sanoj kumar | Bihar Agricultural University (original) (raw)

Papers by sanoj kumar

International Journal of Chemical Studies, 2019

In the harvesting of different fruits two major methods were followed by Indian farmers that are ... more In the harvesting of different fruits two major methods were followed by Indian farmers that are manual plucking and tree shaking. The tree branches are shaken to speed up the harvesting, which results in post harvest losses due to the physical damage, stem end rot and sap bleeding in mangoes due to absence of pedicel. To overcome these local harvesting methods and to reduce the drudgery of the farmers Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour has developed five types of mango harvesters (Model A,B,C,D and E). Three harvesters (Model C,D and E) are manual operated and works on the principal of pulling/cutting, while one is power operated (Model B) which works on battery for power, and uses cutting principal, and another one (Model A) is manual-cum-power (battery) operated which uses cutting as well as pulling action for detachment of mangoes from tree branches. The local harvester harvests fruit without pedicel, whereas developed models, an improvement on the conventional harvester harvests the fruit with pedicel. The fruit harvest per hour was more in Model C (manual operated) that was (80-88 fruits/ 10 min) when compared to local harvester, manual plucking and tree shaking The number of labours per day for fruit harvesting was more in manual plucking and tree shaking, where as in developed harvester (Model C) took less labours that is (18 labours/day). Among harvesters Model C has higher efficiency over local model in labour and time saving. Model C has advantages over all the models A, B, D and E in terms of number of mangoes plucked, damages, and labour requirement.

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020

Turmeric(Curcuma longa) is one of the important spice crops grown for fresh and processing purpos... more Turmeric(Curcuma longa) is one of the important spice crops grown for fresh and processing purpose all over the India due to its wider adaptability under various agroclimatic conditions, which plays a major role in supplementing the income of small and marginal farmer of the Bhagalpur district of Bihar state. The present study was carried out atGoradih&Pirpainti block of Bhagalpur district during kharif 2017-18 and 2018-19. Varietal replacement through Farmer FIRST Project were conducted on turmeric by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of turmeric production potential. The improved technologies consist improved variety (Rajendra Sonia), balanced fertilizers (Soil test based) application and integrated pest and disease management, etc. The development of the agriculture is primarily depends on the application of the scientific technologies by making the best use of available resources. One of the major constraints of traditional turmeric farming is low productivity because of non-adoption of advanced technologies like improved varieties. To increase the production, productivity and quality of agricultural produce, varietal replacement are being conducted at various farmer's field. All the recommended practices were provided to the selected farmers. The data related to the cost of cultivation, production, productivity, gross return and net return were collected as per schedule and analysed. Result of the present study revealed the higher average yield in the varietal replacement demonstration was recorded (254.61 q/ha) as compared to farmers practice (125.20 q/ha) traditional adopted by the farmers. The percentage increase in the yield over farmer's 103.35 was recorded. The technology gap and extension gap were computed 145.39and 129.40q/ha respectively, along with 36.34 percent of technology index. The varietal replacement demonstration field gave higher average net return Rs. 653001.00 and B:C ratio is 1: 2.74. The result of the study indicated the gap existed in the potential yield and demonstration yield is due to soil fertility and weather conditions. Present result clearly show that the yield and economics of turmeric can be boost up by adopting recommended technologies. K e y w o r d s spice crops agro-climatic soil fertility weather conditions

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2021

The study was conducted to analyze the influence of yield and economic viability of tomato (Solan... more The study was conducted to analyze the influence of yield and economic viability of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) under varietal replacement demonstration in Bhagalpur District, Bihar, India during Rabi 2018-2019. Varietal adoption demonstrations were conducted on tomato by the active participation of the farmers. The improved technologies consist disease resistant variety (Kashi Vishesh), balanced fertilizers (Soil test based) application and integrated pest and disease management, etc. (All the recommended practices were provided to the selected farmers. The data related to the cost of cultivation, production, productivity, gross return and net return were collected as per scheduled and analysed. Results of the study revealed the higher yield in the demonstrations was recorded (498 q/ha) as compared to farmers practice traditional adopted by the farmers (396 q/ha). The percentage increase in the yield over farmer’s practice 25.75 was recorded. The technology gap, extension ga...

