Chalcopyrite (original) (raw)

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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About ChalcopyriteHide

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Colour:

Brass yellow, often with an iridescent tarnish.

Specific Gravity:

4.1 - 4.3

Crystal System:

Tetragonal

Name:

Named in 1725 by Johann Friedrich Henckel from the Greek "chalkos", copper, and "pyrites", strike fire.

Chalcopyrite Group. Chalcopyrite-Eskebornite Series.

A major ore of copper. Common in sulfide veins and disseminated in igneous rocks.
Weathering may lead to the formation of malachite, azurite, brochantite, langite and numerous other secondary copper minerals.

A Zn-rich variety is known from Atlantis II Deep (see zincian chalcopyrite). Also, the Mid-Atlantic-ridge isocubanite may transform to chalcopyrite and UM1994-22-S:CuFe (Cu1-xFe3+xS4 (Wintenberger et al., 1994).

Compare, e.g., UM1991-16-S:CuFeTl, UM1988-17-S:CuFe, UM1988-18-S:CuFe, and UM2003-19-S:CuFe.

Unique IdentifiersHide

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Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:955:7

IMA Classification of ChalcopyriteHide

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Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Classification of ChalcopyriteHide

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2.CB.10a

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
B : With Zn, Fe, Cu, Ag, etc.

2.9.1.1

2 : SULFIDES
9 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:1

3.1.25

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
1 : Sulphides etc. of Cu

Mineral SymbolsHide

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As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol Source Reference
Ccp IMA–CNMNC Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Ccp Kretz (1983) Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279.
Ccp Siivolam & Schmid (2007) Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download
Ccp Whitney & Evans (2010) Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
Cp The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Pronunciation of ChalcopyriteHide

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Pronunciation:

Play Recorded by Country
Sorry, your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio. Jolyon Ralph United Kingdom

Physical Properties of ChalcopyriteHide

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Colour:

Brass yellow, often with an iridescent tarnish.

Hardness:

VHN100=187 - Vickers

Cleavage:

Poor/Indistinct
Indistinct on {011}, sometimes distinct.

Fracture:

Irregular/Uneven

Density:

4.1 - 4.3 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.18 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of ChalcopyriteHide

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Anisotropism:

Weak, but distinct blue-gray to yellow-green

Reflectivity:

Wavelength R1 R2
400nm 16.0% 17.3%
420nm 20.0% 21.3%
440nm 24.8% 26.1%
460nm 30.2% 31.4%
480nm 34.9% 35.9%
500nm 38.9% 39.9%
520nm 41.9% 42.7%
540nm 44.0% 44.9%
560nm 45.4% 46.4%
580nm 46.6% 47.6%
600nm 47.1% 48.3%
620nm 47.5% 48.6%
640nm 47.6% 48.7%
660nm 47.6% 48.7%
680nm 47.6% 48.6%
700nm 47.6% 48.6%

Reflectance graph
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 48.7%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red

Colour in reflected light:

Yellow against a white/gray phase, greenish-yellow when next to gold.

Internal Reflections:

None

Chemistry of ChalcopyriteHide

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Common Impurities:

Ag,Au,In,Tl,Se,Te

Age distributionHide

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Recorded ages:

Phanerozoic : 299.7 ± 1.8 Ma to 57 Ma - based on 7 recorded ages.

Crystallography of ChalcopyriteHide

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Crystal System:

Tetragonal

Class (H-M):

42_m_ - Scalenohedral

Cell Parameters:

a = 5.289 Å, c = 10.423 Å

Unit Cell V:

291.57 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Typically found as equant to wedge-shaped pseudo-tetrahedral disphenoidal crystals, often modified by tetragonal scalenohedral faces. Mostly found massive or in disseminated grains and major deposits of such material are known.

Twinning:

Twinned on {112} and {012}, penetration or cyclic.

Comment:

Subcell: I-centred tetragonal, a = 3.74, c = 5.21 Å.

