The Sudan (original) (raw)

The Sudan

Egyptian Commanders-in-chief
20 Jul 1820 - 2 Nov 1822 Prince Ismail Iskander Ali Kamil (b. 1795 - d. 1822)
Pasha
Nov 1822 - 1825 Muhammad Bey Defterdar (d. 1833)
Governors
1825 - 22 Apr 1826 'Uthman Bey al-Sharkas (d. 1826)
1826 (months) Mahu Urfali Bey (d. 1828)
1826 - 1836 Ali Khurshid Agha (b. c.1786 - d. 1845)
(from 1834, Ali Khurshid Pasha)1836 (months) .... (acting)
Governors-general (Hakimdar) 1836 - May 1839 Ali Khurshid Pasha (s.a.)
May 1839 - Oct 1844 Ahmed Pasha abu Udan (d. 1844)
1844 - 1846 Ahmed Pasha al-Manikli (b. c.1795 - d. 1862)
1846 - 1850 Khalid Khusraw Pasha
1850 - Jan 1851 'Abd al-Latif Pasha (b. c.1805 - d. 1883)
Jan 1851 - May 1852 R�stem Pasha �erkes (d. 1852)
May 1852 - 1853 Ismail Haqqi Pasha abu Jabal (b. 1818 - d. 1882)
1853 - 1854 Selim Saib Pasha al-Jazairli
Jul 1854 - Nov 1854 Ali Pasha Sirri al-Arnaut (b. 1814 - d. 1866)
1854 - 1856 Ali Pasha al-Sharkas
1856 Prince Muhammad Abdul Halim Pasha (b. 1830 - d. 1894)
Governors 1856 - 1858 Arakil Bey al-Armani (b. 1826 - d. 1858)
1858 - 1861 Hasan Salama Bey (d. 1861)
Jul 1861 - 1863 Muhammad Rasikh Bey (b. c.1834 - d. 1883)
Governors-general
1863 - 1865 Musa Hamdi Pasha (b. c.1800 - d. 1865)
1865 - Nov 1865 'Umar Fakhri Bey (acting) (d. 1866)
Nov 1865 - 1866 Jafar Sadiq Pasha (b. 1805 - d. af.1884)
1866 - 5 Feb 1871 Jafar Mazhar Pasha (d. 1878)
5 Feb 1871 - Oct 1872 Ahmed Mumtaz Pasha (b. c.1825 - d. 1874)
Oct 1872 - 1873 Edhem Pasha al-Arifi (acting) (b. c.1816 - d. af.1872)
1873 - 18 May 1877 Ismail Pasha al-Ayyub (d. 1884)
May 1877 - Dec 1879 Charles George Gordon Pasha (b. 1833 - d. 1885)
(1st time)
Dec 1879 - Feb 1882 Muhammad Rauf Pasha (b. c.1832 - d. 1888)
Feb 1882 - May 1882 Carl Christian Giegler Pasha (b. 1844 - d. 1921)
(acting)
May 1882 - Mar 1883 'Abd al-Qadir Hilmi Pasha (b. 1837 - d. 1908)
Mar 1883 - 5 Nov 1883 'Ala al-Din Siddiq Pasha (d. 1883)
5 Nov 1883 - Feb 1884 William Hicks Pasha (b. 1830 - d. 1884)
Feb 1884 - 18 Feb 1884 Henry Watts Russell de Co�tlogon (b. 1839 - d. 1908)
Pasha (acting)
18 Feb 1884 - 26 Jan 1885 Charles George Gordon Pasha (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Mahdi ("the Guided One")
29 Jun 1881 - 22 Jun 1885 Muhammad Ahmadal-Mahadi (b. 1844 - d. 1885)
(= Muhammad Ahmad ibn al-Sayyid `Abd Allah)
**Khalifa**(title_Khalifah al-Mahdi_)
22 Jun 1885 - 2 Sep 1898 Abdullah (`Abd Allah) bin Muhammad (b. 1846 - d. 1899)
(continues in rebellion to 25 Nov 1899)
British Military Governor
2 Sep 1898 - 19 Jan 1899 Horatio Herbert Kitchener, (b. 1850 - d. 1916)
Baron Kitchener
Governors-general
19 Jan 1899 - 22 Dec 1899 Horatio Herbert Kitchener, (s.a.)
Baron Kitchener
22 Dec 1899 - 31 Dec 1916 Sir Francis Reginald Wingate (b. 1861 - d. 1953)
1 Jan 1917 - 20 Nov 1924 Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice Stack (b. 1868 - d. 1924)
(acting to 1919)
21 Nov 1924 - 5 Jan 1925 Wasey Sterry (acting) (b. 1866 - d. 1955)
5 Jan 1925 - 6 Jul 1926 Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer (b. 1882 - d. 1964)
31 Oct 1926 - 10 Jan 1934 Sir John Loader Maffey (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
10 Jan 1934 - 19 Oct 1940 Sir George Stewart Symes (b. 1882 - d. 1962)
19 Oct 1940 - 8 Apr 1947 Sir Hubert Jervoise Huddleston (b. 1880 - d. 1950)
8 Apr 1947 - 29 Mar 1954 Sir Robert George Howe (b. 1893 - d. 1981)
29 Mar 1954 - 12 Dec 1955 Sir Alexander Knox Helm (b. 1893 - d. 1964) 12 Dec 1955 - 1 Jan 1956 Muhammad Ahmad Abu Rannat (acting) (b. 1902 - d. 1979) Heads of State
1 Jan 1956 - 17 Nov 1958 (First) Sovereignty Council
- 'Abd al-Fattah Muhammad (b. 1903 - d. 1985) Non-party
al-Maghribi
- Muhammad 'Uthman (Osman) (b. 1896 - d. 1977) Non-party
al-Dardiri
- Ahmad Muhammad Yasin (b. 1913 - d. 2008) NUP
- Ahmad Muhammad Salih (b. 1898 - d. 1973) Non-party
- Siricio Iro Wani (b. 1919 - d. 1985) Non-party
President of the Supreme Council for the Armed Forces
17 Nov 1958 - 26 Oct 1964 Ibrahim 'Abbud (b. 1900 - d. 1983) Mil
Heads of State
26 Oct 1964 - 15 Nov 1964 Ibrahim 'Abbud (s.a.) Mil
15 Nov 1964 - 5 Dec 1964 Sirr al-Khatim al-Khalifa (b. 1919 - d. 2006) Non-party
al-Hasan (acting)
