Countries Na-Ne (original) (raw)
Contents of this page:
Namibia - Nauru - Nepal - The Netherlands - New Caledonia - New Zealand
Nagorno-Karabakh: see under Azerbaijan.
Namibia
24 Apr 1884 German South West Africa protectorate 9 Jul 1915 occupation by South African forces 17 Dec 1920 League of Nations mandate (administered by South Africa) 27 Oct 1966 United Nations General Assembly terminates the mandate and puts South West Africa under direct UN responsibility; South Africa does not recognize this and continues to exercise de facto authority 12 Jun 1968 South West Africa renamed Namibia by UN 21 Mar 1990 independence (Republic of Namibia)
UN commissioners 13 Jun 1967 - 1 Jan 1970 Konstantinos Stavropoulos (Greece) (b. 1905 - d. 1984) (acting) 1 Jan 1970 - 1 Jan 1974 Agha Abdul Hamid (Pakistan) (b. 1912 - d. 1994) (acting) 1 Jan 1974 - 1 Jan 1977 Se�n MacBride (Ireland) (b. 1904 - d. 1988) 1 Jan 1977 - 1 Apr 1982 Martti Ahtisaari (Finland) (b. 1937 - d. 2023) 1 Apr 1982 - 1 Jul 1987 Brajesh Chandra Mishra (India) (b. 1928 - d. 2012) 1 Jul 1987 - 21 Dec 1988 Bernt Carlsson (Sweden) (b. 1938 - d. 1988)
Commissioners (from Nov 1893, Landeshauptleute; from 18 Apr 1898, governors) May 1885 - Aug 1890 Heinrich Ernst G�ring (acting) (b. 1839 - d. 1913) Aug 1890 - Mar 1891 Louis Nels (acting) (b. 1855 - d. 1910) Mar 1891 - 15 Mar 1894 Curt von Fran�ois (b. 1852 - d. 1931) 15 Mar 1894 - 19 Aug 1905 Theodor von Leutwein (b. 1849 - d. 1921) (acting to 27 Jun 1895) 19 Aug 1905 - 20 May 1907 Friedrich von Lindequist (b. 1862 - d. 1945) 20 May 1907 - 20 Jun 1910 Bruno von Schuckmann (b. 1857 - d. 1919) 28 Aug 1910 - 9 Jul 1915 Theodor Seitz (b. 1863 - d. 1949) Military governor 11 Jul 1915 - 30 Oct 1915 P.S. Beves (b. 1868 - d. 1924) Administrators 31 Oct 1915 - 1 Oct 1920 Howard Gorges (from 3 Jun 1919, Sir Howard Gorges) (b. 1872 - d. 1924) 1 Oct 1920 - 1 Apr 1926 Gysbert Reitz Hofmeyr (b. 1871 - d. 1942) 1 Apr 1926 - 1 Apr 1933 Albertus Johannes Werth (b. 1888 - d. 1948) 1 Apr 1933 - 1 Apr 1943 David Gideon Conradie (b. 1879 - d. 1966) 1 Apr 1943 - 6 Dec 1951 Petrus Imker Hoogenhout (b. 1884 - d. 1970) 6 Dec 1951 - 1 Dec 1953 Albertus Johannes Roux van Rhijn (b. 1890 - d. 1971) 1 Dec 1953 - 1 Dec 1963 Daniel Thomas du Plessis Viljoen (b. 1892 - d. 1972) 1 Dec 1963 - 1 Nov 1968 Wentzel Christoffel du Plessis (b. 1904 - d. 1988) 1 Nov 1968 - 1 Nov 1971 Johannes Gert Hendrik van der Wath (b. 1903 - d. 1986) 1 Nov 1971 - 1 Sep 1977 Barend Johannes van der Walt (b. 1914) Administrators-general 1 Sep 1977 - 7 Aug 1979 Marthinus T. Steyn (b. 1920 - d. 1998) 7 Aug 1979 - 4 Sep 1980 Gerrit Viljoen (b. 1926 - d. 2009) 4 Sep 1980 - 1 Feb 1983 Danie Hough (b. 1937 - d. 2008) 1 Feb 1983 - 1 Jul 1985 Willie van Niekerk (b. 1937 - d. 2009) 1 Jul 1985 - 21 Mar 1990 Louis Pienaar (b. 1926 - d. 2012) Presidents 21 Mar 1990 - 21 Mar 2005 Sam Nujoma (b. 1929) 21 Mar 2005 - 21 Mar 2015 Hifikepunye Pohamba (b. 1935) 21 Mar 2015 - 4 Feb 2024 Hage Geingob (b. 1941 - d. 2024) 4 Feb 2024 - Nangolo Mbumba (interim) (b. 1941)
Chairman of the Council of Ministers 1 Jul 1980 - 18 Jan 1983 Dirk Mudge (b. 1928 - d. 2020) Chief Executive Officer 19 Jan 1983 - 17 Jun 1985 Jan F. Greebe Chairmen of the Transitional Government of National Unity 17 Jun 1985 - 16 Sep 1985 Dawid Bezuidenhout (1st time) (b. 1935 - d. 1998) 17 Sep 1985 - 16 Dec 1985 Hans Diergaardt (b. 1927 - d. 1998) 17 Dec 1985 - 16 Mar 1986 Moses Katjikuru Katjiuongua (1st time) (b. 1942 - d. 2011) 17 Mar 1986 - 16 Jun 1986 Fanuel Kozonguizi (b. 1932 - d. 1995) 17 Jun 1986 - 16 Sep 1986 Andrew Matjila (1st time) (b. 1932) 17 Sep 1986 - 16 Dec 1986 Dirk Mudge (1st time) (s.a.) 17 Dec 1986 - 31 Jan 1987 Eben van Zijl (b. 1931 - d. 2009) 1 Feb 1987 - 30 Apr 1987 Andreas Shipanga (1st time) (b. 1931 - d. 2012) 1 May 1987 - 31 Jul 1987 Dawid Bezuidenhout (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Aug 1987 - 17 Jan 1988 Jan de Wet (b. 1927 - d. 2011) 18 Jan 1988 - 17 Apr 1988 Moses Katjikuru Katjiuongua (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Apr 1988 - 17 Jul 1988 Andrew Matjila (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Jul 1988 - 17 Oct 1988 Dirk Mudge (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Oct 1988 - Dec 1988 Andreas Shipanga (2nd time) (s.a.) Dec 1988 - Jan 1989 Andrew Matjila (3rd time) (s.a.) Jan 1989 - 28 Feb 1989 Harry Booysen (b. 1943) Prime ministers 21 Mar 1990 - 28 Aug 2002 Hage Geingob (1st time) (s.a.) 28 Aug 2002 - 21 Mar 2005 Theo-Ben Gurirab (b. 1939 - d. 2018) 21 Mar 2005 - 4 Dec 2012 Nahas Angula (b. 1943) 4 Dec 2012 - 21 Mar 2015 Hage Geingob (2nd time) (s.a.) 21 Mar 2015 - Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila (f) (b. 1967)
Upingtonia/Lijdensrust
20 Oct 1885 "Republic Upingtonia" settler polity founded 1886 name changed to Lijdensrust Jun 1887 republic dissolved
President 20 Oct 1885 - Jun 1887 George Diederik P. Prinsloo (b. 1820 - d. 1888)
Naples: see under Italian states.
Natal: see under South Africa.
Nauru
14 Apr 1888 part of (German) Marshall Islands 1 Apr 1906 part of German New Guinea (see under Papua New Guinea) 7 Sep 1914 Australian occupation 17 Dec 1920 League of Nations mandate (to Australia, New Zealand, and United Kingdom; actual administration by Australia) 26 Aug 1942 - 13 Sep 1945 Japanese occupation 1 Nov 1947 United Nations trust territory (to Australia, New Zealand, and United Kingdom; actual administration by Australia) 31 Jan 1968 independence (Republic of Nauru)
Administrators 25 Dec 1914 - Dec 1917 Charles Rufus Marshall Workman (b. 1874 - d. 1942) Dec 1917 - 10 Jun 1921 Geoffrey Bingham Whistler Smith-Rewse (b. 1878 - d. 1927) 10 Jun 1921 - Jun 1927 Thomas Griffiths (b. 1865 - d. 1947) Jun 1927 - 16 Jan 1933 William Augustin Newman (b. 1873 - d. 1955) 16 Jan 1933 - Nov 1938 Rupert C. Garsia (b. 1887 - d. 1954) Nov 1938 - 26 Aug 1942 Frederick Roydon Chalmers (b. 1881 - d. 1943) Japanese commanders 26 Aug 1942 - Mar 1943 Hiromi Nakayama (b. ... - d. 1946) Mar 1943 - Jul 1943 Takenao Takenouchi Jul 1943 - 13 Sep 1945 Hisayuki Soeda Administrators 13 Sep 1945 - 1 Nov 1945 Joseph Lawrence Andrew Kelly (b. 1907 - d. 1970) 1 Nov 1945 - Aug 1949 Mark Ridgway (b. 1891 - d. 1984) Aug 1949 - Nov 1949 Harold Hastings Reeve (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1973) Nov 1949 - Jan 1953 Robert Stanley Richards (b. 1885 - d. 1967) Jan 1953 - Dec 1953 John Keith Lawrence (acting) (b. 1910 - d. 2000) Dec 1953 - Jul 1954 Keith Alan Read (acting) (b. 1920 - d. 2014) Jul 1954 - May 1958 Reginald Sylvester Leydin (1st time) (b. 1905 - d. 1993) May 1958 - Apr 1962 John Preston White (b. 1914 - d. 1995) May 1962 - Apr 1966 Reginald Sylvester Leydin (2nd time) (s.a.) May 1966 - 31 Jan 1968 Leslie Dudley King (b. 1909 - d. 2005) Presidents 31 Jan 1968 - 22 Dec 1976 Hammer DeRoburt (1st time) (b. 1922 - d. 1992) (chairman Council of State to 18 May 1968) 22 Dec 1976 - 19 Apr 1978 Bernard Dowiyogo (1st time) (b. 1946 - d. 2003) 19 Apr 1978 - 11 May 1978 Lagumot Harris (1st time) (b. 1938 - d. 1999) 11 May 1978 - 17 Sep 1986 Hammer DeRoburt (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Sep 1986 - 1 Oct 1986 Kennan Adeang (1st time) (b. 1942 - d. 2011) 1 Oct 1986 - 12 Dec 1986 Hammer DeRoburt (3rd time) (s.a.) 12 Dec 1986 - 20 Dec 1986 Kennan Adeang (2nd time) (s.a.) 20 Dec 1986 - 17 Aug 1989 Hammer DeRoburt (4th time) (s.a.) 17 Aug 1989 - 12 Dec 1989 Kenas Aroi (b. 1942 - d. 1991) 12 Dec 1989 - 22 Nov 1995 Bernard Dowiyogo (2nd time) (s.a.) 22 Nov 1995 - 11 Nov 1996 Lagumot Harris (2nd time) (s.a.) 11 Nov 1996 - 26 Nov 1996 Bernard Dowiyogo (3rd time) (s.a.) 26 Nov 1996 - 19 Dec 1996 Kennan Adeang (3rd time) (s.a.) 19 Dec 1996 - 12 Feb 1997 Reuben Kun (b. 1942 - d. 2014) 12 Feb 1997 - 18 Jun 1998 Kinza Clodumar (b. 1945 - d. 2021) 18 Jun 1998 - 26 Apr 1999 Bernard Dowiyogo (4th time) (s.a.) 26 Apr 1999 - 20 Apr 2000 Ren� Harris (1st time) (b. 1947 - d. 2008) 20 Apr 2000 - 30 Mar 2001 Bernard Dowiyogo (5th time) (s.a.) 30 Mar 2001 - 9 Jan 2003 Ren� Harris (2nd time) (s.a.) 9 Jan 2003 - 17 Jan 2003 Bernard Dowiyogo (6th time) (s.a.) 17 Jan 2003 - 18 Jan 2003 Ren� Harris (3rd time) (s.a.) 18 Jan 2003 - 10 Mar 2003 Bernard Dowiyogo (7th time) (s.a.) 10 Mar 2003 - 29 May 2003 Derog Gioura (b. 1932 - d. 2008) (acting to 20 Mar 2003) 29 May 2003 - 8 Aug 2003 Ludwig Scotty (1st time) (b. 1948) 8 Aug 2003 - 22 Jun 2004 Ren� Harris (4th time) (s.a.) 22 Jun 2004 - 19 Dec 2007 Ludwig Scotty (2nd time) (s.a.) 19 Dec 2007 - 10 Nov 2011 Marcus Stephen (b. 1969) 10 Nov 2011 - 15 Nov 2011 Frederick Pitcher (b. 1967) 15 Nov 2011 - 11 Jun 2013 Sprent Dabwido (b. 1972 - d. 2019) 11 Jun 2013 - 27 Aug 2019 Baron Waqa (b. 1959) 27 Aug 2019 - 28 Sep 2022 Lionel Aingimea (b. 1965) 28 Sep 2022 - 30 Oct 2023 Russ Kun (b. 1975) 30 Oct 2023 - David Adeang (b. 1969)
Nejd: see under Saudi Arabia.