Crystallographic forms of ChalcopyriteHide

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Crystal Atlas:

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ID Species Reference Link Year Locality Pressure (GPa) Temp (K)
0018622 Chalcopyrite Knight K S, Marshall W G, Zochowski S W (2011) The low-temperature and high-pressure thermoelastic and structural properties of chalcopyrite, CuFeS2 The Canadian Mineralogist 49 1015-1034 2011 Palabora mine, South Africa 0 300
0018623 Chalcopyrite Knight K S, Marshall W G, Zochowski S W (2011) The low-temperature and high-pressure thermoelastic and structural properties of chalcopyrite, CuFeS2 The Canadian Mineralogist 49 1015-1034 2011 Palabora mine, South Africa 0 4.2
0009476 Chalcopyrite Hall S R, Stewart J M (1973) The crystal structure refinement of chalcopyrite, CuFeS2 Acta Crystallographica B29 579-585 1973 0 293
0017661 Chalcopyrite Pauling L, Brockway L (1932) The Crystal Structure of Chalkopyrite Cu Fe S2 _cod_database_code 1010940 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 82 188-194 1932 0 293
0017651 Chalcopyrite Burdick C, Ellis J (1917) The Crystal Structure of Chalcopyrite Determined by X-Rays _cod_database_code 1010929 Journal of the American Chemical Society 39 2519-2525 1917 0 293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

Epitaxial Relationships of ChalcopyriteHide

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Epitaxy Comments:

Pyrite on chalcopyrite from Ege-Khay, Yakutia, Russia (Novgorodova 1977).

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

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Radiation - Copper Kα

Data Set:

Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing Intensity
3.04 Å (100)
2.64 Å (10)
1.87 Å (20)
1.86 Å (40)
1.59 Å (300
1.57 Å (10)
1.21 Å (10)
1.08 Å (10)

Geological EnvironmentHide

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Geological Setting:

Chalcopyrite is a prevalent sulfide mineral in ore deposits and hosts various trace elements such as Ag, Co, As, Se, Sb, Te, Bi, etc. The variations in trace element contents, as well as Fe, S, and Cu isotopic compositions of chalcopyrite are controlled by a series of factors including metallogenic temperature and pressure, fluid compositions, metal sources, and sulfide equilibrium. Chalcopyrite is found in porphyry Cu deposits (PCDs), sedimentary rock-hosted stratiform Cu deposits (SSCs), iron oxide Cu-Au deposits (IOCGs), sedimentary exhalative deposits (SEDEXs), magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposits (MSDs), and volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (VMSs), etc. Different types of ore deposits show significantly distinct chalcopyrite geochemical characteristics. For example, in PCDs, chalcopyrite is notably enriched in Zn and Pb, with negative δ34S values (−2.1 ± 3.64 ‰, n = 32) due to sediment contributions. Positive δ65Cu values (1.5 ± 2.00 ‰, n = 140) indicate a mantle-crustal mixed source, while negative δ57Fe values (−4.3 ± 5.10 ‰, n = 32) likely result from Fe isotope fractionation during magnetite precipitation or continental crust contamination. In MSDs, Cr is the most enriched element, with positive δ34S values (1.0 ± 2.14 ‰, n = 185) and slightly negative δ⁶5Cu values (−0.46 ± 0.50 ‰, n = 52). Chalcopyrite in SSCs is enriched in Zn and As, characterized by negative δ34S (−3.6 ± 0.12 ‰, n = 190) and δ65Cu values (−0.59 ± 0.98 ‰, n = 118).

Synonyms of ChalcopyriteHide

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Other Language Names for ChalcopyriteHide

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Simplified Chinese:黄铜矿

Traditional Chinese:黃銅礦

Varieties of ChalcopyriteHide

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Relationship of Chalcopyrite to other SpeciesHide

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Other Members of Chalcopyrite Group:

Common AssociatesHide

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Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