5 Dec 1964 - 10 Jun 1965 (Second) Sovereignty Council
- 'Abd al-Halim Muhammad (1st time)(b. 1910 - d. 2009) Umma
(president 1-30 Apr 1965)
- al-Tijani al-Mahi (b. 1911 - d. 1970) NUP
(president 1-28 Feb 1965)
- Mubarak al-Fadil Shaddad (b. 1915 - d. 198.) Non-party
(president 1-31 Jan 1965 and 1-10 Jun 1965)
- Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman (b. 1908 - d. 1982) PDP
(to 31 May 1965; president 6-31 Dec 1964 and 1-31 May 1965)
- Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho (b. 1929 - d. 2010) SF
(1st time)(from 6 Dec 1964; president 1-31 Mar 1965)
10 Jun 1965 - 8 Jul 1965 (Third) Sovereignty Council
- Ismail Ahmad al-Azhari (b. 1900 - d. 1969) NUP
(president from 12 Jun 1965)
- Abdullah al-Fadil al-Mahdi (b. 1892 - d. 1966) Umma
- Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho (s.a.) SF
(2nd time)(to 14 Jun 1965)
- 'Abd al-Halim Muhammad (2nd time)(s.a.) Mil
- Khidr Hamad (b. 1908 - d. 1970) NUP
- Philemon Majok (from 5 Jul 1965) (b. 1905 - d. 1982) NUP
President of the Supreme Council of State 8 Jul 1965 - 25 May 1969 Ismail Ahmad al-Azhari (s.a.) NUP
Presidents of the Revolutionary Command Council
25 May 1969 - 19 Jul 1971 Jafar Muhammad al-Nimeiry (b. 1930 - d. 2009) Mil
(1st time)
19 Jul 1971 - 22 Jul 1971 Babikr al-Nur 'Uthman (Osman) (b. 1935 - d. 1971) Mil
(remained outside country)
19 Jul 1971 - 22 Jul 1971 Hashim al-'Atta (b. 1936 - d. 1971) Mil
(acting for 'Uthman)
22 Jul 1971 - 12 Oct 1971 Jafar Muhammad al-Nimeiry (s.a.) Mil
(2nd time)
President
12 Oct 1971 - 6 Apr 1985 Jafar Muhammad al-Nimeiry (s.a.) Mil;1972 SSU
C ommander-in-chief of the People's Armed Forces
6 Apr 1985 - 9 Apr 1985 'Abd al-Rahman Suwar al-Dhahab (b. 1934 - d. 2018) Mil
President of the Transitional Military Council
9 Apr 1985 - 6 May 1986 'Abd al-Rahman Suwar al-Dhahab (s.a.) Mil
President of the Sovereignty Council
6 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1989 Ahmad 'Ali al-Mirghani (b. 1941 - d. 2008) DUP
President of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation 30 Jun 1989 - 16 Oct 1993 'Umar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (b. 1944) Mil
President
16 Oct 1993 - 11 Apr 2019 'Umar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (s.a.) Mil;1996 NCP
Presidents of the Transitional Military Council
11 Apr 2019 - 12 Apr 2019 Ahmad Awad ibn Auf (b. 1954) Mil
12 Apr 2019 - 20 Aug 2019 'Abd al-Fattah 'Abd al-Rahman (b. 1960) Mil
Burhan
Head of State 20 Aug 2019 - 25 Oct 2021 (Fourth) Sovereignty Council
- 'Abd al-Fattah 'Abd al-Rahman (s.a.) Mil
Burhan (1st time)(president)
- Muhammad Hamdan Dagalo "Hemeti" (b. 1975?) Mil
(1st time)
- Yasser Abdul Rahman Hassan (b. c.1962) Mil
al-Atta (1st time)
- Shams al-Din al-Khabashi (b. 1961) Mil
- Ibrahim Jabir Karim (1st time) Mil
- Aisha Musa el-Said (f) (b. c.1940) FFC
(to 12 May 2021)
- Siddiq Tawer Kafi (b. 1959) HBS
- Muhammad al-Faki Suleiman (b. 1979) UR
- Hassan Sheikh Idris Umma
- Muhammad Hasan Osman al-Ta'ishi (b. 1973) FFC
- Raja Nicola Issa Abdel-Masih (f) (b. c.1957) Non-party
(1st time)
- Taha Osman Ishaq FFC
- Malik Agar (1st time) SPLM-N/A
(from 8 Mar 2021)
- El Hadi Idris (1st time) SLM-TC
(from 8 Mar 2021)
- El Tahir Hajar (1st time) SLMJ-K
(from 8 Mar 2021)
Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces
25 Oct 2021 - 11 Nov 2021 'Abd al-Fattah 'Abd al-Rahman (s.a.) Mil
Burhan
Head of State 11 Nov 2021 - (Fifth) Transitional Sovereignty Council
- 'Abd al-Fattah 'Abd al-Rahman (s.a.) Mil
Burhan (2nd time)(president)
- Muhammad Hamdan Dagalo "Hemeti" (s.a.) Mil
(2nd time) (to 19 May 2023)
- Yasser Abdul Rahman Hassan Mil
al-Atta (2nd time)
- Shams al-Din al-Khabashi (s.a.) Mil
(2nd time)
- Ibrahim Jabir Karim (2nd time) Mil
- Abdul Qassem Bortoum (b. 1965?)
(to 5 Jul 2022)
- Salma Abdul Jabbar al-Mubarak
Musa (f)(to 5 Jul 2022)
- Youssef Gad Karim (to 5 Jul 2022)
- Abdul Baqi Abdul Qadir al-Zubair
(to 31 Dec 2021)
- Raja Nicola Issa Abdel-Masih (f) (s.a.) Non-party
(2nd time) (to 5 Jul 2022)
- Malik Agar (2nd time) SPLM-N/A
- El Hadi Idris (2nd time) SLM-TC
(to 3 Nov 2023)
- El Tahir Hajar (2nd time) SLMJ-K
(to 20 Nov 2023)

