418 Giovanni Spinelli
1419 Ranuccio Farnese
1420 Nerio Vitori
1420 Baldassare Count of Bardella d'Imola.
1421 Stefano de' Branchis
1421 Nicolai Salerno
1422 Bartolomeo Gonzaga Podesta of Florence (1403).
1422 - 1434 Following the papal seizure of[Rome](ItalyPopes.htm#Great Schism) and many other Italian cities, and much destruction, the old senatorial arrangement in the city is finally abandoned. The pope controls the civil government of the city, restoring peace and security but removing liberty.
1434 - 1798 One last revolt by the people of Rome leads to a wholesale slaughter of the ring-leaders, ensuring the final death of the old system. The papacy assumes what is effectively direct control of the city's governance. Day-to-day administrative duties are delegated mostly to the College of Cardinals and various papal departments. This arrangement manages to survive until the invasion of [French](FranceFranks.htm#First Republic) General Napoleon Bonaparte at the end of the eighteenth century.
1796 - 1800 Republican [France](FranceFranks.htm#First Republic) begins the conquest of[ Austria](GermanyAustria.htm#Habsburg Archdukes %28Lorraine%29)'s territories inItaly. Rome is occupied by force, briefly, by Naples in 1798. A Roman republic is proclaimed at the end of the year (1798-1799), using the territory of the Papal States. The pope is required to renounce his temporal authority, and when he refuses he is taken prisoner. He is taken off into captivity by the French and dies shortly after his arrival in Valence. Austrian victories in Italy force the French to withdraw from Rome. Napoleon at the Battle of Rivoli Napoleon commands at the Battle of Rivoli, which took place between 14-15 January 1797, and was the first French campaign in Italy against Austria, one of a series in the years to follow
1801 A Concordat is agreed with[French](FranceFranks.htm#First Republic) First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte to restore the links between Rome and the French Church. However, the Peace of Luneville in the same year compensates several German princes for losses of territory by assigning to them ecclesiastical land inGermany taken from the Pope.
1808 - 1814 With relations between[French](FranceFranks.htm#First Empire) Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and the Pope deteriorating rapidly in 1808, Rome is occupied by a division of French troops. The following year the remaining Papal States are annexed to the French-controlled kingdom ofItaly, including ancient Spoleto. When Pius VII subsequently excommunicates Napoleon, the French capture Castel Sant'Angelo, and a French officer breaks into the papal residence and kidnaps the pope himself. The pope remains a French captive for six years, being moved around Europe to various holding points.
1814 - 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte is exiled to Elba and the Pope regains control of Rome and its associated territories. In 1815, following a brief period of occupation by Joachim Murat, king of [ Naples](ItalyNaples.htm#Kingdom of Naples), Napoleon is permanently removed from European politics.[Austria](GermanyAustria.htm#Habsburg Emperors) renews its control of northern [Italy](ItalyKingdom.htm#Austria Restored), and the Papal States are restored to Rome.
1859 - 1866 During 1859-1861, Italy is forged by nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi into a single kingdom during the War of Unification, freeing Italy from [Austrian](GermanyAustria.htm#Habsburg Emperors) control. The Savoyard king of Sardinia becomes king of Italy (a title previously held by the Holy Roman Emperors), gaining Parma, [Sicily & Naples](ItalySicily.htm#Two Sicilies Reunited), and Spoleto, but at the same time losing Savoy to [France](FranceFranks.htm#Second Empire). In 1866 Venice is annexed and added to Italy, while much of the Papal States has already been absorbed by this date.
1870 - 1871 With the seizure of Rome in 1870, Italy achieves full union under the House of Savoy. The following year, Rome becomes its capital for the first time since the collapse of the WesternRoman empire, and the last vestiges of the Papal States are absorbed into the new kingdom.
1929 The pope and Mussolini sign the Lateran Treaty, finally settling the breach between the Italian government and the papacy that has existed since the seizure of the Papal States in 1870. The treaty establishes the independent Vatican City State in Rome.