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2.CB. Richardsite Zn2CuGaS4 Tet. 42_m_ : I_42_m
2.CB. Okruginite Cu2SnSe3 Mon. m : B b
2.CB. Hanswilkeite KFeS2 Mon. 2/m : _B_2/b
2.CB. Auroselenide AuSe Mon. 2/m : _B_2/m
2.CB. Ruizhongite (Ag2◻)Pb3Ge2S8 Iso. 43_m_ : I_43_d
2.CB. Agmantinite Ag2MnSnS4 Orth.
2.CB. Tolstykhite Au3S4Te6 Tric. 1 : _P_1
2.CB. Gachingite Au(Te1-xSex) Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m )
2.CB.05a Hawleyite CdS Iso. 43_m_ : F_43_m
2.CB.05 UM1998-15-S:CuFeZn Cu2Fe3Zn5S10
2.CB.05a Coloradoite HgTe Iso. 43_m_ : F_43_m
2.CB.05a Metacinnabar HgS Iso. 43_m_ : F_43_m
2.CB.05a Tiemannite HgSe Iso. 43_m_ : F_43_m
2.CB.05a Sphalerite ZnS Iso. 43_m_ : F_43_m
2.CB.05b Sakuraiite (Cu,Zn,Fe)3(In,Sn)S4 Iso.
2.CB.05c Polhemusite (Zn,Hg)S Tet.
2.CB.05a Rudashevskyite (Fe,Zn)S Iso. 43_m_ : F_43_m
2.CB.05a Stilleite ZnSe Iso. 43_m_ : F_43_m
2.CB.05a Ishiharaite (Cu,Ga,Fe,In,Zn)S Iso. 43_m_ : F_43_m
2.CB.07a Unnamed (Cu-Mn-Sn Sulphide) Cu2MnSnS4
2.CB.07a Shenzhuangite NiFeS2 Tet. 42_m_ : I_42_d
2.CB.10b Talnakhite Cu9(Fe,Ni)8S16 Iso. 43_m_ : I_43_m
2.CB.10b Haycockite Cu4Fe5S8 Orth. 222
2.CB.10a Lenaite AgFeS2 Tet. 42_m_ : I_42_d
2.CB.10a Gallite CuGaS2 Tet. 42_m_ : I_42_d
2.CB.10a Roquesite CuInS2 Tet. 42_m_ : I_42_d
2.CB.10a Eskebornite CuFeSe2 Tet. 42_m_ : P_42_c
2.CB.10a UM1984-30-S:CuFeSn Cu2Fe2Sn3S7
2.CB.10c Omariniite Cu8Fe2ZnGe2S12 Orth. 222 : _I_222
2.CB.10a Unnamed (Cu-Zn-In Sulphide) CuZn2InS4
2.CB.10b Mooihoekite Cu9Fe9S16 Tet. 42_m_ : P_42_m
2.CB.10a Laforêtite AgInS2 Tet. 42_m_ : I_42_d
2.CB.10b Putoranite Cu1.1Fe1.2S2 Iso. m_3_m _(_4/_m_32/m ) : P n_3_m
2.CB.15a Velikite Cu2HgSnS4 Tet. 4 : _I_4
2.CB.15c UM2006-11-S:CuFeGeZn Cu8(Fe,Zn)3Ge2S12 (?)
2.CB.15a Hocartite Ag2(Fe2+,Zn)SnS4 Tet. 42_m_ : I_42_m
2.CB.15a Kësterite Cu2ZnSnS4 Tet. 4 : _I_4
2.CB.15a Pirquitasite Ag2ZnSnS4 Tet. 4 : _I_4
2.CB.15a Stannite Cu2FeSnS4 Tet. 42_m_ : I_42_m
2.CB.15c Stannoidite Cu+6Cu2+2(Fe2+,Zn)3Sn2S12 Orth. 222 : _I_222
2.CB.15b Mohite Cu2SnS3 Mon.
2.CB.15a Černýite Cu2(Cd,Zn,Fe)SnS4 Tet. 42_m_ : I_42_m
2.CB.15a Idaite Cu5FeS6 Hex.
2.CB.15a Ferrokësterite Cu2FeSnS4 Tet. 4 : _I_4
2.CB.15a Kuramite Cu3SnS4 Tet. 42_m_ : I_42_m
2.CB.17a v Arsenic-bearing Renierite Cu11GeAsFe4S16
2.CB.20 Mawsonite Cu6Fe2SnS8 Tet. 42_m_ : _P_4_m_2
2.CB.20 Chatkalite Cu6FeSn2S8 Tet. 42_m_ : _P_4_m_2
2.CB.30 Frieseite Ag2Fe5S8 (?)
2.CB.30 Nekrasovite Cu26V2(Sn,As,Sb)6S32 Iso. 43_m_ : P_43_n
2.CB.30 Argyropyrite near Ag2Fe7S11
2.CB.30 Maikainite Cu20(Fe,Cu)6Mo2Ge6S32 Iso. m_3_m _(_4/_m_32/m )
2.CB.30 Colusite Cu13VAs3S16 Iso. 43_m_ : P_43_n
2.CB.30 Germanite Cu13Fe2Ge2S16 Iso. 43_m_ : P_43_n
2.CB.30 Germanocolusite Cu26V2(Ge,As)6S32 Iso. 43_m_ : P_43_m
2.CB.30 Stibiocolusite Cu13V(Sb,Sn,As)3S16 Iso. 43_m_ : P_43_m
2.CB.30 Ovamboite Cu20(Fe,Cu,Zn)6W2Ge6S32 Iso. 43_m_ : P_43_n
2.CB.35a Morozeviczite (Pb,Fe)3Ge1-xS4 Iso.
2.CB.35a Renierite (Cu1+,Zn)11Fe4(Ge4+,As5+)2S16 Tet. 42_m_ : P_42_c
2.CB.35a Hemusite Cu6SnMoS8 Iso.
2.CB.35b Catamarcaite Cu6GeWS8 Hex. 6_m_ m : P_63_m c
2.CB.35a Vinciennite Cu+7Cu2+3Fe2+2Fe3+2Sn(As,Sb)S16 Tet.
2.CB.35a Kiddcreekite Cu6SnWS8 Iso. 43_m_ : F_43_m
2.CB.35a Polkovicite (Fe,Pb)3(Ge,Fe)1-xS4 Iso.
2.CB.40 Lautite CuAsS Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : P n m a
2.CB.42 Lingbaoite AgTe3 Trig. 3_m_ : R_3_m
2.CB.45 Cadmoselite CdSe Hex. 6_m_ m : P_63_m c
2.CB.45 Rambergite MnS Hex. 6_m_ m : P_63_m c
2.CB.45 Buseckite (Fe,Zn,Mn)S Hex. 6_m_ m : P_63_m c
2.CB.45 Maletoyvayamite Au3Se4Te6 Tric. 1 : _P_1
2.CB.45 Greenockite CdS Hex. 6_m_ m : P_63_m c
2.CB.45 Wurtzite (Zn,Fe)S Hex. 6_m_ m : P_63_m c
2.CB.47 Murchisite Cr5S6 Trig. 3_m_ _(_32/m ) : P_31_c
2.CB.50 Zincselenide ZnSe
2.CB.50 Wassonite TiS Trig. 3_m_ _(_32/m ) : R_3_m
2.CB.52 Dzhezkazganite ReMoCu2PbS6 ? Trig. 3_m_ : R_3_m
2.CB.55b Isocubanite CuFe2S3 Iso. m_3_m _(_4/_m_32/m ) : F m_3_m
2.CB.55a Cubanite CuFe2S3 Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m )
2.CB.60 Raguinite TlFeS2 Orth.
2.CB.60 Picotpaulite TlFe2S3 Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m ) : C m c m
2.CB.65 Argentopyrite AgFe2S3 Mon. 2/m
2.CB.65 Sternbergite AgFe2S3 Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m )
2.CB.70 Sulvanite Cu3VS4 Iso. 43_m_ : P_43_m
2.CB.75 Vulcanite CuTe Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m )
2.CB.80 Empressite AgTe Orth. m m m _(_2/_m_2/_m_2/m )
2.CB.85 Muthmannite AuAgTe2 Mon. 2/m : _P_2/m