Prime ministers
9 Jan 1954 - 8 Jul 1956 Ismail Ahmad al-Azhari (s.a.) NUP
8 Jul 1956 - 18 Nov 1958 Abdullah Khalil (b. 1892 - d. 1970) Umma
18 Nov 1958 - 31 Oct 1964 Ibrahim 'Abbud (s.a.) Mil
31 Oct 1964 - 14 Jun 1965 Sirr al-Khatim al-Khalifa al-Hasan (s.a.) Non-party
14 Jun 1965 - 4 Aug 1966 Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub (1st time) (b. 1908 - d. 1976) Umma
4 Aug 1966 - 18 May 1967 Sadiq al-Mahdi (1st time) (b. 1935 - d. 2020) Umma
18 May 1967 - 25 May 1969 Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub (2nd time) (s.a.) Umma
25 May 1969 - 27 Oct 1969 Babikr Awadallah (b. 1917 - d. 2019) Non-party
28 Oct 1969 - 11 Aug 1976 Jafar Muhammad al-Nimeiry (s.a.) Mil;1972 SSU
(1st time)
11 Aug 1976 - 10 Sep 1977 Rashid Bakr (b. 1930 - d. 1988) SSU
10 Sep 1977 - 6 Apr 1985 Jafar Muhammad al-Nimeiry (s.a.) SSU
(2nd time)
6 Apr 1985 - 25 Apr 1985 Vacant 25 Apr 1985 - 6 May 1986 al-Jazuli Dafallah al-'Aqab (b. 1935) Non-party
6 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1989 Sadiq al-Mahdi (2nd time) (s.a.) Umma
30 Jun 1989 - 2 Mar 2017 Post abolished
2 Mar 2017 - 10 Sep 2018 Bakri Hasan Saleh (b. 1949) NCP
10 Sep 2018 - 22 Feb 2019 Mutaz Musa Abdullah (b. 1967) NCP
24 Feb 2019 - 11 Apr 2019 Muhammad Tahir Ayla (b. 1951) NCP
11 Apr 2019 - 21 Aug 2019 Vacant 21 Aug 2019 - 25 Oct 2021 Abdalla Hamdok (1st time) (b. 1956) Non-party
25 Oct 2021 - 21 Nov 2021 Vacant21 Nov 2021 - 19 Jan 2022 Abdalla Hamdok (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
19 Jan 2022 - Osman Hussein Osman (acting) (b. 1951) Non-party

