Libya (original) (raw)

Libya

Tripolitania

26 Mar 909 - 977 Incorporated into Egypt.
977 Part of Zirid kingdom.
17/18 Jun 1146-22 Jan 1160 Tripoli under Norman rule (subordinated to Kingdom of Sicily).
1160 - 1248 Incorporated into Morocco (Almohad Empire).
1172 - 1190 Egyptian rule.
.... - 1202 Egyptian rule.
1248 - 1327 Incorporated into Tunis.
1327 Sultanate
1401 - 1482 Incorporated into Tunis.
1412 - 1421 Egyptian rule.
24 Jul 1510 - 25 Jul 1530 Spanish occupation (Tr�poli)(subordinated to Kingdom of Naples/
Sicily).
24 Mar 1530 City of Tripoli, and the islands of Malta and Gozo, are ceded as a
perpetual fief by the King of Two Sicilies to the Order of the
Knights of Saint John Hospitaller of Jerusalem and Rhodes (Latin:
Ordo Sacrae Domus Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani) in
accordance with a deed signed in Castelfranco (the Knights take
possession on 25 Jul 1530).
14 Aug 1551 Province of the Ottoman Empire as Eyalet of Tripolitania
(Eyālet-i Tr�blus G�rb)(literally "Tripoli in the West").
af.1565 Administrative authority in Tripoli was vested in a pasha directly
appointed by the Ottoman Sultan.
29 Jul 1711 - 26 May 1835 Tripoli Regency under de facto hereditary Qaramanli (Karamanli)
dynasty.
26 May 1835 Direct Ottoman rule over Tripolitania.
1864 Vilayet of Tripolitania (V il�yet-i Tr�blus G�rb).
5 Oct 1911 Italian occupation of Tripoli.
Oct 1911 - Mar 1913 Independent government declared (in rebellion against
Ottoman sovereignty).
5 Nov 1911 Italy declares Tripolitania and all Libya to be under an Italian
protectorate.
18 Oct 1912 By the Treaty of Ouchy (first Treaty of Lausanne) the Ottomans
agree to evacuate from Trablus and Benghazi vilayets (in exchange
Italy was to return the Dodecanese Islands), and Trablus and
Benghazi_sanjak_ were to have local autonomy with an Ottoman
regent (naib) and a judge (kadi) to represent the Ottoman
Sultan as Caliph (treaty not fully effected).
16 Nov 1918 Tripolitanian Republic (al-Jumhuriyat at-Trabulsiya).
12 Nov 1922 Annexed to Italy (Italian Tripoli colony [_Tripolitania Italiana_])
(nominally from 18 May 1919).
24 Jul 1923 Turkey renounced its privileges in Libya which were defined in
the Treaty of Ouchy by the Treaty of Lausanne (ratified by Turkey
23 Aug 1923 and Italy 12 Mar 1924).
18 Dec 1928 Cyrenaica administratively joined to Tripolitania.
1 Jan 1934 Tripolitania united with Cyrenaica and Fezzan united as Italian
Libya (Libia Italiana)(see below).
23 Oct 1942 British administration (Tripolitania District).
23 Jan 1943 British forces occupy Tripoli (in Benghazi from 20 Nov 1942,
and Sirte from 25 Dec 1942).
15 Feb 1947 Italy formally cedes Libya to the Allies by Treaty of Paris
(entered into force 17 Sep 1947).
10 Dec 1949 Under United Nations administration (but not a trusteeship),
administered by U.K.
24 Dec 1951 Incorporated into Libya, with autonomy.
27 Apr 1963 Autonomy ended (federal arrangement abolished) by Libya.