Other InformationHide

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Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Industrial Uses:

It is the principal ore of copper.

Chalcopyrite in petrologyHide

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References for ChalcopyriteHide

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Reference List:

Wintenberger, M., Andre, G., Garcin, C., Imbert, P., Jehanno, G., Fouquet, Y., Wafik, A. (1994): Intermediate valency, Verwey transition and magnetic structures of a new mineral, Cu1-xFe3+xS4, resulting from the ageing of isocubanite. J. Magnetism Magnetic Materials: 132: 31-45; in: Jambor, J.L., Roberts, A.C (1995): New mineral Names. American Mineralogist: 80: 186

Gaines, Richard V., Skinner, H. Catherine W., Foord, Eugene E., Mason, Brian, Rosenzweig, Abraham, King, Vandall T. (1997) Dana's New Mineralogy (8th ed.). Wiley-Interscience. p.1872

Boekema, C, Krupski, A.M, Varasteh, M, Parvin, K, van Til, F, van der Woude, F, Sawatzky, G.A (2004) Cu and Fe valence states in CuFeS2. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 272. 559-561 doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.11.206

Goh, Siew Wei, Buckley, Alan N., Lamb, Robert N., Rosenberg, Richard A., Moran, Damian (2006) The oxidation states of copper and iron in mineral sulfides, and the oxides formed on initial exposure of chalcopyrite and bornite to air. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70 (9) 2210-2228 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.02.007

Pearce, C.I., Pattrick, R.A.D., Vaughan, D.J., Henderson, C.M.B., van der Laan, G. (2006) Copper oxidation state in chalcopyrite: Mixed Cu d9 and d10 characteristics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70 (18) 4635-4642 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.05.017

[1]Tang, Yao, Sun, Deyou, Gou, Jun, Ni, Xinran, Zeng, Xiaohui, Zhang, Xingmin, Liu, Weipeng, Liang, Shanshan, Deng, Changzhou (2025) Chalcopyrite geochemistry: Advancements and implications in ore deposit research. Ore Geology Reviews, 179. 106528 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106528

Significant localities for ChalcopyriteHide

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Showing 34 significant localities out of 33,213 recorded on mindat.org.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

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- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.