Territorial Disputes: periodic violent skirmishes persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic over water and grazing rights; The Sudan closed its border with the Central African Republic in Jan 2022 due to security concerns; Chad wants to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence; however, since the Aug 2020 Juba Peace Agreement between the Sudanese Government and the Sudanese Revolutionary Front and the termination of the UN's peacekeeping mission, UNAMID, at the end of 2020, violence continues to break out over land and water access; the Halaib Triangle and Wadi Halfa Salient are controlled by Egypt, but also claimed by The Sudan. Each country claims that Bir Tawil trapezoid belongs to the other, and neither clearly controls it; Egypt no longer shows its administration of the Bir Tawil trapezoid in The Sudan on its maps; civil unrest in eastern Sudan has hampered efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia; clashes continue between The Sudan and Ethiopia over al-Fashaga, a fertile piece of land inhabited by Ethiopian farmers for years until the Sudanese army expelled them in Dec 2020, claiming the land belonged to The Sudan based on colonial-era maps from over 100 years ago; in Feb, 2022, the two countries were discussing resuming talks over the border conflict; Ethiopia's construction of a large dam (the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) on the Blue Nile in northern Ethiopia since 2011 has become a focal point of relations with Egypt and The Sudan; The Sudan is concerned the dam will reduce the flow of water into the country; Ethiopia completed filling the dam in 2023; the South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 Jan 1956 alignment, final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei area pending negotiations between South Sudan and The Sudan; clashes continue in the oil-rich Abyei region; the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has been deployed since 2011, when South Sudan became independent; the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has condemned renewed clashes on 23 Sep 2022 between the Twik and Ngok Dinka communities taking place in Agok, 28 kilometres from Abyei town; South Sudan controls The Sudan claimed "14-mile" and Kaka areas, plus several other sites within areas claimed by both countries; in the Spring of 2023, heavy fighting broke out between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) amid disputes over an internationally-backed plan for a transition towards civilian rule, particularly around the capital Khartoum and in some outlying areas, including the western region of Darfur, fighting continued into 2024.