Nepal
643 Licchavi (Suryavamsa) dynasty restored; usually called Malla
dynasty after reign of Jayasthitirajamalladeva (1382-95)
1484 joint rulers divide the state into three kingdoms, named
after their capitals Bhaktapura (Bhatgaon), Banikapura
(Banepa), and Kantipura (Kathmandu)
1546 additional division creates kingdom of Lalitapura
(Lalitapatan)
16.. Banikapura annexed by Bhaktapura25 Sep 1768 the last ruler of Gorkha unifies the Kingdom of Nepal under the Shah (Saha) dynasty 1816 - 21 Dec 1923 de facto British protectorate 15 Jan 2007 State of Nepal 28 May 2008 Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
Bhaktapura (Bhatgaon)
Kings� 1696 - 1722 Sri Jayabhupatindramalla 1722 - 13 Nov 1769 Jyaranajitamalla
Kantipura (Kathmandu)
Kings� 1687 - 1700 Jayabhupalendramalla = Jayamahipatindramalla 1700 - 1722 Jayabhaskaramalla = Jayamahendrasimhamalla 1722 - 1734 Jayajagajjayamalla 1735 - 1746 Jayaprakasamalla (1st time) 1746 - 1752 Jayajyotiprakasamalla 1752 - 25 Sep 1768 Jayaprakasamalla (2nd time)
Lalitapura (Lalitapatan)
Kings� 1684 - 1705 Jayayoganarendramalla 1705 - 1706 Jayalokaprakasamalla 1706 - 1709 Jayendramalla 1709 Jayamahendramalla (1st time) 1709 Jayaviranarasimhamalla 1709 - 1714 Jayamahendramalla (2nd time) 1715 - 1717 Jayariddhinarasimhamalla 1717 - 1722 Jayabhaskaramalla = Jayamahendrasimhamalla 1722 - 1729 Jayayogaprakasamalla 1729 - 1745 Sri Jayavishnumalla 1745 - 1758 Jayarajyaprakasamalla 1758 - 1760 Jayavisvajitmalla 1760 - 1762 Jayaprakasamalla (1st time) 1762 - 1763 Jayaranajitmalla 1763 Jayaprakasamalla (2nd time) 1764 - 1765 Dalamardana Saha (usurper, Saha dynasty of Gorkha) 1765 - Oct 1768 Jayatejanarayanasimhamalla
Gorkha
Rajas - Saha dynasty - 1669 - 1716 Prithvipati Saha (b. ... - d. 1716) 1716 - 1742 Narabhpati Saha (b. ... - d. 1742) 1742 - 25 Sep 1768 Prithvinarayana Saha (b. 1723 - d. 1775)
Nepal
Kings (title Maharajadhiraja) - Shah (Saha) dynasty - 25 Sep 1768 - 11 Jan 1775 Prithivi Narayan Shah Deva (s.a.) 11 Jan 1775 - 17 Nov 1777 Sinha Pratap Shah Deva (b. 1751 - d. 1777) 17 Nov 1777 - 23 Mar 1799 Rana Bahadur Shah Deva (b. 1775 - d. 1806) 17 Nov 1777 - 31 Aug 1778 Rajendra Lakshmi (f) (1st time) (regent) (b. ... - d. 1785) 2 Sep 1778 - 20 Jun 1779 Bahadur Shah (1st time) (regent) (b. 1757 - d. 1797) 20 Jun 1779 - 13 Jul 1785 Rajendra Lakshmi (f) (2nd time) (regent) (s.a.) 13 Jul 1785 - 6 Jun 1794 Bahadur Shah (2nd time) (regent) (s.a.) 23 Mar 1799 - 20 Nov 1816 Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah Deva (b. 1797 - d. 1816) 23 Mar 1799 - Apr 1800 Rajeshwari Devi (f) (1st time) (b. 17... - d. 1806) (regent) Apr 1800 - 1802 Subarna Prabha Devi (f) (regent) (b. 17... - d. 1806) 1802 - 1804 Rajeshwari Devi (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) (regent) 1804 - 25 Apr 1806 Rana Bahadur Shah Deva (regent) (s.a.) 25 Apr 1806 - 6 Apr 1832 Lalit Tripura Sundari (f) (b. 1794 - d. 1832) (regent) 20 Nov 1816 - 12 May 1847 Rajendra Bikram Shah Deva (b. 1813 - d. 1881) 5 Jan 1843 - Nov 1846 Rajya Lakshmi Devi (f) (regent) 12 May 1847 - 17 May 1881 Surendra Bikram Shah Deva (b. 1829 - d. 1881) 17 May 1881 - 11 Dec 1911 Prithivi Bir Bikram Shah Deva (b. 1875 - d. 1911) 11 Dec 1911 - 7 Nov 1950 Tribhuvana Bir Bikram Shah Deva (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1955) 7 Nov 1950 - 7 Jan 1951 Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva (1st time) (b. 1947) 7 Jan 1951 - 13 Mar 1955 Tribhuvana Bir Bikram Shah Deva (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Mar 1955 - 31 Jan 1972 Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva (b. 1920 - d. 1972) 31 Jan 1972 - 1 Jun 2001 Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva (b. 1945 - d. 2001) 1 Jun 2001 - 4 Jun 2001 Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva (b. 1971 - d. 2001) 4 Jun 2001 - 28 May 2008 Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva (2nd time) (s.a.) (regent for Dipendra 2-4 Jun 2001; suspended from 15 Jan 2007) 15 Jan 2007 - 23 Jul 2008 Girija Prasad Koirala (b. 1924 - d. 2010) (acting head of state) Presidents 23 Jul 2008 - 29 Oct 2015 Ram Baran Yadav (b. 1948) 29 Oct 2015 - 13 Mar 2023 Bidya Devi Bhandari (f) (b. 1961) 13 Mar 2023 - Ram Chandra Poudel (b. 1944)
Prime ministers 1799 - 1804 Damodar Pande (b. 17... - d. 1804) 1804 - 25 Apr 1806 Rana Bahadur Shah Deva (s.a.) 1806 - 1837 Bhimsen Thapa (b. 1775 - d. 1839) 1837 Rana Jang Pande (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1843) 1837 - 1838 Ranganath Poudel (1st time) 1838 - 1839 Puskar Shah 1839 - 1840 Rana Jang Pande (2nd time) (s.a.) 1840 Ranganath Poudel (2nd time) 1840 - 1843 Fateh Jang Chautaria (1st time) (b. 1805 - d. 1846) 28 Nov 1843 - 17 May 1845 Madhabar Singh Thapa (b. 1798 - d. 1845) Sep 1845 - 14 Sep 1846 Fateh Jang Chautaria (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 Sep 1846 - 1 Aug 1856 Jang Bahadur Kunwar (from 5 May 1848, Jang Bahadur Rana) (1st time) (b. 1817 - d. 1877) 1 Aug 1856 - 25 May 1857 Bam Bahadur Kunwar Rana (b. 1818 - d. 1857) 25 May 1857 - 28 Jun 1857 Krishna Bahadur Kunwar Rana (b. 1823 - d. 1863) (acting) 28 Jun 1857 - 25 Feb 1877 Jang Bahadur Rana (2nd time) (s.a.) 27 Feb 1877 - 22 Nov 1885 Ranaudip Singh (b. 1825 - d. 1885) 22 Nov 1885 - 5 Mar 1901 Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (b. 1852 - d. 1901) 5 Mar 1901 - 27 Jun 1901 Deva Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (b. 1862 - d. 1914) 27 Jun 1901 - 26 Nov 1929 Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (b. 1863 - d. 1929) Nov 1929 - 1 Sep 1932 Bhim Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (b. 1865 - d. 1932) 1 Sep 1932 - 29 Nov 1945 Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (b. 1875 - d. 1952) 29 Nov 1945 - 30 Apr 1948 Padma Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (b. 1882 - d. 1961) 30 Apr 1948 - 12 Nov 1951 Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (b. 1885 - d. 1967) 16 Nov 1951 - 13 Aug 1952 Matrika Prasad Koirala (1st time) (b. 1912 - d. 1997) 15 Jun 1953 - 2 Mar 1955 Matrika Prasad Koirala (2nd time) (s.a.) 27 Jan 1956 - 26 Jul 1957 Tanka Prasad Acharya (b. 1912 - d. 1992) 26 Jul 1957 - 14 Nov 1957 Kunwar Indrajit Singh (b. 1906 - d. 1982) 15 May 1958 - 27 May 1959 Subarna Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (b. 1910 - d. 1977) 27 May 1959 - 15 Dec 1960 Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala (b. 1914 - d. 1982) 26 Dec 1960 - 23 Dec 1963 Tulsi Giri (1st time) (b. 1926 - d. 2018) (first minister to 2 Apr 1963) 23 Dec 1963 - 26 Feb 1964 Surya Bahadur Thapa (1st time) (b. 1928 - d. 2015) 26 Feb 1964 - 26 Jan 1965 Tulsi Giri (2nd time) (s.a.) 26 Jan 1965 - 7 Apr 1969 Surya Bahadur Thapa (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 Apr 1969 - 13 Apr 1970 Kirti Nidhi Bista (1st time) (b. 1927 - d. 2017) 13 Apr 1970 - 14 Apr 1971 Gehendra Bahadur Rajbhandari (b. 1923 - d. 1994) (first minister) 14 Apr 1971 - 16 Jul 1973 Kirti Nidhi Bista (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Jul 