Australia
Queensland Cloncurry Shire Cloncurry ⓘ Rocklands Group Copper Project S Rust collection
South Australia Copper Coast Council ⓘ Poona Mine (Mattapara; Alameda Pty Ltd; EML 5525; ML 5524) RB94/00041 +1 other reference
Bolivia
Cochabamba Chapare Province ⓘ Alto Chapare mining district Petrov (n.d.)
Canada
Yukon Mayo mining district Galena Hill Elsa ⓘ Husky Mine Oscar Jose Tessari (1979)
China
Hubei Huangshi Daye Co. ⓘ Fengjiashan Mine Jingye Jiang et al. (1998) +1 other reference
France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Isère Grenoble Villard-Notre-Dame ⓘ La Gardette Mine Dana 7:I:222.
Grand Est Bas-Rhin Molsheim Schirmeck ⓘ Schirmeck tunnel Alain Steinmetz and Thierry Brunsperger ...
Germany
Saxony-Anhalt Burgenlandkreis Naumburg (Saale) Bad Kösen ⓘ Jochenberg Quarry Mineralogical Collection of the ...
Ireland
Munster Tipperary County Monard ⓘ Gortdrum Mine Flannery (n.d.) +2 other references
Italy
Tuscany Lucca Province Stazzema ⓘ Bottino Mine Bonazzi et al. (1992)
Kazakhstan
Karaganda Region ⓘ Dzhezkazgan mining district RWMW specimen +2 other references
Kosovo
Mitrovica District Mitrovica Trepča complex ⓘ Trepča Stari Trg Mine Féraud J. (1979) +5 other references
Mexico
Guanajuato Guanajuato Municipality Guanajuato ⓘ San Juan de Rayas Mine (Rayas Mine; Reyes Mine) Panczner (1987)
Peru
Ancash Bolognesi Province Aquia District ⓘ Pachapaqui mining district - (1997) +2 other references
Huallanca District Huanzala ⓘ Huanzala Mine Imai et al. (1985) +2 other references
Recuay Province Ticapampa District ⓘ Hercules Mine - (1997)
Huancavelica Angaraes Province ⓘ Julcani District Crowley et al. (1997)
Lima Huarochirí Province Chicla District Casapalca ⓘ Casapalca Mine - (1997) +1 other reference
Pasco Pasco province Tinyahuarco district Colquijirca mining district ⓘ Colquijirca mine Economic Geology November 2009 vol. 104 ... +3 other references
Romania
Maramureș County Cavnic ⓘ Boldut Mine Mineral News 14:12 p 1
Russia
Primorsky Krai Dalnegorsk Urban District Dalnegorsk ⓘ Nikolaevskiy Mine Dobovol'skaya et al. (1990) +3 other references
Spain
Basque Country Guipúzcoa (Gipuzkoa) Mutiloa ⓘ Troya Mine Calvo Rebollar (2003)
Galicia A Coruña Lousame Vilacova ⓘ San Finx Mines Calvo Rebollar (2003) +2 other references
Lugo Incio Vila de Mouros Pacios ⓘ Impensada Mine (Magnesitas de Rubián) Victor Pais Collection
UK
England Cornwall Carn Brea Pool ⓘ Cook's Kitchen Mine [var: Blister Copper]
St Agnes ⓘ Wheal Kitty (Kitty and Penhalls United Mine; incl. Goonlaze Mine; Wheal Osborne) Henwood (1843) +4 other references
USA
Connecticut Hartford County Bristol ⓘ Bristol Copper Mine Jones (2001)
Kentucky Boyle County Danville Caldwell Stone Company Quarry ⓘ Walker vein Rocks and Minerals Magazine Vol. 69 No. 4 (jul/aug 1994) +1 other reference
New Mexico Santa Fe County New Placers District ⓘ San Pedro Mine M Massis collection +1 other reference
New York Ulster County Wawarsing Ellenville ⓘ Ellenville Mine (Ellenville Lead Mine; Ulster mine) Dana 7:I:592. +1 other reference
North Carolina Davidson County Carolina Slate Belt Cid Mining District ⓘ Conrad Hill Mine (Dodge Hill Mine) Koschmann et al. (1968)
Pennsylvania Chester County Warwick Township Saint Peters ⓘ French Creek Mines Rocks & Min.:64:7. +1 other reference
Washington King County Snoqualmie Mining District Hansen Creek ⓘ Humpback Mountain Slump Zone Eric He's Collection