Party abbreviations: DUP = al-Hizb al-Ittihadi al-Dimuqrati (Democratic Unionist Party, secularist, center-right, merger of NUP and PDP, est.Dec 1967); FFC = Forces of Freedom and Change (wide political coalition of civilian and rebel coalitions of Sudanese groups, est.1 Jan 2019); Umma = Hizb al-Umma (Community of the Believers Party, Sudanese nationalist, Islamist centrist, est.Feb 1945); HBS = Hizb al-Ba'ath al-Sudani (Sudanese Ba'ath Party, Baathist, split from Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, est.2002); UR = Unionist Rally; Mil = Military;
- Former parties: NCP = al-Mu'tamar al-Watani (National Congress Party, authoritarian, Arab nationalist, Islamist conservative, militarist, 1998-2000 state party, 1996-28 Nov 2019, banned); NUP= National Unionist Party (social democratic, federalist, supported unity of the Nile Valley, 1952-Dec 1967, merged into DUP); PDP = People's Democratic Party (split from NUP, Jun 1956-Dec 1967, merged into DUP); SF = Southern Front (Southern Sudan regionalist, 1964-1969); SLMJ-K = Sudan Liberation Movement for Justice-Karbino (Darfur regionalist, Zaghawa ethnic, split from SLM by Ali Karbino, part of Sudan Revolutionary Front, est.2009); SLM-TC = Sudan Liberation Movement - Transitional Council (ethnic Fur, split from Sudan Liberation Army-Abdul Wahid, member of Sudan Revolutionary Front, est.2015); SPLM-N/A = Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North/Agar (SPLM-N Malik Agar personalist, Blue Nile and South Kordofan regionalist, split from SPLM-N, part of Sudan Revolutionary Front, est.2017); SSU = Al-Ittihad Al-Ishtiraki Al-Sudaniy (Sudanese Socialist Union, Arab nationalist, socialist, 1971-85 state party of Sudan, 1971-1985)

Abyei Area Administration

Abyei Special Admin. Area Flag
Map of Abyei Area	Capital: Abyei Town	Population: 124,390 (2014) UNISFA Force: 3,156 (Feb. 2023)

4 Jan 2008 South Sudan appoints Edward Lino Wuor to administer the Abyei
district until the formation of the permanent administration.
31 Aug 2008 Abyei Area administration formed in disputed region between
Southern Sudan and government of Sudan.
9 Jan 2011 Proposed referendum on joining South Sudan, postponed
indefinitely.
21 May 2011 - 27 Jun 2011 Occupied by The Sudan.
27 Jul 2011 - United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) deployed.
27-29 Oct 2013 Unilateral referendum held by Ngok Dinka, 99% vote to
join South Sudan (not recognized).
Jul 2015 Renamed Abyei Special Administrative Area.