1973 - 1 Dec 1975 Nagendra Prasad Rijal (1st time) (b. 1927 - d. 1994) 1 Dec 1975 - 12 Sep 1977 Tulsi Giri (3rd time) (s.a.) 12 Sep 1977 - 30 May 1979 Kirti Nidhi Bista (3rd time) (s.a.) 30 May 1979 - 12 Jul 1983 Surya Bahadur Thapa (3rd time) (s.a.) 12 Jul 1983 - 21 Mar 1986 Lokendra Bahadur Chand (1st time) (b. 1940) 21 Mar 1986 - 15 Jun 1986 Nagendra Prasad Rijal (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 Jun 1986 - 6 Apr 1990 Marich Man Singh Shrestha (b. 1942 - d. 2013) 6 Apr 1990 - 19 Apr 1990 Lokendra Bahadur Chand (2nd time) (s.a.) 19 Apr 1990 - 26 May 1991 Krishna Prasad Bhattarai (1st time) (b. 1924 - d. 2011) 26 May 1991 - 30 Nov 1994 Girija Prasad Koirala (1st time) (s.a.) 30 Nov 1994 - 12 Sep 1995 Man Mohan Adhikari (b. 1920 - d. 1999) 12 Sep 1995 - 12 Mar 1997 Sher Bahadur Deuba (1st time) (b. 1946) 12 Mar 1997 - 7 Oct 1997 Lokendra Bahadur Chand (3rd time) (s.a.) 7 Oct 1997 - 15 Apr 1998 Surya Bahadur Thapa (4th time) (s.a.) 15 Apr 1998 - 31 May 1999 Girija Prasad Koirala (2nd time) (s.a.) 31 May 1999 - 22 Mar 2000 Krishna Prasad Bhattarai (2nd time) (s.a.) 22 Mar 2000 - 26 Jul 2001 Girija Prasad Koirala (3rd time) (s.a.) 26 Jul 2001 - 4 Oct 2002 Sher Bahadur Deuba (2nd time) (s.a.) 11 Oct 2002 - 5 Jun 2003 Lokendra Bahadur Chand (4th time) (s.a.) 5 Jun 2003 - 3 Jun 2004 Surya Bahadur Thapa (5th time) (s.a.) 3 Jun 2004 - 1 Feb 2005 Sher Bahadur Deuba (3rd time) (s.a.) 30 Apr 2006 - 18 Aug 2008 Girija Prasad Koirala (4th time) (s.a.) 18 Aug 2008 - 25 May 2009 Pushpa Kamal Dahal (1st time) (b. 1954) 25 May 2009 - 6 Feb 2011 Madhav Kumar Nepal (b. 1953) 6 Feb 2011 - 29 Aug 2011 Jhalanath Khanal (b. 1950) 29 Aug 2011 - 14 Mar 2013 Baburam Bhattarai (b. 1954) 14 Mar 2013 - 11 Feb 2014 Khil Raj Regmi (b. 1949) 11 Feb 2014 - 12 Oct 2015 Sushil Koirala (b. 1939 - d. 2016) 12 Oct 2015 - 4 Aug 2016 K.P. Sharma Oli (1st time) (b. 1952) 4 Aug 2016 - 7 Jun 2017 Pushpa Kamal Dahal (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 Jun 2017 - 15 Feb 2018 Sher Bahadur Deuba (4th time) (s.a.) 15 Feb 2018 - 13 Jul 2021 K.P. Sharma Oli (2nd time) (s.a.) 13 Jul 2021 - 26 Dec 2022 Sher Bahadur Deuba (5th time) (s.a.) 26 Dec 2022 - 15 Jul 2024 Pushpa Kamal Dahal (3rd time) (s.a.) 15 Jul 2024 - K.P. Sharma Oli (3rd time) (s.a.)
British residents 1816 John Peter Boileau (acting) (b. 1747 - d. 1837) 1816 - 1829 Edward Gardner (b. 1784 - d. 1861) 1829 - 1831 Brian Houghton Hodgson (1st time) (b. 1800 - d. 1894) (acting) 1831 - 1833 Thomas Herbert Maddock (b. 1792 - d. 1870) 1833 - 1843 Brian Houghton Hodgson (2nd time) (s.a.) 1843 - 1845 Henry Lawrence (b. 1806 - d. 1857) 1845 - 1846 John Russell Colvin (b. 1807 - d. 1857) 1846 - 1850 Charles Thoresby (b. 1793? - d. 1862) 1850 - 1852 John Cadwallader Erskine (b. 1804 - d. 1882) 1852 - 1867 George Ramsay (b. 1812 - d. 1887) 1867 - 1872 Richard Charles Lawrence (b. 1817 - d. 1896) 1872 - 1888 Charles Edward Ridgway Girdlestone (b. 1839 - d. 1889) 1888 - 1891 Edward Durand (b. 1845 - d. 1920) 1891 - 1899 Henry Wylie (b. 1844 - d. 1918) 1899 Archibald Mungo Muir (b. 1847 - d. 1899) 1899 - 1901 William Loch (b. 1846 - d. 1901) 1901 - 1902 Thomas Caldwell Pears (b. 1851 - d. 1921) 1902 - 1905 Charles Withers Ravenshaw (b. 1851 - d. 1935) 1905 - 1916 John Manners Smith (b. 1864 - d. 1920) 1916 - Dec 1918 Steuart Farquharson Bayley (b. 1863 - d. 1938) Dec 1918 - 1923 Frederick O'Connor (b. 1870 - d. 1943) (from 1920 envoy)
�Style of Licchavi rulers from _c._1200: Rajadhiraja Paramesvara Paramabhattaraka Sri Sri N.N. Vijayarajye Nepala.
Mustang
7 Oct 2008 traditional kingship abolished
Kings (title Glo rgyal-po) 1656 - 1710 Sa-dbang (b. _c._1639 - d. 17...) 1711 - 1723 Tshe-dbang (b. ... - d. bf.1725) 1723 - _c._1728 bKra-shis-rnam-rgyal (b. ... - d. _c._1728) _c._1728 - _c._1750 bsTan-'dzin-dbang-rgyal (b. _c._1717 - d. _c._1750) _c._1728 - 1734 Nor-dzin bde-legs dbang-mo (f) (b. ... - d. af.1735) (regent) _c._1750 - 1797 dBang-rgyal-rdo-rje (b. _c._1738 - d. 1797) 1797 - 1815 bKra-shis-s�in-po 1815 - 1837 'Jam-dpal-dgra-'ldus (b. ... - d. 1837) 1837 - 1857 Kun-dga'-nor-bu (b. ... - d. 1857) 1857 - 1863 'Jam-dbyangs-dban-'dus (b. ... - d. 1863) 1863 - 1893 dNgos-grub-dpal-'bar (b. ... - d. 1893) 1863 - 1868 rGyal-mo Tshe-mchog sGrol-ma (f) (b. ... - d. 1871) (regent) 1893 - 1935 'Jam-dbyangs-dpal-'bar (b. ... - d. 1935) 1935 - 1955 A-mgon-bsTan-'dzin-dgra-'dul (1st time) (b. 1923 - d. 1964) 1955 - 1958 A-ngdu-s�in-po (b. 19... - d. 1958) 1958 - 1964 A-mgon-bsTan-'dzin-dgra-'dul (2nd time) (s.a.) 1964 - 7 Oct 2008 'Jigs-med-rdo-rje-dgra-'dul = 'Jigs-med-dpal-'bar Bista (b. 1930 - d. 2016)
Netherlands, The
26 Jul 1581 the Staten-Generaal (Estates-General, usually mistranslated States-General) becomes the supreme authority of the United Netherlands; from _c._1648 in regular non-official use Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the United Provinces 30 Jan 1648 independence recognized by Spain 22 Nov 1747 hereditability of office of stadholder in all provinces enacted; style becomes General Hereditary Stadholder of the United Netherlands 16 Feb 1795 office of stadholder abolished by Staten-Generaal, now styled Algemene Staten (General Estates) 16 May 1795 Batavian Republic (in informal official use from 19 Jan 1795) (from 17 Oct 1801 also Batavian Commonwealth) 29 Apr 1805 Batavian Commonwealth 5 Jun 1806 Kingdom of Holland 13 Jul 1810 annexed by France 21 Nov 1813 United Netherlands 16 Mar 1815 Kingdom of the Netherlands 10 May 1940 - 5 May 1945 German occupation
Stadholders 22 Nov 1747�- 22 Oct 1751 Willem IV Karel Hendrik Friso (b. 1711 - d. 1751) 22 Oct 1751 - 16 Feb 1795 Willem V Batavus (b. 1748 - d. 1806) (in exile from 17 Jan 1795; rule interrupted in parts of the Netherlands 1785-87) 22 Oct 1751 - 12 Jan 1759 Princess Anne (f) (regent) (b. 1709 - d. 1759) Presidents of the Revolutionary Committee 17 Jan 1795 - 1795 Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (b. 1761 - d. 1825) 1795 Wijbo Fijnje (b. 1750 - d. 1809) 1795 - 6 Feb 1795 Pieter Paulus (b. 1754 - d. 1796) Presidents of the General Estates 30 Mar 1795 - 6 Apr 1795 Johannes Lambertus Huber (1st time) (b. 1750 - d. 1826) 5 May 1795 - May 1795 Pieter Paulus (1st time) (s.a.) 19 May 1795 - 2 Jun 1795 Jacob George Hieronymus Hahn (b. 1761 - d. 1822) 6 Jul 1795 - 1795 Willem Aernout de Beveren (b. 1749 - d. 1820) Sep 1795 - 1795 Pieter Paulus (2nd time) (s.a.) 1795 - 25 Nov 1795 Gerrit David Jordens (b. 1734 - d. 1803) 1795 - Dec 1795 Pieter Pijpers (b. 1749 - d. 1805) Dec 1795 - 179. Johannes Lambertus Huber (2nd time) (s.a.) Presidents of the National Assembly (often styled National Convention in imitation of French parallel) 1 Mar 1796 - 17 Mar 1796 Pieter Paulus (s.a.) 17 Mar 1796 - 2 Apr 1796 Pieter Leonard van de Kasteele (1st time) (b. 1748 - d. 1810) 2 Apr 1796 - 18 Apr 1796 Albert Johan de Sitter (b. 1748 - d. 1814) 18 Apr 1796 - 2 May 1796 Jan Bernd Bicker (1st time) (b. 1746 - d. 1812) 2 May 1796 - 17 May 1796 Dani�l Cornelis