Norman governor 1146 - 22 Jan 1160 Abu Yahya ibn Matruh al-Tamimi (continues to 1172 under Almohad rule)
Spanish governors of Tr�poli
26 Jul 1510 - 1510 Pedro de Navarro -Commander (b. c.1460 - d. 1528)
1510 Diego de Vera
1510 - 1511 Jayme de Requesens
1511 - 1520 Guillem de Moncada
152. - 25 Jul 1530 Fran�ois Velasqu�s
Governors of the Knights of Malta
1530 - 1531 Fra Gaspare de Sanguessa
1531 - 1532 Bernardino Macado (acting)
1532 - 1533 Aurelio Bottigella (1st time) (b. 1480 - d. 1550)
1533 - 1535 Garc�a Cort�s
1535 - 1537 George (Giorgio) Schiling
1537 - 1539 Aurelio Bottigella (2nd time) (s.a.)
1539 - 1544 Hernando de Bracamonte
1544 - 1546 Cristofano de Sol�s Farfan
1546 - 1549 Jean de Valetta, seigneur de (b. 1494 - d. 1568)
Parisot
1549 - 1551 Pedro Nu�ez de Herrera
Apr 1551 - 14 Aug 1551 Gaspare de Vallies
Ottoman Beylerbeyleri
15 Aug 1551 - 1556 Murad Agha
1556 - 23 Jun 1565 Turgut (Dragut) Reis (b. 1485 - d. 1565)
17 Jun 1565 - 27 Jun 1568 Kılı� Ali Paşa (= Ulu� Reis) (b. c.1496 - d. 1587)
(Giovanni Dionigi Galeni)
27 Jun 1568 - 28 Mar 1571 Yahya Pasha
28 Mar 1571 - 1572 Cafer Pasha
1572 - 1574 Mustafa Pasha
1574 - 5 Jul 1577 Haydar Pasha (1st time)
5 Jul 1577 - 1578 Hasan Pasha
1578 - 1584 Haydar Pasha (2nd time)
1584 - 1585 Sakizli Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1585 - 1589 Ramazan Pasha
1589 Sakizli Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1589 - Oct 1590Istank�yl� Ahmed Pasha
Oct 1590 - 1595 Sakizli Mehmed Pasha (3rd time)
1595 - Dec 1603 Memi Mehmed Pasha
Dec 1603 - 1614 Safer Dey
1614 - 1626 Sherif Pasha
1626 Ramazan Dey
1626 - Jan 1631 Sakizli Mehmed Pasha
Jan 1631 - 29 Apr 1672 Sakizli Osman Pasha
29 Apr 1672 - Jul 1672 Osman Reis as-Suhali
Jul 1672 - May 1675 Bali �avush
18 May 1675 - Jan 1677 Misirliohlu Ibrahim Pasha
Jan 1677 Inebolulu Ibrahim �elebi
Jan 1677 - Apr 1677 Istank�yl� B�y�k Mustafa
Apr 1677 - 1678 Baba Osman
1678 - 1682 Ak Mehmed Timur
1682 - 21 Jun 1682 Abaza H�seyin
21 Jun 1682 - 1683 Cezayirli Abdullah
1683 Terzi Ibrahim
1693 - Oct 1687 Halil Pasha
Oct 1687 - 1689 Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1689 - 3 Feb 1695 Bosnak Ismail Pasha
3 Feb 1695 - 1 Aug 1701 Destari Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1 Aug 1700 - 20 Nov 1700 Turgutlulu Kahveci Osman (b. 1660 - d. ....)
20 Nov 1700 - Dec 1702 Gelibolulu Haci Mustafa
Dec 1702 - 23 Nov 1710Halil Pasha
23 Nov 1710 - 20 Jan 1711 Ismail Ho�a
20 Jan 1711 - 4 Jul 1711 Mehmed H�seyin �avush (d. 1711)
4 Jul 1711 - 29 Jul 1711 Abu Umays Mahmud
Sultans
29 Jul 1711 - 2 Nov 1745 Ahmad I Pasha (b. c.1686 - d. 1745)
(Sidi Hamid Qaramanli Quluglu)
2 Nov 1745 - 24 Jul 1754 Mehmed Pasha (d. 1754)
24 Jul 1754 - 30 Jul 1793 Ali I Pasha (d. 1796)
30 Jul 1793 - Nov 1794 Seydi Ali (II) Pasha al-Tarabulsi
(= Ali Cezayirli) (usurper)
Nov 1794 - 24 Jan 1796 Ahmad II Bey
24 Jan 1796 - 5 Aug 1832 Yusuf Pasha (b. 1766 - d. 1838)
1817 Mehmed (1st time) (in rebellion)
1824 Mehmed ibn Ali (1st time) (d. 1835)
(in rebellion)
1826 Mehmed (2nd time)(in rebellion)
Jul 1832 Mehmed (3rd time)(in rebellion)
1835 Mehmed ibn Ali (2nd time) (s.a.)
(in rebellion)
5 Aug 1832 - 26 May 1835 Ali II Pasha
Walis (governors) (in exile from 1913)
26 May 1835 - 7 Sep 1835 Mustafa Negib Pasha
7 Sep 1835 - 6 May 1837 Mahmud Raif Pasha
6 May 1837 - 5 Sep 1838 �eshmeli Hasan Pasha
5 Sep 1838 - 15 Jul 1842 Ali Asker Pasha (d. 1868)
15 Jul 1842 - 22 Apr 1847 Mehmed Emin Pasha
22 Apr 1847 - 13 Sep 1849 Ragib Pasha
13 Sep 1849 - 16 Sep 1852 Ahmed Izzet Pasha (1st time) (b. 1789 - d. 1876)
16 Sep 1852 - 1 Nov 1855 Mustafa Nuri Pasha (b. 1798 - d. 1879)
1 Nov 1855 - 1 Oct 1857 Osman Pasha
1 Oct 1857 - 4 Aug 1860 Ahmed Izzet Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Aug 1860 - 18 Jun 1867 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (b. 1818 - d. 1883)
Jun 1867 - Jul 1867 Hassan Pasha (acting)
Jul 1867 - May 1870 Cezayrli Ali Reza Pasha (1st time) (d. 1876)