Chief Administrators of Abyei Administrative Area
4 Jan 2008 - 31 Aug 2008 Edward Lino Wuor (acting) (b. 1946 - d. 2020) SPLM
31 Aug 2008 - 30 Dec 2009 Arop Moyak Mony Toc (b. 19.. - d. 2022) SPLM
30 Dec 2009 - 21 May 2011 Deng Arop Kuol (1st time) SPLM
21 May 2011 - 27 Jun 2011 Ahmed Hussein al-Imam NCP
27 Jun 2011 - 21 May 2013 Deng Arop Kuol (2nd time) SPLM
May 2013 � May 2015 Kuol Monyluak Dak (acting) SPLM
24 May 2015 - 6 Feb 2017 Chol Deng Alak (1st time) (b. 1955) SPLM
6 Feb 2017 - 29 Jun 2020 Kuol Alor Jok SPLM
29 Jun 2020 - 19 Jan 2023 Kuol Deim Kuol SPLM
19 Jan 2023 - Chol Deng Alak (2nd time) (s.a.) SPLM

Heads of Mission of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) 27 Jul 2011 - 12 Mar 2013 Tadesse Werede Tesfay (Ethiopia) (b. 1958)
12 Mar 2013 - 19 Jun 2014 Yohannes Gebremeskel Tesfamariam (b. 1960)
(Ethiopia)
19 Jun 2014 - 28 Jan 2015 Halefom Ejigu Moges (Ethiopia)
(acting)
28 Jan 2015 - 12 Aug 2016 Haile Tilahun Gebremariam (b. 1954 - d. 2016)
(Ethiopia)
12 Aug 2016 - 21 Mar 2017 Zewdu Kiros Gebrekidan (f)(acting)
(officer-in-charge Head of Mission)
(Ethiopia)
21 Mar 2017 - 23 Apr 2018 Tesfay Gidey Hailemichael (b. 1965)
(Ethiopia)(acting)
15 May 2018 - 23 Apr 2019 Gebre Adhana Woldezgu (Ethiopia) (b. 1963)
(acting)
23 Apr 2019 - 7 Jul 2020 Mehari Zewde Gebremariam (Ethiopia)(b. 1965)
(acting)
7 Jul 2020 - 15 Mar 2022 Kefyalew Amde Tessema (Ethiopia) (b. 1969)
(acting)
15 Mar 2022 - 31 May 2024 Benjamin Olufemi Sawyerr (Nigeria)
(acting)
31 May 2024 - Ameer Muhammad Umrani (Pakistan)
(acting)

Commanders, United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA)
27 Jul 2011 - 12 Mar 2013 Tadesse Werede Tesfay (Ethiopia) (s.a.)
12 Mar 2013 - 19 Jun 2014 Yohannes Gebremeskel Tesfamariam (s.a.)
(Ethiopia)
19 Jun 2014 - 21 Nov 2014 Halefom Ejigu Moges (Ethiopia)
(acting)
21 Nov 2014 - 20 Jan 2016 Birhanu Jula Gelalcha (Ethiopia) (b. 1965)
20 Jan 2016 - 11 Feb 2017 Hassen Ebrahim Mussa (Ethiopia) (b. 1966)
17 Feb 2017 - 21 Mar 2017 Zewdu Kiros Gebrekidan (f)(acting)
(Ethiopia)
21 Mar 2017 - 23 Apr 2018 Tesfay Gidey Hailemichael (s.a.)
(Ethiopia)
15 May 2018 - 23 Apr 2019 Gebre Adhana Woldezgu (Ethiopia) (s.a.)
23 Apr 2019 - 7 Jul 2020 Mehari Zewde Gebremariam (Ethiopia)(s.a.)
7 Jul 2020 - 15 Mar 2022 Kefyalew Amde Tessema (Ethiopia) (s.a.)
(interim)
15 Mar 2022 - 31 May 2024 Benjamin Olufemi Sawyerr (Nigeria)
31 May 2024 - Ameer Muhammad Umrani (Pakistan)
(acting)

Party abbreviation s: SPLM = Sudan People's Liberation Movement (pro-southern autonomy, political arm of Sudan Peoples' Liberation Army, est.1983);
- Former parties: NCP = al-Mu'tamar al-Watani (National Congress Party, authoritarian, Arab nationalist, Islamist conservative, militarist, 1998-2000 state party, 1996-28 Nov 2019, banned)

Southern Sudan: see South Sudan

� Ben Cahoon