de Leeuw (b. 1747 - d. 1834) 17 May 1796 - 30 May 1796 Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (1st time) (s.a.) 30 May 1796 - 13 Jun 1796 Joan Arend de Vos van Steenwijk (b. 1746 - d. 1813) 13 Jun 1796 - 27 Jun 1796 Jacob George Hieronymus Hahn (s.a.) 27 Jun 1796 - 11 Jul 1796 Paulus Hartog (b. 1735 - d. 1805) 11 Jul 1796 - 25 Jul 1796 Willem Aernout de Beveren (s.a.) 25 Jul 1796 - 8 Aug 1796 Ludovicus Timon de Kempenaer (b. 1752 - d. 1812) 8 Aug 1796 - 22 Aug 1796 Jan Pieter van Wickevoort Crommelin (b. 1763 - d. 1837) 22 Aug 1796 - 5 Sep 1796 Paulus Emmanuel Anthony de la Court (b. 1760 - d. 1848) 5 Sep 1796 - 19 Sep 1796 Jacob Jan Cambier (b. 1756 - d. 1831) 19 Sep 1796 - 3 Oct 1796 Jacobus Kantelaar (b. 1759 - d. 1821) 3 Oct 1796 - 17 Oct 1796 Tammo Adriaan ten Berge (b. 1756 - d. 1830) 17 Oct 1796 - 31 Oct 1796 Bernardus Blok (b. 1756 - d. 1818) 31 Oct 1796 - 14 Nov 1796 Gerrit David Jordens (s.a.) 14 Nov 1796 - 28 Nov 1796 Abraham Gijsbertus Verster (b. 1751 - d. 1841) 28 Nov 1796 - 12 Dec 1796 IJsbrand van Hamelsveld (b. 1743 - d. 1812) 12 Dec 1796 - 27 Dec 1796 Cornelis van Lennep (b. 1751 - d. 1813) 27 Dec 1796 - 9 Jan 1797 Jan Hendrik Stoffenberg (b. 1749 - d. 1838) 9 Jan 1797 - 23 Jan 1797 Lambert Engelbert van Eck (b. 1754 - d. 1803) 23 Jan 1797 - 6 Feb 1797 Willem Queysen (b. 1754 - d. 1817) 6 Feb 1797 - 20 Feb 1797 Carel de Vos van Steenwijk (b. 1759 - d. 1830) 20 Feb 1797 - 6 Mar 1797 Hendrik van Castrop (b. 1736 - d. 1806) 6 Mar 1797 - 20 Mar 1797 Meinardus Siderius (b. 1754 - d. 1829) 20 Mar 1797 - 3 Apr 1797 Cornelis Wilhelmus de Rhoer (b. 1751 - d. 1821) 3 Apr 1797 - 18 Apr 1797 Jan Couperus (b. 1755 - d. 1833) 18 Apr 1797 - 1 May 1797 Jacob Abraham de Mist (b. 1749 - d. 1823) 1 May 1797 - 15 May 1797 Jan Bernd Bicker (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 May 1797 - 29 May 1797 Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (2nd time) (s.a.) 29 May 1797 - 12 Jun 1797 Gerard Willem van Marle (b. 1752 - d. 1799) 12 Jun 1797 - 26 Jun 1797 Herman Hendrik Vitringa (b. 1757 - d. 1801) 26 Jun 1797 - 10 Jul 1797 Johan Herman de Lange 10 Jul 1797 - 24 Jul 1797 Ambrosius Justus Zubli (b. 1751 - d. 1820) 24 Jul 1797 - 7 Aug 1797 Willem Hendrik Teding van Berkhout (b. 1745 - d. 1809) 7 Aug 1797 - 21 Aug 1797 Scato Trip (b. 1742 - d. 1822) 21 Aug 1797 - 1 Sep 1797 Pieter Leonard van de Kasteele (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Sep 1797 - 18 Sep 1797 Jan David Pasteur (b. 1753 - d. 1804) 18 Sep 1797 - 2 Oct 1797 Adrianus Ploos van Amstel (b. 1749 - d. 1816) 2 Oct 1797 - 16 Oct 1797 Joachim Nuhout van der Veen (b. 1756 - d. 1833) 16 Oct 1797 - 30 Oct 1797 Hugo Gevers (b. 1765 - d. 1852) 30 Oct 1797 - 13 Nov 1797 Jacob van Manen (b. 1752 - d. 1822) 13 Nov 1797 - 27 Nov 1797 Pieter Vreede (b. 1750 - d. 1837) 27 Nov 1797 - 11 Dec 1797 Stefanus Jacobus van Langen (b. 1758 - d. 1847) 11 Dec 1797 - 27 Dec 1797 Jacobus Blaauw (b. 1756 - d. 1829) 27 Dec 1797 - 8 Jan 1798 Joan Bernard Auffmorth (b. 1744 - d. 1831) 8 Jan 1798 - 22 Jan 1798 Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus van Hooff (b. 1755 - d. 1816) 22 Jan 1798 - 25 Jan 1798 Johannes Henricus Midderigh (b. 1753 - d. 1800) (president of the Constituent Assembly) Chairmen of the Uitvoerend bewind (literally: Executive Authority; usually translated as Executive Directory, in imitation of French parallel) (provisional to 20 May 1798) 25 Jan 1798 - 24 Feb 1798 Pieter Vreede (s.a.) 25 Feb 1798 - 24 Mar 1798 Wijbo Fijnje (s.a.) 25 Mar 1798 - 24 Apr 1798 Stefanus Jacobus van Langen (s.a.) 25 Apr 1798 - 24 May 1798 Berend Wildrik (b. 1754 - d. 1831) 25 May 1798 - 12 Jun 1798 Johan Pieter Fokker (b. 1755 - d. 1831) 12 Jun 1798 - 17 Aug 1798 Intermediair Bestuur (Interim Government); from 14 Jun 1798, Intermediair uitvoerend bewind (Interim Executive Authority) - Jacobus Spoors - Gerrit Jan Pijman (b. 1750 - d. 1839) - Alexander Gogel (b. 1765 - d. 1821) - Reinier Willem Tadama (b. 1771 - d. 1812) - Abraham Jacques La Pierre 17 Aug 1798 - 16 Sep 1798 Albert Willem Hoeth (1st time) (b. 1758 - d. 1827) 17 Sep 1798 - 16 Oct 1798 Johannes Willem van Hasselt (1st time) (b. 1752 - d. 1833) 17 Oct 1798 - 16 Nov 1798 Fran�ois Ermerins (1st time) (b. 1753 - d. 1840) 17 Nov 1798 - 16 Dec 1798 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert van Haersolte, heer van Staverden (1st time) (b. 1756 - d. 1830) 17 Dec 1798 - 16 Jan 1799 Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus van Hooff (1st time) (s.a.) 17 Jan 1799 - 16 Feb 1799 Albert Willem Hoeth (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Feb 1799 - 16 Mar 1799 Johannes Willem van Hasselt (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Mar 1799 - 16 Apr 1799 Fran�ois Ermerins (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Apr 1799 - 16 May 1799 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert van Haersolte, heer van Staverden (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 May 1799 - 16 Jun 1799 Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus van Hooff (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Jun 1799 - 16 Jul 1799 Albert Willem Hoeth (3rd time) (s.a.) 17 Jul 1799 - 16 Aug 1799 Augustijn Gerhard Besier (1st time) (b. 1758 - d. 1829) 17 Aug 1799 - 16 Sep 1799 Fran�ois Ermerins (3rd time) (s.a.) 17 Sep 1799 - 16 Oct 1799 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert van Haersolte, heer van Staverden (3rd time) (s.a.) 17 Oct 1799 - 16 Nov 1799 Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus van Hooff (3rd time) (s.a.) 17 Nov 1799 - 16 Dec 1799 Albert Willem Hoeth (4th time) (s.a.) 17 Dec 1799 - 16 Jan 1800 Augustijn Gerhard Besier (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Jan 1800 - 16 Feb 1800 Fran�ois Ermerins (4th time) (s.a.) 17 Feb 1800 - 16 Mar 1800 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert van Haersolte, heer van Staverden (4th time) (s.a.) 17 Mar 1800 - 16 Apr 1800 Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus van Hooff (4th time) (s.a.) 17 Apr 1800 - 16 May 1800 Albert Willem Hoeth (5th time) (s.a.) 17 May 1800 - 16 Jun 1800 Augustijn Gerhard Besier (3rd time) (s.a.) 17 Jun 1800 - 16 Jul 1800 Fran�ois Ermerins (5th time) (s.a.) 17 Jul 1800 - 16 Aug 1800 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert van Haersolte, heer van Staverden (5th time) (s.a.) 17 Aug 1800 - 16 Sep 1800 Jan Hendrik van Swinden (1st time) (b. 1746 - d. 1823) 17 Sep 1800 - 16 Oct 1800 Albert Willem Hoeth (6th time) (s.a.) 17 Oct 1800 - 16 Nov 1800 Augustijn Gerhard Besier (4th time) (s.a.) 17 Nov 1800 - 16 Dec 1800 Fran�ois Ermerins (6th time) (s.a.) 17 Dec 1800 - 16 Jan 1801 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert van Haersolte, heer van Staverden (6th time) (s.a.) 17 Jan 1801 - 16 Feb 1801 Jan Hendrik van Swinden (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Feb 1801 - 16 Mar 1801 Albert Willem Hoeth (7th time) (s.a.) 17 Mar 1801 - 16 Apr 1801 Augustijn Gerhard Besier (5th