May 1870 - Jun 1870 Mustafa Pasha (acting)
Jan 1870 - Sep 1871 Mehmed Halet Pasha
Sep 1871 - Apr 1872 Bostancibahizade Mehmed Rashid
Pasha
Apr 1872 - 6 Jun 1873 Cezayrli Ali Reza Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Jun 1873 - Nov 1874 Hasan Samih Pasha
Nov 1874 - Feb 1875 Mustafa Asim Pasha (2nd time)
Feb 1875 - Aug 1877 Mustafa Sidki Pasha
1877 Mehmed �elaleddin Pasha
Dec 1877 - Feb 1878 S�ylemezoglu Ali Kemali (b. 1819 - d. 1898)
Feb 1878 - Jul 1879 Mehmed Sabri Pasha (d. 1879)
Jul 1879 - May 1880 Ahmed Izzet Pasha (2nd time)
May 1880 - Oct 1881 Mehmed Nazif Pasha
Oct 1881 - Jun 1896 Ahmed Rasim Pasha (b. 1825 - d. 1897)
Jun 1896 - Mar 1899 Nemik Bey
Mar 1899 - Jul 1900 Ha�im Bey
Jul 1900 - Dec 1903 Hafiz Mehmed Pasha
Dec 1903 - May 1904 Hasan Husni Pasha (H�seyin Effendi)
May 1904 - Aug 1904 Abderrahman Bey (acting)
Aug 1904 - Aug 1908 Re�eb Pasha (b. 1842 - d. 1908)
Dec 1908 - Aug 1909 Ahmed Favzi Pasha (b. 1859 - d. 1914)
Aug 1909 - Aug 1910 H�seyin Husni Pasha (b. 1856 - d. 1926)
Aug 1910 - 1911 Ibrahim Pasha (acting) (b. 18.. - d. 1915)
1911 Bekir Samih Bey (didn't take office)
1911 - 5 Oct 1911 Besim Bey (acting)
1911 - 15 Jan 1913 Neshet Bey
1913 - 1915 ....
1915 - 1917 Osman Bey
1917 - Jan 1918 Nuri Bey
1918 Ishaq Pasha
17 May 1918 - 16 Nov 1918 Osman Fuad Pasha (b. 1895 - d. 1973)
Ruler (in dissidence)
Oct 1911 - 23 Mar 1913 Sulayman ibn Abdullah al-Baruni (b. 1872 - d. 1940)
Governor-general of Tripolitania (in Misurata)
25 Sep 1916 - 16 Nov 1918 Sulayman ibn Abdullah al-Baruni (s.a.)
(Ottoman governor-general of Tripoli, Tunis and Algiers)
Chairman of the Council of the Republic (in 'Aziziya)
16 Nov 1918 - Nov 1920 Ahmad Tahir al-Murayyid
Chairman of the Central Reform Board (in'Aziziya)
Nov 1920 - 1923 Ahmad Tahir al-Murayyid
Italian Commanders of the Expeditionary Corps
5 Oct 1911 - 13 Oct 1911 Raffaele Borea Ricci d'Olmo (b. 1857 - d. 1942)
13 Oct 1911 - 28 Aug 1912 Carlo Francesco Giovanni Battista (b. 1845 - d. 1922)
Caneva
28 Aug 1912 - 31 May 1913 Ottavio Ragni (b. 1852 - d. 1919)
Governors of Tripolitania
1 Jun 1913 - 1 Oct 1914 Vincenzo Garioni (1st time) (b. 1856 - d. 1929)
1 Oct 1914 � 16 Nov 1914 Giorgio Cigliana (b. 1857 � d. 1919)
16 Nov 1914 - 5 Feb 1915 Luigi Druetti (b. 1853 - d. c.1919)
9 Feb 1915 - 15 Jul 1915 Giulio Cesare Tassoni (b. 1859 - d. 1942)
15 Jul 1915 - 1 Aug 1918 Giovanni Battista Ameglio (b. 1854 - d. 1921)
2 Aug 1918 - 16 Aug 1919 Vincenzo Garioni (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Aug 1919 - 10 Jul 1920 Vittorio Menzinger (b. 1861 - d. 1925)
11 Jul 1920 � 31 Jul 1920 Ugo Niccoli (acting) (b. 1868 - d. 19..)
1 Aug 1920 - 16 Jul 1921 Luigi Mercatelli (b. 1853 - d. 1922)
17 Jul 1921 � 24 Aug 1921 Eduardo Baccari (acting) (b. 1871 - d. 1952)
24 Aug 1921 - 2 Jul 1925 Giuseppe Volpi conte di Misurata (b. 1877 - d. 1947)
3 Jul 1925 - 18 Dec 1928 Emilio De Bono (b. 1866 - d. 1944)
Governor of Tripolitania and of Cirenaica 18 Dec 1928 - 31 Dec 1933 Pietro Badoglio (b. 1871 - d. 1956)
Deputy Chief Civil Affairs Officer 15 Dec 1942 - 23 Jan 1943 Maurice Stanley Lush (b. 1896 - d. 1990)
Commander, Headquarters Tripolitania Base and Lines of Communication 3 Mar 1943 - 16 Jul 1943 Brian Hubert Robertson (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
District Officer Commanding Tripolitania District (from 14 Dec 1943, **Tripolitania Area) 16 Jul 1943 - 2 Feb 1944 Norman Clowes (b. 1893 - d. 1980)Chief Administrator, Tripolitania
23 Jan 1943 - Apr 1949 Travers Robert Blackley (b. 1899 - d. 1982)
British Resident for Tripolitania
Apr 1949 - 24 Dec 1951 Travers Robert Blackley (s.a.)
Governors (Wali)
Dec 1951 - 14 May 1953 Fadil Ben Zikry (1st time)
14 May 1953 - 3 Dec 1954 Al-Siddiq al-Muntasir (b. 1912 - d. 1979)
1954 - 1955 Abdul Salam al-Busayri
1955 - 1957Muhammad Jamal Pasha Agha
1957 - 1960 Tahir Bakir
1960 - 13 Jun 1961 Abu Bakr Na'ama
13 Jun 1961 - 27 Apr 1963 Fadil Ben Zikry (2nd time)

**Chief Civil Affairs Officers, British Military Administration Tripolitania
15 Dec 1942 - 26 Jan 1943 Maurice Stanley Lush (b. 1896 - d. 1990)
26 Jan 1943 - 1943 Travers Robert Blackley (s.a.)
Presidents of the Executive Council
Mar 1951 - Dec 1951 Mahmud El Muntasser (al-Muntasir) (b. 1903 - d. 1970)
1952? - 19 Jan 1954 Ali al-Dib (1st time)
3 Aug 1954 - 1954 Mohieddin Fikini (b. 1925 - d. 1994)
1954 - 1958 Mahmud al-Bishti
1958 - 1961 Ahmad Own Suf
1961 - 27 Apr 1963 Ali al-Dib (2nd time)

Cyrenaica

1521 Cyrenaica part of the Ottoman Empire (subordinate to Tripoli).
1578 Turks invade Benghazi rule it from Tripoli.
26 May 1835 Ottoman direct rule over Tripoli (and Cyrenaica).
1835 Sanjak of Benghazi (Bingazi Sancağı) independent within the Elayet
of Tripolitania (Eyālet-i Tr�blus G�rb).
1843 Leader of the Sanusiya (Senussi) Order (a Sufi order founded in
Mecca in 1837) settles in Cyrenaica, near Sidi Rafaa' (Bayda)
and founds the Zawiya Bayda (White Monastery).
1855 Sanusiya (Senussi) Order moves farther south to Jaghbub (Giarabub)
oasis then in Egypt (from 6 Dec 1925, it is part of Libya).
1871 - 1873 Vilayet of Benghazi (Vil�yet-i Bingazi).
1875 - 1879 Sanjak of Benghazi (Bingazi Sancağı), separated from Tripoli,
directly dependent on Constantinople.
Feb 1879 - Apr 1888 Wilayah Benghazi (within Tripolitania).
Apr 1888 Mutasarrıfiyya Benghazi (within Tripolitania).
10 Oct 1911 Italians occupy Tobruk; Derna 18 Oct 1911 and Benghazi 20 Oct 1911.
5 Nov 1911 Italy declares Cyrenaica (Cirenaica) under Italian protectorate.
18 Oct 1912 Ottomans agree to evacuate Libya in Treaty of Lausanne.
Apr 1917 U.K. and Italy conclude an agreement with the Sanusiya (Senussi).
17 May 1919 Italian Cyrenaicacolony (Cirenaica).
25 Oct 1920 Italian government recognizes the Sanusiya (Sensussi) Order as
administering southeastern Cyrenaica [Ajdabiyah (Agedabia),
Awjilah (Augila) and Kufra (Cufra)].
6 Dec 1925 Egypt cedes Kufra and Jaghbub to Italian Libya.
18 Dec 1928 Cyrenaica joined administratively to Tripolitania.
1929 Italy de-recognizes governing authority of the Order.
20 Jan 1931 Italy occupies the Kufra district.
1 Jan 1934 Cirenaica (Cyrenaica) merged with Tripolitania and Fezzan as
Italian Libya (Libia Italiana)(see below).
20 Jul 1934 Ma'tan as-Sarra ceded to Italian Libya as part of the Sarra Triangle
by the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
Dec 1940 - Mar 1941 British forces occupy Bardia (5 Jan 1941), Tobruk (22 Jan 1941),
Derna (Feb 1941), El Agheila and Benghazi (Feb 1941).
Feb 1941 British administration (Cyrenaica District).
Mar 1941 - Nov 1941 Axis forces retake El Agheila (24 Mar 1941), Benghazi (3 Apr),
Derna (Apr 1941), and Tobruk 30 (Apr 1941).
2 Mar 1941 Free French forces under Leclerc occupy the Kufra oasis.
18 Nov 1941 - 31 Dec 1941 British forces retake Benghazi (24 Dec 1941), Derna (Dec 1941),
Tobruk (4 Dec 1941) and Gazala (15 Dec 1941).
21 Jan 1942 - 7 Jul 1942 Axis forces retake Benghazi (29 Jan 1942), Derna (Dec 1941),
Tobruk (21 Jun 1942), and Bardia (June 1942).
11 Nov 1942 British forces re-occupy Bardia, Tobruk (on 13 Nov 1942), Derna
(on 15 Nov 1942) and Benghazi (20 Nov 1942). Divided into three
districts: Benghazi in west, el Jebel in center, and Derna in
the east.
Oct 1946 Sanusi emir recognized by the U.K. (as administering the territory
for the United Nations).
15 Feb 1947 Italy formally cedes Libya to the Allies by Treaty of Paris
(entered into force 17 Sep 1947).
1 Mar 1949 Independence proclaimed (Emirate of Cyrenaica).
1 Jun 1949 Independence recognized by U.K.
10 Dec 1949 Under United Nations administration (but not a trusteeship),
administered by U.K.
24 Dec 1951 Incorporated into Libya.
27 Apr 1963 Autonomy ended (federal arrangement abolished) by Libya.
6 Mar 2012 Cyrenaica transitional council formed by the Transitional National
Council (not recognized by Tripoli government).
1 Jun 2013 Cyrenaica declares autonomy (not recognized by Tripoli government).