time) (s.a.) 17 Apr 1801 - 16 May 1801 Fran�ois Ermerins (7th time) (s.a.) 17 May 1801 - 16 Jun 1801 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert van Haersolte, heer van Staverden (7th time) (s.a.) 17 Jun 1801 - 16 Jul 1801 Jan Hendrik van Swinden (3rd time) (s.a.) 17 Jul 1801 - 16 Aug 1801 Gerrit Jan Pijman (s.a.) 17 Aug 1801 - 16 Sep 1801 Augustijn Gerhard Besier (6th time) (s.a.) 17 Sep 1801 - 16 Oct 1801 Fran�ois Ermerins (8th time) (s.a.) 17 Oct 1801 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert van Haersolte, heer van Staverden (8th time) (s.a.) Chairmen of the Staatsbewind (literally: State Authority, usually translated as State Council) 17 Oct 1801 - 31 Jan 1802 Willem Aernout de Beveren (1st time) (s.a.) 1 Feb 1802 - 30 Apr 1802 Egbert Sjuck Gerrold Juckema van Burmania Rengers (b. 1745 - d. 1806) 1 May 1802 - 31 Jul 1802 Samuel van Hoogstraten (b. 1756 - d. 1830) 1 Aug 1802 - 31 Oct 1802 Gerrit Jan Pijman (s.a.) 1 Nov 1802 - 31 Jan 1803 Johannes Baptista Verheyen (b. 1746 - d. 1814) 1 Feb 1803 - 30 Apr 1803 Jacobus Spoors (s.a.) 1 May 1803 - 31 Jul 1803 Campegius Hermannus Gockinga (b. 1748 - d. 1823) 1 Aug 1803 - 31 Oct 1803 Dani�l Cornelis de Leeuw (s.a.) 1 Nov 1803 - 31 Jan 1804 Augustijn Gerhard Besier (s.a.) 1 Feb 1804 - 30 Apr 1804 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert van Haersolte, heer van Staverden (s.a.) 1 May 1804 - 31 Jul 1804 Gerard Brantsen (b. 1734 - d. 1809) 1 Aug 1804 - 31 Oct 1804 Willem Queysen (s.a.) 1 Nov 1804 - 31 Jan 1805 Willem Aernout de Beveren (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Feb 1805 - 29 Apr 1805 Jan Bernd Bicker (s.a.) Pensionaries of the Council (Raadpensionarissen, usually translated Grand Pensionaries) 29 Apr 1805 - 4 Jun 1806 Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (s.a.) 4 Jun 1806 - 5 Jun 1806 Carel de Vos van Steenwijk (s.a.) (acting) Kings - Bonaparte dynasty - 5 Jun 1806 - 1 Jul 1810 Lodewijk I Napoleon (b. 1778 - d. 1846) 1 Jul 1810 - 13 Jul 1810 Napoleon Lodewijk II (b. 1804 - d. 1831) 21 Nov 1813 - 2 Dec 1813 General Government in the name of the Prince of Oranje-Nassau - Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp (b. 1762 - d. 1834) - Adam Fran�ois Jules Armand van der Duyn, heer van Maasdam (b. 1771 - d. 1848) - Leopold Karel graaf van Limburg Stirum (b. 1758 - d. 1840) Sovereign Prince - Oranje-Nassau dynasty - 2 Dec 1813 - 16 Mar 1815 Willem VI Frederik (b. 1772 - d. 1843) Kings/Queens� - Oranje-Nassau dynasty - 16 Mar 1815 - 7 Oct 1840 Willem I (s.a.) 7 Oct 1840 - 17 Mar 1849 Willem II (b. 1792 - d. 1849) 17 Mar 1849 - 23 Nov 1890 Willem III (b. 1817 - d. 1890) 23 Nov 1890 - 4 Sep 1948 Wilhelmina (f) (b. 1880 - d. 1962) (13 May 1940 - 13 Mar 1945 in London exile) 8 Dec 1890 - 31 Aug 1898 Emma (f) (regent) (b. 1858 - d. 1934) 20 May 1940 - 29 May 1940 Alexander von Falkenhausen (b. 1878 - d. 1966) (military governor) 29 May 1940 - 5 May 1945 Arthur Seyss-Inquart (b. 1892 - d. 1946) (Reichskommissar) 14 Oct 1947 - 1 Dec 1947 Juliana (f) (1st time) (regent) (b. 1909 - d. 2004) 14 May 1948 - 30 Aug 1948 Juliana (f) (2nd time) (regent) (s.a.) 4 Sep 1948 - 30 Apr 1980 Juliana (f) (s.a.) 30 Apr 1980 - 30 Apr 2013 Beatrix (f) (b. 1938) 30 Apr 2013 - Willem-Alexander (b. 1967)
Prime ministers (until 1945 formers of the cabinet/chairmen of the Council of Ministers) 27 Aug 1874 - 3 Nov 1877 Jan Heemskerk Abrahamzoon (1st time) con (b. 1818 - d. 1897) 3 Nov 1877 - 19 Aug 1879 Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello lib (b. 1822 - d. 1895) 19 Aug 1879 - 22 Apr 1883 Theo baron (from 24 Aug 1882, graaf) van Lynden van Sandenburg c-p (b. 1826 - d. 1885) 22 Apr 1883 - 20 Apr 1888 Jan Heemskerk Abrahamzoon (2nd time) con (s.a.) 20 Apr 1888 - 21 Aug 1891 �neas baron Mackay ARP (b. 1838 - d. 1909) 21 Aug 1891 - 8 May 1894 Gijsbert van Tienhoven lib (b. 1841 - d. 1914) 8 May 1894 - 26 Jul 1897 Joan R�ell ofl (b. 1844 - d. 1914) 26 Jul 1897 - 31 Jul 1901 Nicolaas Gerard Pierson LU (b. 1839 - d. 1909) 31 Jul 1901 - 16 Aug 1905 Abraham Kuyper ARP (b. 1837 - d. 1920) 16 Aug 1905 - 11 Feb 1908 Theodoor Herman de Meester LU (b. 1851 - d. 1919) 11 Feb 1908 - 29 Aug 1913 Theo Heemskerk ARP (b. 1852 - d. 1932) 29 Aug 1913 - 9 Sep 1918 Pieter Wilhelm Adriaan Cort van der Linden lib (b. 1846 - d. 1935) 9 Sep 1918 - 3 Aug 1925 Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (1st time) AB (b. 1873 - d. 1936) 4 Aug 1925 - 8 Mar 1926 Hendrikus Colijn (1st time) ARP (b. 1869 - d. 1944) 8 Mar 1926 - 10 Aug 1929 Dirk Jan de Geer (1st time) CHU (b. 1870 - d. 1960) 10 Aug 1929 - 26 May 1933 Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (2nd time) RKSP (s.a.) 26 May 1933 - 10 Aug 1939 Hendrikus Colijn (2nd time) ARP (s.a.) 10 Aug 1939 - 3 Sep 1940 Dirk Jan de Geer (2nd time) CHU (s.a.) (from 13 May 1940 in London exile) 3 Sep 1940 - 24 Jun 1945 Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy ARP (b. 1885 - d. 1961) (to 23 May 1945 in London exile) 24 Jun 1945 - 3 Jul 1946 Willem Schermerhorn VDB; 9 Feb 1946: PvdA (b. 1894 - d. 1977) 3 Jul 1946 - 7 Aug 1948 Louis Beel (1st time) KVP (b. 1902 - d. 1977) 7 Aug 1948 - 22 Dec 1958 Willem Drees PvdA (b. 1886 - d. 1988) 22 Dec 1958 - 19 May 1959 Louis Beel (2nd time) KVP (s.a.) 19 May 1959 - 24 Jul 1963 Jan Eduard de Quay KVP (b. 1901 - d. 1985) 24 Jul 1963 - 14 Apr 1965 Victor Marijnen KVP (b. 1917 - d. 1975) 14 Apr 1965 - 22 Nov 1966 Jo Cals KVP (b. 1914 - d. 1971) 22 Nov 1966 - 5 Apr 1967 Jelle Zijlstra ARP (b. 1918 - d. 2001) 5 Apr 1967 - 6 Jul 1971 Piet de Jong KVP (b. 1915 - d. 2016) 6 Jul 1971 - 11 May 1973 Barend Biesheuvel ARP (b. 1920 - d. 2001) 11 May 1973 - 19 Dec 1977 Joop den Uyl PvdA (b. 1919 - d. 1987) 19 Dec 1977 - 4 Nov 1982 Andreas van Agt KVP; 11 Oct 1980: CDA (b. 1931 - d. 2024) 4 Nov 1982 - 22 Aug 1994 Ruud Lubbers CDA (b. 1939 - d. 2018) 22 Aug 1994 - 22 Jul 2002 Wim Kok PvdA (b. 1938 - d. 2018) 22 Jul 2002 - 14 Oct 2010 Jan Peter Balkenende CDA (b. 1956) 14 Oct 2010 - 2 Jul 2024 Mark Rutte VVD (b. 1967) 2 Jul 2024 - Dick Schoof - (b. 1957)
Party abbreviations (lowercase indicates political currents without formal party organization): AB=General Federation of Roman Catholic Voting Unions, ARP=Anti-Revolutionary Party, CDA=Christian Democratic Appeal, CHU=Christian Historical Union, con=conservative, c-p=conservative-Protestant, KVP=Catholic People's Party, lib=liberal, LU=Liberal Union, ofl=old or free liberals, PvdA=Labour Party, RKSP=Roman Catholic State Party, VDB=Liberal-Democratic Federation, VVD=People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
�Willem became stadholder as Willem II in Friesland 1 Sep 1711, in Groningen 1718; as Willem III in Gelderland 2 Nov 1722, in Drenthe May 1747; as Willem IV in Holland en Westfriesland, in Zeeland, and in Overijssel 10 May 1747, in Utrecht 18 May 1747.
�The royal style is Bij de Gratie Gods, Koning/Koningin der Nederlanden, Prins/Prinses van Oranje-Nassau, enz., enz., enz.
Netherlands Antilles: see under Cura�ao.