Walis of Benghazi Oct 1871 - Mar 1873 Abdullah Musib Pasha (b. 1814 - d. 1882)
Feb 1879 - Jun 1882 Ali Kemali Pasha (b. 1819 - d. 1897)
Jun 1882 - Jul 1885 Rashid �sha
Jul 1885 - Jul 1887 Ferik (Frank) Kazim Musa Pasha
Jul 1887 - Apr 1888 Hasan Tahsin Pasha (d. 1889)
Mutasarrıfs of Benghazi
1893 - 1904 Tahir Pasha
c.1904 Z�hd� Pasha
c.1906 Hilmi Pasha
19.. Djevdet Bey
1911 Murat Fuat Bey**Sanusiya (Sensussi) Sheikhs
1843 - 7 Sep 1859 Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi (b. 1787 - d. 1859)
7 Sep 1859 - 2 Jun 1902 Sayyid Muhammad ibn Sayyid (b. 1844 - d. 1902)
Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Sanusi
2 Jun 1902 - 21 Aug 1918 Sayyid Ahmad ibn Sayyid Muhammad (b. 1873 - d. 1933)
ash-Sharif al-Sanusi
21 Aug 1918 - 25 Oct 1920 Muhammad Idris al-Mahdi al-Sanusi (b. 1890 - d. 1983)
**Sanusiya (Sensussi) Emir
25 Oct 1920 - 1929 Muhammad Idris al-Mahdi al-Sanusi (s.a.)
(1st time)(in Egypt exile from 1923)
1923 - 1928 Sayyid Muhammad ar-Rida (acting) (b. 1890 - d. 1955)
1928 - 1929 Umar Mukhtar (acting) (b. 1858 - d. 1931)
Italian Commandant of the Corps of Occupation in Cirenaica
2 Sep 1912 - 9 Jan 1913 Ottavio Briccola (b. 1853 - d. 1924)
Governors of Cirenaica
9 Jan 1913 - 6 Nov 1913 Ottavio Briccola (s.a.)
6 Nov 1913 - 8 Aug 1918 Giovanni Battista Ameglio (b. 1854 - d. 1921)
(acting from 15 Jul 1915)
8 Aug 1918 - 1 Jul 1919 Vincenzo Garioni (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1929)
1 Jul 1919 - 23 Nov 1921 Giacomo De Martino (b. 1849 - d. 1921)
(from 30 Dec 1920, Giacomo, conte De Martino)
23 Nov 1921 - 30 Sep 1922 Luigi Pintor (acting) (b. 1882 - d. 1925)
1 Oct 1922 - 1 Dec 1922 Eduardo Baccari (b. 1871 - d. 1952)
1 Dec 1922 - 6 Jun 1923 Oreste De Gaspari (acting) (b. 1864 - d. 1933)
6 Jun 1923 - 24 May 1924 Luigi Bongiovanni (b. 1866 - d. 1941)
24 May 1924 - 22 Nov 1926 Ernesto Mombelli (b. 1867 - d. 1932)
23 Nov 1926 - 18 Dec 1928 Attilio Teruzzi (b. 1882 - d. 1950)
Governor of Tripolitania and of Cirenaica 18 Dec 1928 - 21 Jan 1929 Pietro Badoglio (b. 1871 - d. 1956)
Vice-governors (subordinated to governors of Tripolitania)
21 Jan 1929 - 15 Mar 1930 Domenico, conte Siciliani (b. 1879 - d. 1938)
15 Mar 1930 - 31 May 1934 Rodolfo Graziani (b. 1882 - d. 1955)
1 Jun 1934 - 1 Jul 1935 Guglielmo Nasi (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1971)
British Military Governors and G eneral Officers Commanding-in-chief, Cyrenaica
22 Jan 1941 - 4 Feb 1941 Richard Nugent O'Connor (b. 1889 - d. 1981)
4 Feb 1941 - 27 Feb 1941 Sir Henry Maitland Wilson (b. 1881 - d. 1964)
28 Feb 1941 - 7 Apr 1941 Philip Neame (b. 1888 - d. 1978)
(Italian prisoner 7 Apr 1941 - 1943)
8 Apr 1941 - 14 Apr 1941 Sir John Dudley Lavarack (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1957)
14 Apr 1941 - 22 Oct 1941 Leslie Morshead (b. 1889 - d. 1959)
22 Oct 1941 - 13 Dec 1941 Ronald Mackenzie Scobie (b. 1883 - d. 1969)
13 Dec 1941 - 14 May 1942 Isaac Pierre de Villiers (b. 1891 - d. 1967)
14 May 1942 - 21 Jun 1942 Hendrik Balzazar Klopper (b. 1903 - d. 1977)
21 Jun 1942 - 13 Nov 1942 Axis re- occupation
13 Nov 1942 - 15 Feb 1943 Bernard Law Montgomery (b. 1887 - d. 1976)
(general officer commanding-in-chief 8th Army)District Officers Commanding Cyrenaica District (from 15 Dec 1943, **Cyrenaica Area) (in Benghazi to Mar 1943, then Barce)
15 Feb 1943 - 1943 Angus Lyell Collier (b. 1893 - d. 1971)
1943 Anthony Sillery (b. 1903 - d. 1976)
19 Dec 1943 - 1944 Henry Ronald Hall (b. 1895 - d. 1984)
Chief Administrators, Cyrenaica (Benghazi)
10 Mar 1943 - 30 Oct 1945 Duncan Cameron Cumming (b. 1903 - d. 1979)
30 Oct 1945 - Jun 1946 Peter Bevil Edward Acland (b. 1902 - d. 1993)
Jun 1946 - 1948 James William Norris Haugh (b. 1894 - d. 1969)
1948 Arthur Stanley Parker (acting)
1948 - 17 Sep 1949 Eric Armar Vully de Candole (b. 1901 - d. 1989)
British Resident in Cyrenaica
17 Sep 1949 - 24 Dec 1951 Eric Armar Vully de Candole (s.a.)
Emir
Oct 1946 - 24 Dec 1951 Muhammad Idris al-Mahdi al-Sanusi (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Governors (Wa li)
24 Dec 1951 - May 1952 Muhammad Sakizli (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1976)
May 1952 - 15 Oct 1961 Hussein Maziq (b. 1918 - d. 2006)
(suspended 2 Oct 1954 - Oct 1954)
Oct 1961 - c.Dec 1962 Mahmud Abu Hidma (Buhdmat)
c.Dec 1962 - 27 Apr 1963 Muhammad Sakizli (1st time) (s.a.)
Heads of the C yrenaica Transitional Council (from Oct 2013, Council of C yrenaica in Libya)
5 Mar 2012 - 201. Ahmed Mindas bin Sayyid al-Zubayr (b. 1934)
al-Sanusi (not recognized by Tripoli government)
24 Oct 2013 - 2017 Ibrahim al-Jadhran (b. 1981)
(head of Political Bureau of Cyrenaica [renamed
Council of Cyrenaica in Libya]; in rebellion in Ra's Lanuf)
M ilitary Governor
Jun 2016 - 20.. Abdul Razzaq al-Nazhuri Mil
(appointed by House of Representatives)

**Chief Political Officers, Cyrenaica
1941 - 1942 Stephen Hemsley Longrigg (b. 1893 - d. 1979)
21 Dec 1942 - 10 Mar 1943 Duncan Cameron Cumming (s.a.)
Prime ministers
9 Nov 1949 - 18 Mar 1950 Omar Mansur Kikhia (b. 1880 - d. 1962)
(designated 5 Jul 1949)
18 Mar 1950 - 24 Dec 1951 Muhammad Sakizli (s.a.)
Presidents of the Executive Council
1952 - 1962 Wanis al-Qadhdhafi (Qaddafi) (b. 1924 - d. 1986)
1962 - 27 Apr 1963 Hamid Abbar
Head of the Government
3 Nov 2013 - 201. Abd-Rabbo al-Barassi
(in rebellion against Transitional Council,
in Ajdabiya; appointed by al-Jadhran)

Fezzan

918 Sultanate of Fezzan (Fizzan) founded.
1190 - 12.. Annexed by Egypt.
1212 Annexed by Borno (Kanem).
13.. Independence recovered.
1580 - 1582 Incorporated into Ottoman Empire.
1612 - 1614 Incorporated into Ottoman Empire.
1623 - 1626 Incorporated into Ottoman Empire.
1689 - 1690 Incorporated into Ottoman Empire.
1843 Incorporated into Ottoman Empire (Fizan [Fezzan] Sanjak).
1909 - 1914 Sanusiya (Senussi) rule.
5 Nov 1911 Italy declares Fezzan (Fezz�n) under Italian sovereignty.
15 Oct 1912 Annexed by Italy, but local resistance continues to c.1927.
3 Mar 1914 - Jan 1915 Italian occupation.
1915 - 1923 Sanusiya (Senussi) rule (restored).
1923 - 1927 Anarchy, ruled by Arab nomads.
14 Dec 1929 Italians occupy Sabha (Sebha) (al-Biraq [Barach] 5 Dec 1929, Um
Al-Aranib [Umm el Araneb] 8 Jan 1930, and Murzuk [Murzuch] on
21 Jan 1930).
1930 Military Territory of South Tripolitania (part of Tripolitania)
(Territorio Militare del Sud Tripolitano).
1 Jan 1934 Fezzan (Fezz�n) united with Tripolitania and Cyrenaica as Italian
Libya (Libia Italiana)(see below).
3 Dec 1934 Southern Military Territory (Territorio Militare del Sud), separate
administration within Libya.
12 Jan 1943 Fezzan occupied by Free French, forces enter Sebha (in Murzuk
from 13 Jan 1943 and Ghat on 23 Jan 1943).
11 Apr 1943 Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames, under French administration
(Territoire Militaire du Fezzan-Ghadam�s).
15 Feb 1947 Italy formally cedes Libya to the Allies by Treaty
of Paris (entered into force 17 Sep 1947).
1948 - 24 Dec 1951 Ghadamis is administrativelyattached to Tunisia and Ghat to Algeria
by the French administration.
10 Dec 1949 Fezzan under United Nations administration (but not a trusteeship),
administered by France.
24 Dec 1951 Incorporated into Libya, with autonomy.
27 Apr 1963 Autonomy ended (federal arrangement abolished) by Libya.
26 Sep 2013 Fezzan declares autonomy (not recognized by the Tripoli or Benghazi
based governments).

Ottoman Governor 1577 - 1582 Mahmud Bey (Mami)
Sultans
c.1566 - 15.. Muhammad al-Fasi
15.. - 1580 al-Mustansir ibn Muhammad
1580 - 1599 an-Nasr
1599 - 1612 al-Mansur
1612 - 1614 Husayn al-Na'cal (d. 1614)
(Tripolitan governor)
1614 - 1623 Tahir I
1623 - 1626 Ahmad bin Huwaydi -Tripolitan governor
1626 - 1658 Muhammad I
1658 - 1682 Nagib
1682 - 1689 Muhammad II an-Nasr (1st time)
1689 Muhammad al-Mukni -Tripolitan governor
1689 Temmam
1689 - 1690 Muhammad III
1690 Ali al-Mukni -Tripolitan governor
1690 - 1709/18 Muhammad II an-Nasr (2nd time)
1709/18 - 1767 Ahmad I
1767 - 1776 Tahir II
1776 - 1780 Ahmad II al-Munsur
1789 - 1804 Sharif Muhammad V ibn al-Mansur (d. 1804)
al-Hakim
1804 - 1811 Sharif Muhammad VI ibn al-Mansur
1811 - 1831 Yusuf al-Mukkani (usurper)
1831 - 1842 Sayf an-Nasr `Abd al-Jalil ibn Rad (d. 1842)
1835 - 1842 Jumah ibn Khalifa (1st time) (d. 1856)
(in rebellion)
1854 - 1856 Jumah ibn Khalifa (2nd time) (s.a.)
(in rebellion)
**_Walis_ (governors)**
1842 - 1846 Bekir Pasha
1846 - 1855 Hassan Pasha al-Bal`azi
1855 - 1858 ....
1858 - 1859 Ahmed Izzet Pasha
1859 - 1865 Halim Pasha (1st time)
1865 Hamid Bey (acting)
1865 - 1870 Halim Pasha (2nd time)
c.1872 Abdul Halim Pasha
c.1876 Ali Bey
1879 � 1885 Mustafa Faik Pasha (2nd time)
1885 � 1888 Yahya N�zhet Bey
1888 � 18.. Mansur Pasha
1891? - .... Mustafa Faik Pasha (1st time)
1900 - c.1906 Mahmud Bey
c.1906 - 1909 Samih Bey
Sanusi Governors
1909 - 15 Oct 1912 Sayyid Muhammad al-Abid (1st time)
3 Mar 1914 - Jan 1915 Italian occupation
1915 - 1923 Sayyid Muhammad al-Abid (2nd time)
Italian Commanding Officer Southern Libyan Territories (from 1930, Military Territory of South Tripolitania) 1927 - 1931 Ugo Gigliarelli Fiumi (b. 1880 - d. 1944)
Commanding officer in Sebha 1930 - 1935 Luigi Amato
Italian Commander of the Southern Military Territories
1935 - 31 Dec 1939 Francesco Moccia
Italian Commander of the Libyan Sahara Territories
1 Jan 1940 - 4 Nov 1940 Michele Leo
Italian Military Commanders of the Libyan Sahara
3 Mar 1941 - 24 Oct 1942 Conte Umberto Piatti dal Pozzo (b. 1887 - d. 1975)24 Oct 1942 - 12 Jan 1943 Alberto Mannerini (b. 1891 - d. 1962)
French Military Governors
12 Jan 1943 - Sep 1943 Raymond Jean Marie Delange (b. 1898 - d. 1976)
(commander of Group "M" in the Leclerc column)
Oct 1943 - Dec 1945 Robert Marie R�mi Thiriet (b. 1899 - d. 1956)
Jan 1946 - Mar 1947 Pierre FlorimondMar 1947 - 12 Feb 1950 Maurice Sarazac (b. 1908 - d. 1974)
21 May 1949 - 1950? Jacques �douard Marie Leneveu
(acting for Sarazac)
**Residents of France in the Fezzan 12 Feb 1950 - Oct 1951 Maurice Sarazac (s.a.)
Nov 1951 - Mar 1953 Auguste Cauneille (interim) (b. 1911 - d. 1965)

Hakim

1946 - 12 Feb 1950 Ahmad Sayf an-Nasr (b. c.1876 - d. 1954)
Wali (Chef du territoire)
12 Feb 1950 - 24 Dec 1951 Ahmad Sayf an-Nasr (s.a.)
Governors (Wali)
24 Dec 1951 - 12 Jun 1954 Ahmad Sayf an-Nasr (s.a.)
26 Jun 1954 - 27 Apr 1963 Omar Sayf an-Nasr
President of the Provinc e (Ra'is)
26 Sep 2013 - 20.. Nouri Muhammad al-Qouizi (al-Ghuayzi)
(not recognized by Tripoli government)

Presidents of the Executive Council
1952 - 1954 Ghaith Abdul Majid Sayf an-Nasr
1 Jul 1954 - 27 Apr 1963 Abdul Jalil Sayf an-Nasr