Netherlands East Indies: see Indonesia.
Netherlands New Guinea: see under Indonesia.
Nevis: see under Saint Kitts and Nevis.
New Caledonia
24 Sep 1853 French territory (subordinated to French Settlements in Oceania [see French Polynesia] to 14 Jan 1860) 1 Jul 1860 separate colony 27 Oct 1946 overseas territory 20 Jul 1998 collectivit� sui generis
Commandants 24 Sep 1853 - 1 Jan 1854 Auguste Febvrier-Despointes (b. 1796 - d. 1855) 1 Jan 1854 - 31 Oct 1854 Louis Tardy de Montravel (b. 1811 - d. 1864) 18 Jan 1855 - 28 Oct 1856 Joseph Fid�le Eug�ne du Bouzet (b. 1805 - d. 1867) 18 Jan 1855 - 21 Dec 1856 Jules Marcelin Albert Testard (b. 1814 - d. 1861) (acting [for Bouzet to 28 Oct 1856]) 25 May 1856 - 5 May 1857 Le Bris (acting [for Testard to 21 Dec 1856]) 21 Dec 1858 - 20 Mar 1859 Roussel 20 Mar 1859 - 1 Jul 1860 Jean Pierre Thomas Durand (b. 1810 - d. ...) 22 May 1859 - 2 Apr 1860 Jean-Marie Saisset (b. 1810 - d. 1879) (acting for Durand) Governors (from 22 Mar 1907 also high commissioners in the Pacific Ocean�) 2 Jun 1862 - 13 Mar 1870 Charles Guillain (b. 1808 - d. 1875) 13 Mar 1870 - 26 Aug 1870 Jacques Eug�ne Barnab� Ruillier (b. 1819 - d. 1882) 26 Aug 1870 - 25 Sep 1874 Eug�ne Gaultier de la Richerie (b. 1820 - d. 1886) 25 Sep 1874 - 27 Feb 1875 Louis Eug�ne Alleyron (b. 1825 - d. 1891) 27 Feb 1875 - 11 Apr 1878 L�opold de Pritzbuer (b. 1824 - d. 1889) 11 Apr 1878 - 8 Aug 1880 Jean Baptiste L�on Olry (b. 1832 - d. 1890) 8 Aug 1880 - 29 Sep 1882 Am�d�e Courbet (b. 1827 - d. 1885) 29 Sep 1882 - 22 Jul 1884 L�opold Augustin Charles Pallu de La Barri�re (b. 1828 - d. 1891) 22 Jul 1884 - 13 May 1886 Adolphe Le Boucher (b. 1837 - d. 1896) 13 May 1886 - 5 Jun 1886 Jacques Marie Benjamin Arthur Ortus (acting) (b. 1843 - d. 1919) 5 Jun 1886 - 30 Jul 1888 Louis Hippolyte Marie Nouet (b. 1844 - d. 1933) 30 Jul 1888 - 20 Dec 1888 Delphino Moracchini (b. 1846 - d. 1903) 20 Dec 1888 - 12 Jan 1889 Pons 12 Jan 1889 - 14 Apr 1891 No�l Pardon (b. 1854 - d. 1910) 14 Apr 1891 - 16 Dec 1892 �mile Gustave Laffon (b. 1866 - d. 1931) 16 Dec 1892 - 21 Feb 1894 Albert Picqui� (b. 1853 - d. 1917) 21 Feb 1894 - 10 Jun 1894 Jean L�on Gauharou (interim) (b. 1849 - d. 1903) 10 Jun 1894 - 18 Oct 1902 Paul Feillet (b. 1857 - d. 1903) Acting for Feillet: 5 Jun 1896 - 2 Jun 1897 Aristide Le Fol (b. 1838 - d. 1923) 10 Feb 1900 - 12 Dec 1900 Octave Colardeau (b. 1838 - d. 1929) 13 Dec 1900 - 2 May 1901 �douard Telle (1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1949) 22 Oct 1902 - 14 Nov 1902 �douard Telle (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Nov 1902 - 21 Mar 1905 �douard Picanon (b. 1854 - d. 1939) 17 May 1905 - 1906 Charles Am�d�e Rognon (b. 1861 - d. 1911) 7 Jul 1906 - 18 Mar 1908 Victor Liotard (b. 1858 - d. 1916) 18 Mar 1908 - 24 May 1908 Pierre Brun 24 May 1908 - 6 Jun 1913 Jules Richard (b. 1854 - d. 1915) 16 Sep 1909 - 6 Jul 1910 Adrien Bonhoure (b. 1860 - d. 1929) (acting for Richard) 6 Jun 1913 - 27 Jul 1914 Auguste Brunet (b. 1878 - d. 1957) 27 Jul 1914 - 15 Aug 1923 Jules Repiquet (b. 1874 - d. 1960) 23 May 1919 - 6 Jan 1921 Joseph Marie Eug�ne Joulia (b. 1863 - d. af.1932) (acting for Repiquet) 12 Sep 1923 - 14 Mar 1925 Henri Joseph Marie d'Arboussier (b. 1875 - d. 1930) 16 Mar 1925 - 2 Jul 1932 Joseph Guyon (b. 1870 - d. 1942) 29 May 1929 - 22 May 1930 Henri Joseph Marie d'Arboussier (s.a.) (acting for Guyon) 23 May 1930 - 20 Dec 1930 Gabriel Henri Joseph Thaly (b. 1875 - d. 1967) (acting for Guyon) 20 Jul 1932 - 6 Apr 1933 L�once Jore (1st time) (acting) (b. 1882 - d. 1975) 3 May 1933 - 3 Dec 1936 Bernard Jacques Victorin Siadous (b. 1879 - d. 1967) 6 Dec 1936 - Jul 1938 Jean Marchessou (b. 1879 - d. 1964) Jul 1938 - 7 Aug 1939 L�once Jore (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 Aug 1939 - 20 Sep 1939 Ren� Victor Marie Barth�s (b. 1894 - d. 1965) 20 Oct 1939 - 4 Sep 1940 Marie Marc Georges Pelicier (b. 1893 - d. 1970) 4 Sep 1940 - 19 Sep 1940 Maurice Denis 19 Sep 1940 - 6 May 1942 Henri Sautot (b. 1885 - d. 1963) 29 Jul 1942 - 23 Jun 1943 Henri Montchamp (b. 1888 - d. 1963) 15 Sep 1943 - 13 Feb 1944 Christian Laigret (b. 1903 - d. 1977) 14 Feb 1944 - 28 Jan 1947 Jacques Tallec (b. 1902 - d. 1977) 29 Jan 1947 - 10 May 1948 Georges Parisot (b. 1887 - d. 1969) 10 May 1948 - 5 Jul 1951 Pierre Charles Cournarie (b. 1895 - d. 1968) 5 Jul 1951 - 21 Oct 1951 Paul Bordarier (b. 1904 - d. 1990) 21 Oct 1951 - 24 Jul 1954 Raoul Angammarre (b. 1898 - d. 1991) 30 Sep 1954 - 3 Feb 1956 Ren� Hoffherr (b. 1893 - d. 1982) 2 Mar 1956 - 1 Dec 1958 Aim� Grimald (b. 1903 - d. 2000) 1 Dec 1958 - 9 Jan 1963 Laurent P�choux (b. 1904 - d. 2000) 18 Mar 1961 - 20 Jul 1961 Georges Poulet (b. 1914 - d. 2008) (acting for P�choux) 9 Jan 1963 - 14 Feb 1965 Marc Casimir Biros (b. 1905 - d. 1995) 14 Feb 1965 - 16 Oct 1969 Jean Risterucci (b. 1911 - d. 1982) 20 Oct 1969 - 1 Dec 1973 Louis Verger (b. 1921 - d. 2007) 9 Jan 1974 - 16 Dec 1978 Gabriel �riau (b. 1914 - d. 2008) 16 Dec 1978 - 11 Dec 1981 Claude Charbonniaud (b. 1925 - d. 2020) High commissioners 19 Dec 1981 - 22 Oct 1982 Christian Nucci (b. 1939) 24 Oct 1982 - 4 Dec 1984 Jacques Roynette (b. 1936) 4 Dec 1984 - 22 May 1985 Edgard Pisani (b. 1918 - d. 2016) 31 May 1985 - 1 Aug 1986 Fernand Wibaux (b. 1921 - d. 2013) 1 Aug 1986 - 12 Aug 1986 Bernard Lemaire (acting) (b. 1946 - d. 2009) 12 Aug 1986 - 28 Nov 1987 Jean Montpezat (b. 1937) 1 Dec 1987 - 15 Jul 1988 Cl�ment Bouhin (b. 1926 - d. 2010) 15 Jul 1988 - 11 Jan 1991 Bernard Grasset (b. 1933) 15 Jan 1991 - 29 Jul 1994 Alain Christnacht (b. 1946) 29 Jul 1994 - 12 Aug 1994 Thierry Lataste (1st time) (b. 1954) (acting) 12 Aug 1994 - 16 Aug 1995 Didier Cultiaux (b. 1943) 16 Aug 1995 - 18 Aug 1995 Laurent Cayrel (acting) (b. 1950) 18 Aug 1995 - 15 Jul 1999 Dominique Bur (b. 1947) 15 Jul 1999 - 19 Jul 1999 Bernard Bouloc (acting) (b. 1948) 19 Jul 1999 - 29 Jul 2002 Thierry Lataste (2nd time) (s.a.) 29 Jul 2002 - 31 Jul 2002 Alain Triolle (acting) (b. 1961) 31 Jul 2002 - 6 Sep 2005 Daniel Constantin (b. 1940) 6 Sep 2005 - 9 Sep 2005 Louis Le Franc (1st time) (acting) (b. 1960) 9 Sep 2005 - 9 Nov 2007 Michel Mathieu (b. 1944 - d. 2010) 9 Nov 2007 - 21 Oct 2010 Yves Dassonville (b. 1948 - d. 2021) 21 Oct 2010 - 2 Nov 2010 Thierry Suquet (1st time) (acting) (b. 1960) 2 Nov 2010 - 2 Feb 2013 Albert Dupuy (b. 1947) 2 Feb 2013 - 27 Feb 2013 Thierry Suquet (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 27 Feb 2013 - 23 Jul 2014 Jean-Jacques Brot (b. 1956) 23 Jul 2014 - 18 Aug 2014 Pascal Gauci (acting) (b. 1970) 18 Aug 2014 - 8?Jun 2016 Vincent Bouvier (b. 1952) 8?Jun 2016 - 20 Jun 2016 Laurent Cabrera (acting) (b. 1970) 20 Jun 2016 - 28 Jul 2019 Thierry Lataste (3rd time) (s.a.) 5 Aug 2019 - 4?Jun 2021 Laurent Pr�vost (b. 1967) 6 Jun 2021 - 1?Feb 2023 Patrice Faure (b. 1967) 6 Feb 2023 - Louis Le Franc (2nd time) (s.a.)
Vice presidents of the Government Council 22 Oct 1957 - 18 Jun 1959 Maurice Lenormand (1st time) (b. 1913 - d. 2006) 18 Jun 1959 - 29 Apr 1962 Michel Kauma (b. 1913 - d. 1998) 29 Apr 1962 - 21 Dec 1963 Roch Pidjot (b. 1907 - d. 1990) 5 Oct 1977 - 13 Oct 1978 Andr� Caillard (b. 1923) 21 Nov 1978 - 24 May 1979 Maurice Lenormand (2nd time) (s.a.) (suspended from 20 Mar 1979) 6 Jul 1979 - 16 Jun 1982 Dick Ukeiw� (b. 1928 - d. 2013) 18 Jun 1982 - 18 Nov 1984 Jean-Marie Tjibaou (b. 1936 - d. 1989) President of the Government 23 Nov 1984 - 29 Aug 1985 Dick Ukeiw� (s.a.) President of the Executive Council 7 Oct 1985 - 9 Nov 1988 Dick Ukeiw� (s.a.) Presidents of the Government 28 May 1999 - 5 Apr 2001 Jean L�ques (b. 1931 - d. 2022) 5 Apr 2001 - 10 Jun 2004 Pierre Frogier (b. 1950) 10 Jun 2004 - 7 Aug 2007 Marie-No�lle Th�mereau (f) (b. 1950) 7 Aug 2007 - 5 Jun 2009 Harold Martin (1st time) (b. 1954) 5 Jun 2009 - 3 Mar 2011 Philippe Gom�s (b. 1958) 3 Mar 2011 - 5 Jun 2014 Harold Martin (2nd time) (s.a.) 5 Jun 2014 - 1 Apr 2015 Cynthia Ligeard (f) (b. 1962) 1 Apr 2015 - 9 Jul 2019 Philippe Germain (b. 1968) 9 Jul 2019 - 22 Jul 2021 Thierry Santa (b. 1967) 22 Jul 2021 - Louis Mapou (b. 1958)
�Except 9 Jul 1941 - Jul 1943 when Charles de Gaulle named Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu (b. 1889 - d. 1964) as high commissioner, while in Dec 1941 the Vichy government named Jean Decoux (b. 1884 - d. 1963) to the post (who in fact was only responsible for Wallis and Futuna which was the only Pacific territory not to have rallied to the Free French at that time). The function of high commissioner in the Pacific Ocean was used to coordinate the governors of New Caledonia and of the French Settlements in Oceania and the governors-general of French Indochina. Moreover the resident commissioners of the New Hebrides and the residents of Wallis and Futuna were subordinated to him.
New Granada: see Colombia.
New Hebrides: see Vanuatu.
New Zealand
30 Jan 1840 part of New South Wales (see Australian states) 3 May 1841 separate British colony 26 Sep 1907 Dominion of New Zealand 11 Dec 1931 Statute of Westminster (ratified by New Zealand 25 Nov 1947) grants full sovereignty to the British dominions 7 Jan 1946 official use of the term "Dominion" begins to be abandoned
Lieutenant governor 30 Jan 1840 - 3 May 1841 William Hobson (b. 1793 - d. 1842) Governors 3 May 1841 - 10 Sep 1842 William Hobson (s.a.) 10 Sep 1842 - 26 Dec 1843 Willoughby Shortland (acting) (b. 1804 - d. 1869) 26 Dec 1843 - 18 Nov 1845 Robert FitzRoy (b. 1805 - d. 1865) 18 Nov 1845 - 31 Dec 1853 George Grey (from 27 Apr 1848, Sir George Grey) (1st time) (b. 1812 - d. 1898) (governor-in-chief 1 Jan 1848 - 7 Mar 1853) 3 Jan 1854 - 6 Sep 1855 Robert Henry Wynyard (acting) (b. 1802 - d. 1864) 6 Sep 1855 - 3 Oct 1861 Thomas Gore Browne (b. 1807 - d. 1887) 3 Oct 1861 - 5 Feb 1868 Sir George Grey (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting to 4 Dec 1861) 5 Feb 1868 - 19 Mar 1873 Sir George Ferguson Bowen (b. 1821 - d. 1899) 21 Mar 1873 - 14 Jun 1873 Sir George Alfred Arney (acting) (b. 1810 - d. 1883) 14 Jun 1873 - 3 Dec 1874 Sir James Fergusson (b. 1832 - d. 1907) 3 Dec 1874 - 21 Feb 1879 George Augustus Constantine Phipps, Marquess of Normanby (b. 1819 - d. 1890) 21 Feb 1879 - 27 Mar 1879 James Prendergast (1st time) (b. 1826 - d. 1921) (acting) 27 Mar 1879 - 9 Sep 1880 Sir Hercules Robinson (b. 1824 - d. 1897) (acting to 17 Apr 1879) 9 Sep 1880 - 29 Nov 1880 James Prendergast (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 29 Nov 1880 - 24 Jun 1882 Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon (b. 1829 - d. 1912) 24 Jun 1882 - 20 Jan 1883 Sir James Prendergast (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting) 20 Jan 1883 - 23 Mar 1889 Sir William Jervois (b. 1821 - d. 1897) 23 Mar 1889 - 2 May 1889 Sir James Prendergast (4th time) (s.a.) (acting) 2 May 1889 - 25 Feb 1892 William Hillier Onslow, Earl of Onslow (b. 1853 - d. 1911) 25 Feb 1892 - 6 Jun 1892 Sir James Prendergast (5th time) (s.a.) (acting) 7 Jun 1892 - 8 Feb 1897 David Boyle, Earl of Glasgow (b. 1833 - d. 1915) 8 Feb 1897 - 9 Aug 1897 Sir James Prendergast (6th time) (s.a.) (acting) 10 Aug 1897 - 20 Jun 1904 Uchter John Mark Knox, Earl of Ranfurly (b. 1856 - d. 1933) 20 Jun 1904 - 8 Jun 1910 William Lee Plunket, Baron Plunket (b. 1864 - d. 1920) 8 Jun 1910 - 22 Jun 1910 Sir Robert Stout (1st time) (b. 1844 - d. 1930) (acting) 22 Jun 1910 - 3 Dec 1912 John Poynder Dickson-Poynder, Baron Islington (b. 1866 - d. 1936) 3 Dec 1912 - 19 Dec 1912 Sir Robert Stout (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 19 Dec 1912 - 28 Jun 1917 Arthur William de Brito Savile Foljambe, Earl of Liverpool (b. 1870 - d. 1941) Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state) 28 Jun 1917 - 8 Jul 1920 Arthur William de Brito Savile Foljambe, Earl of Liverpool (s.a.) 8 Jul 1920 - 27 Sep 1920 Sir Robert Stout (acting) (s.a.) 27 Sep 1920 - 13 Dec 1924 John Rushworth Jellicoe, Viscount Jellicoe of Scapa (b. 1859 - d. 1935) 13 Dec 1924 - 8 Feb 1930 Sir Charles Fergusson (b. 1865 - d. 1951) 8 Feb 1930 - 19 Mar 1930 Sir Michael Myers (1st time) (b. 1873 - d. 1950) (acting) 19 Mar 1930 - 15 Mar 1935 Charles Bathurst, Baron Bledisloe (b. 1867 - d. 1958) 15 Mar 1935 - 12 Apr 1935 Sir Michael Myers (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 12 Apr 1935 - 3 Feb 1941 George Monckton-Arundell, Viscount Galway (b. 1882 - d. 1943) 3 Feb 1941 - 22 Feb 1941 Sir Michael Myers (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting) 22 Feb 1941 - 19 Apr 1946 Sir Cyril Newall (b. 1886 - d. 1963) 19 Apr 1946 - 17 Jun 1946 Sir Michael Myers (4th time) (s.a.) (acting) 17 Jun 1946 - 15 Aug 1952 Sir Bernard Cyril Freyberg (from 19 Oct 1951, Bernard Cyril Freyberg, Baron Freyberg) (b. 1889 - d. 1963) 15 Aug 1952 - 2 Dec 1952 Sir Humphrey Francis O'Leary (b. 1886 - d. 1953) (acting) 2 Dec 1952 - 25 Jul 1957 Sir Willoughby Norrie (b. 1893 - d. 1977) 25 Jul 1957 - 5 Sep 1957 Sir Harold Eric Barrowclough (1st time) (acting) (b. 1894 - d. 1972) 5 Sep 1957 - 13 Sep 1962 Charles John Lyttelton, Viscount Cobham (b. 1909 - d. 1977) 13 Sep 1962 - 9 Nov 1962 Sir Harold Eric Barrowclough (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 9 Nov 1962 - 20 Oct 1967 Sir Bernard Fergusson (b. 1911 - d. 1980) 20 Oct 1967 - 1 Dec 1967 Sir Richard Wild (1st time) (b. 1912 - d. 1978) (acting) 1 Dec 1967 - 7 Sep 1972 Sir Arthur Porritt (b. 1900 - d. 1994) 7 Sep 1972 - 27 Sep 1972 Sir Richard Wild (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 27 Sep 1972 - 5 Oct 1977 Sir Denis Blundell (b. 1907 - d. 1984) 5 Oct 1977 - 26 Oct 1977 Sir Richard Wild (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting) 26 Oct 1977 - 25 Oct 1980 Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake (b. 1904 - d. 1983) 25 Oct 1980 - 6 Nov 1980 Sir Ronald Davison (1st time) (b. 1920 - d. 2015) (acting) 6 Nov 1980 - 10 Nov 1985 Sir David Stuart Beattie (b. 1924 - d. 2001) 11 Nov 1985 - 20 Nov 1985 Sir Ronald Davison (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 20 Nov 1985 - 29 Nov 1990 Sir Paul Reeves (b. 1932 - d. 2011) 29 Nov 1990 - 12 Dec 1990 Sir Thomas Eichelbaum (acting) (b. 1931 - d. 2018) 12 Dec 1990 - 21 Mar 1996 Dame Catherine Tizard (f) (b. 1931 - d. 2021) 21 Mar 1996 - 21 Mar 2001 Sir Michael Hardie Boys (b. 1931 - d. 2023) 22 Mar 2001 - 4 Apr 2001 Dame Sian Elias (f) (1st time) (b. 1949) (acting) 4 Apr 2001 - 4 Aug 2006 Dame Silvia Cartwright (f) (b. 1943) 4 Aug 2006 - 23 Aug 2006 Dame Sian Elias (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 23 Aug 2006 - 23 Aug 2011 Anand Satyanand (from 27 Mar 2009, Sir Anand Satyanand) (b. 1944) 23 Aug 2011 - 31 Aug 2011 Dame Sian Elias (f) (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting) 31 Aug 2011 - 31 Aug 2016 Sir Jerry Mateparae (b. 1954) 31 Aug 2016 - 28 Sep 2016 Dame Sian Elias (f) (4th time) (s.a.) (acting) 28 Sep 2016 - 28 Sep 2021 Dame Patsy Reddy (f) (b. 1954) 28 Sep 2021 - 21 Oct 2021 Dame Helen Winkelmann (f) (acting) (b. 1962) 21 Oct 2021 - Dame Cindy Kiro (f) (b. 1958)