Libya

1 Jan 1934 Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Fezzan united as Italian Libya
(Libia Italiana), also called Italian North Africa
(Africa Settentrionale Italiana).
13 May 1943 End of Italian rule.
24 Dec 1951 Independence as United Libyan Kingdom (al-Mamlaka al-Libiyya al-Muttahida).
27 Apr 1963 Libyan Kingdom (al-Mamlaka al-Libiyya).
1 Sep 1969 Libyan Arab Republic (al-Jumhuriyya al-'Arabiyya al-Libiyya).
2 Mar 1977 Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriyya (al-Jamahiriyya
al-'Arabiyya al-Libiyya al-Sha'biyya al-Ishtirakiyya).
Apr 1986 Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriyya (al-Jamahiriyya
al-'Arabiyya al-Libiyya al-Sha'biyya al-Ishtirakiyya al-'Uzma).
10 Aug 2011 Libya (Liby a).
8 Jan 2013 State of Libya (Dawlat Libya)(retroactive from 21 Jan 2013).

Leader and Guide of the First of September Great Revolution (de facto Chief of State)
1 Sep 1979 - 10 Aug 2011 Muammar al-Qadhdhafi (Qaddafi) (b. 1942 - d. 2011) Mil/Non-party
(continues in opposition at Sirte to 20 Oct 2011)

Governors-general
1 Jan 1934 - 28 Jun 1940 Italo Balbo (b. 1896 - d. 1940)
1 Jul 1940 - 25 Mar 1941 Rodolfo Graziani, marchese di (b. 1882 - d. 1955)
Neghelli
25 Mar 1941 - 19 Jul 1941 Italo Gariboldi (b. 1879 - d. 1970)
19 Jul 1941 - 2 Feb 1943 Ettore Bastico (b. 1876 - d. 1972)
2 Feb 1943 - 13 May 1943 Giovanni Messe (acting) (b. 1883 - d. 1968)
United Nations Commissioner
10 Dec 1949 - 24 Dec 1951 Adrian Pelt (Netherlands) (b. 1892 - d. 1981)
(arrived in Tripoli 18 Jan 1950)
King�
24 Dec 1951 - 1 Sep 1969 Idris I (b. 1890 - d. 1983)
(= Sayyid Muhammad Idris al-Mahdi al-Sanusi)
Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council
1 Sep 1969 - 2 Mar 1977 Muammar al-Qadhdhafi (s.a.) Mil/Non-party
Secretaries General of the General People's Congress
2 Mar 1977 - 2 Mar 1979 Muammar al-Qadhdhafi (s.a.) Non-party
2 Mar 1979 - 7 Jan 1981 Abdul Ati al-Ubaydi (al-Obeidi) (b. 1939 - d. 2023) Non-party
7 Jan 1981 - 15 Feb 1984 Muhammad al-Zarruq Rajab (b. 1940) Non-party
15 Feb 1984 - 2 Mar 1986 Miftah al-Usta Umar (b. 1935 - d. 2010) Non-party
Secretar ie s of the General People's Congress
2 Mar 1986 - 7 Oct 1990 Miftah al-Usta Umar (s.a.) Non-party
7 Oct 1990 - 18 Nov 1992 Abdul Razzaq al-Sawsa (b. 1933 - d. 2016) Non-party
18 Nov 1992 - 3 Mar 2008 al-Zanati Muhammad al-Zanati (b. 1937) Non-party
(Zentani)
3 Mar 2008 - 5 Mar 2009 Miftah Muhammad al-Sanusi Ku'ayba (b. 1942) Non-party
(Kaiba)
5 Mar 2009 - 26 Jan 2010 Imbarik Abdallah al-Shamikh (b. 1950) Non-party
26 Jan 2010 - 10 Aug 2011 Muhammad Abul Qasim al-Zuwayy (b. 1952) Non-party
(Zwai)
President of the (Interim) Transitional National Council
5 Mar 2011 - 8 Aug 2012 Mustafa Muhammad Abdul Jalil Fadil (b. 1952) NTC
(in Benghazi, in opposition to 10 Aug 2011)
Presidents of the General National Congress
8 Aug 2012 - 9 Aug 2012 Muhammad Ali Salim (acting) (b. 1935) Non-party
9 Aug 2012 - 28 May 2013 Muhammad al-Maqariyyaf (al-Megarif)(b. 1940) NFP
28 May 2013 - 25 Jun 2013 Juma'a Ahmad Atayqa (acting) (b. 1950) Non-party
(Giuma Attaiga)
25 Jun 2013 - 4 Aug 2014 Nuri Ali Abu Sahmayn (b. 1956) Non-party
(Nouri Abusahmain)
(in Tripoli, in opposition 4 Aug 2014 - 5 Apr 2016)
Presidents of the House of Representatives (in Tobruk)
4 Aug 2014 - 5 Aug 2014 Abu Bakr Mustafa Ba'ira (acting) (b. 1941) Non-party
5 Aug 2014 - 10 Mar 2021 Aqila Salih Isa Qwaydar al-Abaydi (b. 1944) Non-party (internationally recognized to 30 Mar 2016)
President of the Presidential Council of the Government of National Accord
30 Mar 2016 - 10 Mar 2021 Fayiz Mustafa al-Sarraj (b. 1960) Non-party
(in Tunis 17 Dec 2015-30 Mar 2016, then in Tripoli)
President of the Presidential Council of the Government of National Unity
10 Mar 2021 - Muhammad Yunus al-Menfi (b. 1976) Non-party (de-recognized by Tobruk parliament 13 Aug 2024)

**Prime minister of the Provisional Government
29 Mar 1951 - 24 Dec 1951 Mahmud El Muntasser (al-Muntasir) (b. 1903 - d. 1970) Non-party
Prime ministers
24 Dec 1951 - 19 Feb 1954 Mahmud El Muntasser (1st time) (s.a.) Non-party
19 Feb 1954 - 12 Apr 1954 Muhammad Sakizli (b. 1892 - d. 1976) Non-party
12 Apr 1954 - 26 May 1957 Mustafa Ben Halim (b. 1921 - d. 2021) Non-party
26 May 1957 - 17 Oct 1960 Abdul Majid Kubar (b. 1909 - d. 1988) Non-party
17 Oct 1960 - 19 Mar 1963 Muhammad Osman Said (b. 1924 - d. 2007) Non-party
19 Mar 1963 - 20 Jan 1964 Mohieddin Fikini (b. 1925 - d. 1994) Non-party
20 Jan 1964 - 20 Mar 1965 MahmudEl Muntasser (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
20 Mar 1965 - 2 Jul 1967 Hussein Maziq (b. 1918 - d. 2006) Non-party
2 Jul 1967 - 25 Oct 1967 Abdul Qadir al-Badri (b. 1921 - d. 2003) Non-party
25 Oct 1967 - 4 Sep 1968 Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush (b. 1933 - d. 2007) Non-party
4 Sep 1968 - 31 Aug 1969 Wanis al-Qadhdhafi (Qaddafi) (b. 1922 - d. 1986) Non-party
8 Sep 1969 - 16 Jan 1970 Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi (b. 1935 - d. 2009) Non-party
16 Jan 1970 - 16 Jul 1972 Muammar al-Qadhdhafi (Qaddafi) (s.a.) Non-party
16 Jul 1972 - 2 Mar 1977 Abdul Salam Jalloud (b. 1944) Non-party
Chairman of the General People's Committee
2 Mar 1977 - 2 Mar 1979 Abdul Ati al-Ubaydi (al-Obeidi) (s.a.) Non-party
Secretaries of the General People's Committee 2 Mar 1979 - 23 Feb 1984 Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi (1st time) (b. 1939 - d. 2024) Non-party
23 Feb 1984 - 2 Mar 1986 Muhammad al-Zarruq Rajab (s.a.) Non-party
2 Mar 1986 - 2 Mar 1987 Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
2 Mar 1987 - 7 Oct 1990 Umar Mustafa al-Muntasir (b. 1939 - d. 2001) Non-party
7 Oct 1990 - 29 Jan 1994 Abu Zayd Umar Durda (b. 1944 - d. 2022) Non-party
(Abuzed Omar Dorda)
29 Jan 1994 - 29 Dec 1997 Abdul Majid al-Mabruk al-Qa`ud (b. 1943 - d. 2021) Non-party
29 Dec 1997 - 1 Mar 2000 Muhammad Ahmad al-Manqush (b. 1967) Non-party
(al-Mangoush)
1 Mar 2000 - 13 Jun 2003 Imbarik Abdallah al-Shamikh (s.a.) Non-party
13 Jun 2003 - 5 Mar 2006 Shukri Muhammad Ghanim al-Mismari (b. 1942 - d. 2012) Non-party
5 Mar 2006 - 10 Aug 2011 Al-BaghdadiAli al-Mahmudi (b. 1945) Non-party
Chairmen of the Executive Bureau of the (Interim) **Transitional National Council
23 Mar 2011 - 23 Oct 2011 Mahmud Jibril al-Warfalli (b. 1952 - d. 2020) NTC
(in opposition in Benghazi to 10 Aug 2011)
23 Oct 2011 - 24 Nov 2011 Ali al-Tarhuni (Tarhouni)(acting) (b. 1951) NTC
Prime minister
24 Nov 2011 - 14 Nov 2012 Abdul Rahim al-Kayb (al-Kib) (b. 1950 - d. 2020) NTC
Chairmen of the Provisional Government (P r ime mini sters)
14 Nov 2012 - 11 Mar 2014 Ali Zaydan (Zidan) (b. 1950) Non-party
11 Mar 2014 - 15 Mar 2021 Abdullah al-Thani (b. 1954) Non-party
(acting to 8 Apr 2014; in Tobruk from 4 Aug 2014;
[internationally recognized to 30 Mar 2016])
4 May 2014 - 9 Jun 2014 Ahmad Omar Matiq (in opposition) (b. 1972) Non-party
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (P r ime mini sters)
6 Sep 2014 - 31 Mar 2015 Omar al-Hassi (b. 1949) Non-party
(in opposition, in Tripoli)
1 Apr 2015 - 5 Apr 2016 Khalifa al-Ghwayl (al-Ghawail) (b. 1964) Non-party
(acting to 1? Dec 2015; in rebellion 14 Oct 2016 - 16 Mar 2017,
[withdrew forces from Tripoli 27 May 2017])
30 Mar 2016 - 15 Mar 2021 Fayiz Mustafa al-Sarraj (s.a.) Non-party
(in Tunis 17 Dec 2015 - 30 Mar 2016, then in Tripoli)
15 Mar 2021 - Abdul Hamid Muhammad Dbeibah (b. 1959) Non-party
3 Mar 2022 - Fathi Ali Abdul Salam Bashagha (b. 1962) Non-party
(in opposition, in Tobruk to Jul 2022 then Sirte;
suspended from 16 May 2023)
16 May 2023 - Osama Saad Hammad Saleh al-Qabaili (b. 1979) Non-party
(acting for suspended Bashagha)

�The style of the ruler:
(a) 24 Dec 1951 - 27 Apr 1963: Malik al-Mamlaka al-Libiyya al-Muttahida ("King of the United Libyan Kingdom");
(b) 27 Apr 1963 - 1 Sep 1969: Malik al-Mamlaka al-Libiyya ("King of the Libyan Kingdom").

Party abbreviations (parties banned 1952/1972 - 2011): NFA = Tahalouf al-Quwa al-Wataniyya (National Forces Alliance, liberal, moderate islamist, est.2012); NFP = Hizb al-Jabha al-Wataniyya (National Front Party, liberal progressive, successor to 1981-2012 anti-Qaddafi National Front for the Salvation of Libya, est.2012); Mil = Military;
- Fromer parties: NTC = al-Majlis al-Wataniyy al-Intiqaliyy - Libiyya (National Transitional Council - Libya, militant anti-Qaddafi opposition, 2 Mar 2011 - 9 Aug 2012)

Territorial Disputes: Dormant disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in southern Libya.

� Ben Cahoon