Prime ministers� 7 May 1856 - 20 May 1856 Henry Sewell (b. 1807 - d. 1879) 20 May 1856 - 2 Jun 1856 William Fox (1st time) (b. 1812 - d. 1893) 2 Jun 1856 - 12 Jul 1861 Edward William Stafford (1st time) (b. 1819 - d. 1901) 12 Jul 1861 - 6 Aug 1862 William Fox (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Aug 1862 - 30 Oct 1863 Alfred Domett (b. 1811 - d. 1887) 30 Oct 1863 - 24 Nov 1864 Frederick Whitaker (1st time) (b. 1812 - d. 1891) 24 Nov 1864 - 16 Oct 1865 Frederick Aloysius Weld (b. 1823 - d. 1891) 16 Oct 1865 - 28 Jun 1869 Edward William Stafford (2nd time) (s.a.) 28 Jun 1869 - 10 Sep 1872 William Fox (3rd time) (s.a.) 10 Sep 1872 - 11 Oct 1872 Edward William Stafford (3rd time) (s.a.) 11 Oct 1872 - 3 Mar 1873 George Marsden Waterhouse (b. 1824 - d. 1906) 3 Mar 1873 - 8 Apr 1873 William Fox (4th time) (s.a.) 8 Apr 1873 - 6 Jul 1875 Julius Vogel (from 28 May 1875, Sir Julius Vogel) (1st time) (b. 1835 - d. 1899) 6 Jul 1875 - 15 Feb 1876 Daniel Pollen (b. 1813 - d. 1896) 15 Feb 1876 - 1 Sep 1876 Sir Julius Vogel (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Sep 1876 - 13 Oct 1877 Harry Atkinson (1st time) (b. 1831 - d. 1892) 13 Oct 1877 - 8 Oct 1879 Sir George Grey (s.a.) 8 Oct 1879 - 21 Apr 1882 John Hall (b. 1824 - d. 1907) 21 Apr 1882 - 25 Sep 1883 Frederick Whitaker (2nd time) (s.a.) 25 Sep 1883 - 16 Aug 1884 Harry Atkinson (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Aug 1884 - 28 Aug 1884 Robert Stout (1st time) (s.a.) 28 Aug 1884 - 3 Sep 1884 Harry Atkinson (3rd time) (s.a.) 3 Sep 1884 - 8 Oct 1887 Robert Stout (from 29 May 1886, Sir Robert Stout) (2nd time) (s.a.) 8 Oct 1887 - 24 Jan 1891 Harry Atkinson (from 28 Jan 1888, Sir Harry Atkinson) (4th time) (s.a.) 24 Jan 1891 - 27 Apr 1893 John Ballance Lib (b. 1839 - d. 1893) 1 May 1893 - 10 Jun 1906 Richard John Seddon Lib (b. 1845 - d. 1906) 21 Jun 1906 - 6 Aug 1906 William Hall-Jones (acting) Lib (b. 1851 - d. 1936) 6 Aug 1906 - 28 Mar 1912 Sir Joseph Ward (1st time) Lib (b. 1856 - d. 1930) 28 Mar 1912 - 10 Jul 1912 Thomas Mackenzie Lib (b. 1854 - d. 1930) 10 Jul 1912 - 10 May 1925 William Ferguson Massey Ref (b. 1856 - d. 1925) 14 May 1925 - 30 May 1925 Sir Francis Henry Dillon Bell Ref (b. 1851 - d. 1936) 30 May 1925 - 10 Dec 1928 Joseph Gordon Coates Ref (b. 1878 - d. 1943) 10 Dec 1928 - 28 May 1930 Sir Joseph Ward (2nd time) Uni (s.a.) 28 May 1930 - 5 Dec 1935 George William Forbes Uni (b. 1869 - d. 1947) 5 Dec 1935 - 27 Mar 1940 Michael Joseph Savage Lab (b. 1872 - d. 1940) 27 Mar 1940 - 13 Dec 1949 Peter Fraser Lab (b. 1884 - d. 1950) (acting to 1 Apr 1940) 13 Dec 1949 - 20 Sep 1957 Sidney Holland Nat (b. 1893 - d. 1961) 20 Sep 1957 - 12 Dec 1957 Keith Jacka Holyoake (1st time) Nat (s.a.) 12 Dec 1957 - 12 Dec 1960 Walter Nash Lab (b. 1882 - d. 1968) 12 Dec 1960 - 7 Feb 1972 Keith Jacka Holyoake (from 1970, Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake) (2nd time) Nat (s.a.) 7 Feb 1972 - 8 Dec 1972 John Ross Marshall Nat (b. 1912 - d. 1988) 8 Dec 1972 - 31 Aug 1974 Norman Eric Kirk Lab (b. 1923 - d. 1974) 1 Sep 1974 - 6 Sep 1974 Hugh Watt (acting) Lab (b. 1912 - d. 1980) 6 Sep 1974 - 12 Dec 1975 Wallace Edward Rowling Lab (b. 1927 - d. 1995) 12 Dec 1975 - 26 Jul 1984 Robert David Muldoon (from 31 Dec 1983, Sir Robert David Muldoon) Nat (b. 1921 - d. 1992) 26 Jul 1984 - 8 Aug 1989 David Lange Lab (b. 1942 - d. 2005) 8 Aug 1989 - 4 Sep 1990 Geoffrey Palmer Lab (b. 1942) 4 Sep 1990 - 2 Nov 1990 Mike Moore Lab (b. 1949 - d. 2020) 2 Nov 1990 - 8 Dec 1997 Jim Bolger Nat (b. 1935) 8 Dec 1997 - 10 Dec 1999 Jenny Shipley (f) Nat (b. 1952) 10 Dec 1999 - 19 Nov 2008 Helen Clark (f) Lab (b. 1950) 19 Nov 2008 - 12 Dec 2016 John Key Nat (b. 1961) 12 Dec 2016 - 26 Oct 2017 Bill English Nat (b. 1961) 26 Oct 2017 - 25 Jan 2023 Jacinda Ardern (f) Lab (b. 1980) 21 Jun 2018 - 1 Aug 2018 Winston Peters NZF (b. 1945) (acting for Ardern) 25 Jan 2023 - 27 Nov 2023 Chris Hipkins Lab (b. 1978) 27 Nov 2023 - Christopher Luxon Nat (b. 1970)
Party abbreviations: Lib=Liberal, Ref=Reform, Uni=United, Lab=Labour, Nat=National, NZF=New Zealand First
�The titles premier and first minister were variously applied to each of the principal ministers until 1869, when premier became customary. Although the title prime minister was first used formally in the Schedule of the Civil List Act of 1873, no one used the title officially until Richard John Seddon, beginning in 1893.
Maori community
Note: The first two kings were leaders of the revolt against the colony; after the second king's surrender he and his successors maintained a symbolic and prestigious community leadership to this day.
2 May 1859 kingship established 12 Aug 1881 surrender to New Zealand government
Kings/Queens - Te Wherowhero lineage - 2 May 1859 - 25 Jun 1860 Potatau I Te Wherowhero (b. 1800 - d. 1860) 27 Jun 1860 - 26 Aug 1894 Tukaroto Matutaera Te Pukepuke Te Paue Te Karato Te-a-Potatau II Te Wherowhero (from Aug 1864, Tawhiao Potatau Te Wherowhero "Te A") (b. 1825 - d. 1894) 14 Sep 1894 - 9 Nov 1912 Mahuta Tawhiao Potatau Te Wherowhero (b. _c._1855 - d. 1912) 24 Nov 1912 - 1 Oct 1933 Te Rata Mahuta Tawhiao Potatau Te Wherowhero (b. 1880 - d. 1933) 8 Oct 1933 - 18 May 1966 Koroki Te Rata Mahuta Tawhiao Potatau Te Wherowhero (b. 1909 - d. 1966) 23 May 1966 - 15 Aug 2006 Te Ata-i Rangi-Kahu Koroki Te Rata Mahuta Tawhiao Potatau Te Wherowhero (f) (b. 1931 - d. 2006) 21 Aug 2006 - 30 Aug 2024 Tuheitia Potatau Te Wherowhero (b. 1955 - d. 2024) 5 Sep 2024 - Nga Wai Hono i te Po (f) (b. 1997?)
Ngati Tuwharetoa
Note: This is probably the most important Maori traditional polity that remained unaffiliated with the "King Movement."
_c._1750 chiefdom establishedParamount chiefs (title Ariki Nui) 17.. - ... Te Rangituamatotoru ... - ... Te Wakaiti ... - _c._1820 Herea Te Rangimaheuheu (later Herea Te Heuheu Tukino I) (b. _c._1750 - d. _c._1820) _c._1820 - 7 May 1846 Mananui Te Heuheu Tukino II (b. 1780 - d. 1846) 1850 - Oct 1862 Iwikau Te Heuheu Tukino III (b. _c._1790 - d. 1862) 1862 - 30 Jul 1888 Horonuku Te Heuheu Tukino IV (b. 1821 - d. 1888) 1888 - 1 Jun 1921 Tureiti Te Heuheu Tukino V (b. 1865 - d. 1921) 1921 - 27 Apr 1944 Hoani Te Heuheu Tukino VI (b. 1897 - d. 1944) 1944 - 31 Jul 1997 Hepi Te Heuheu Tukino VII (b. 1919 - d. 1997) 5 Aug 1997 - Tumu Te Heuheu Tukino VIII (b. 1942?)
Newfoundland: see under Canadian provinces A-N.