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Feb 10, 2020

Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) is one of the important tuber crops grown for fr... more Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) is one of the important tuber crops grown for fresh and processing purpose all over the India due to its wider adaptability under various agro-climatic conditions, which plays a major role in supplementing the income of small and marginal farmer of the Bhagalpur district of Bihar state. The present study was carried out at Bhagalpur district during kharif 2017-18 and 2018-19. Varietal replacement through Farmer FIRST Project were conducted on elephant foot yam by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of elephant foot yam production potential. The improved technologies consist improved variety (Gajendra), balanced fertilizers (Soil test based) application and integrated pest and disease management, etc. The development of the agriculture is primarily depends on the application of the scientific technologies by making the best use of available resources. One of the major constraints of traditional elephant foot yam farming is low productivity because of non-adoption of advanced technologies like improved varieties. To increase the production, productivity and quality of agricultural produce, varietal replacement are being conducted at various farmer's field. All the recommended practices were provided to the selected farmers. The data related to the cost of cultivation, production, productivity, gross return and net return were collected as per schedule and analysed. Result of the present study revealed the higher average yield in the varietal replacement demonstration was recorded (595.5 q/ha) as compared to farmers practice (288.40 q/ha) traditional adopted by the farmers. The percentage increase in the yield over farmer's 106.48 was recorded. The technology gap and extension gap were computed 159.35 and 307.10 q/ha respectively, along with 48.11 percent of technology index. The varietal replacement demonstration field gave higher average net return Rs. 587630.00 and B:C ratio is 1:5.22. The result of the study indicated the gap existed in the potential yield and demonstration yield is due to soil fertility and weather conditions. Present result clearly show that the yield and economics of elephant foot yam can be boost up by adopting recommended technologies. K e y w o r d s Amorphophallus paeoniifolius balanced fertilizers yam farming

Drying characteristics of paddy in STR dryer was studied at three air velocities 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 an... more Drying characteristics of paddy in STR dryer was studied at three air velocities 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 ms -1 respectively. Drying of paddy occurred in falling rate period. It was observed that duration of drying of paddy from 14.5 to 8 % moisture content (w.b.) was 4–6 h depending upon the source of energy used. In order to select a suitable drying curve five drying models (Exponential, Henderson and Pabis, Page, Logarithmic and Power law) were fitted to the experimental moisture ratio data. Among the mathematical models investigated, Page model best described the drying behaviour of paddy with highest coefficient of determination (r 2 ) values and least chi-square, χ 2 , mean bias error (MBE) and root mean square error (RMSE) values. Among all the drying models, Page model adequately described the drying behaviour of paddy using electrical heating source.

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology

The present study aims to determine the adaptation and impact of zero tiltage technology for whea... more The present study aims to determine the adaptation and impact of zero tiltage technology for wheat cultivation in Eastern region of Bihar. There is an increasing recognition among policy-makers of the largely untapped potential of the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) for meeting state- and national-level food needs in India. Zero-tillage (ZT) technology has been proven for enhancing wheat productivity and, hence, food security in the IGP while reducing production costs – a 'win-win' which support rapid/fast technology scaling even though adoption remains modest to date. ZT technology is well known in the form of CA, that involves continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover with crop residues or cover crops and diversified, efficient and economically viable crop rotations provide opportunities for saving on inputs, improving resource use efficiency and mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and climate change adaptation. Under the Farmers ...

In food industries, the production capacity is strongly influenced by the rate of heat transfer i... more In food industries, the production capacity is strongly influenced by the rate of heat transfer in processes such as cooling, freezing, baking, drying, toasting, thawing or chilling. A higher rate of heat transfer can increase the production rate and may improve the quality of processed foods. In freezing processes, a faster freezing rate ensures the safety of the product against microbial growth and contamination. The convective heat flow is enhanced as the fluid motion increases. Air blast cooling processes are majorly ruled by the convective heat transfer, which relates the amount of transferred energy from the product surface to the cooling air. Wide variations in convective heat transfer coefficients may occur in different positions. This work reviews the effect of air flow and product arrangement on food freezing process because of their effect on the convective heat transfer coefficient.

An easy way to calculate thermal conductivity, specific heat, density and thermal diffusivity for... more An easy way to calculate thermal conductivity, specific heat, density and thermal diffusivity for foods using the percentage contents by classes of substances (water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fibers and ash) using the MSExcel program has been presented and a comparison has been made with the available method. The comparison shows that quadratic expressions of Choi and Okos (1986) method may be replaced with the developed models, which are using straight line equations. This work utilized the MS-Excel worksheet to develop models for the thermal properties of five food components (viz: fat; protein; carbohydrate; fiber; and ash), water and ice using Choi and Okos model to generate data. The results of correlation coefficients of the generated data using the developed models, show that: the values of R2 for: thermal conductivity ranges between 0.997 and 1; thermal diffusivity ranges between 0.991 and 1; specific heat ranges between 0.995 and 0.999; while that of density is 1. The...

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the field performance of different weeders namely khurpi ... more An experiment was conducted to evaluate the field performance of different weeders namely khurpi (T-1), twine wheel hoe (T-2), push pull type cycle weeder (T-3), and a push pull type cycle weeder certain refinements (T-4). The experiments were carried out in farmer’s field along with KVK, Sabour experimental plots on HD-2967 verity of wheat in 2016-17 and 2017-18 seasons in a total area of 4 hectare. Various parameters such as Field capacity of weed management (ha/h), Weed Population/m 2 (Before and after interculturing), Yield (q/ha), Cost of cultivation (Rs./ha), Gross return (Rs/ha), Net return (Rs./ha) and B:C ratio. The field capacity of 0.002, 0.010, 0.020 and 0.035 ha/hr respectively observed for khurpi, twine wheel hoe, push pull type cycle weeder, and a push pull type cycle weeder with certain refinements. The maximum net return was found for refined cycle wheel weeder as Rs.36,394.50/ha, while minimum was recorded for Khurpi as Rs. 24,683/ha.

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2020

Early Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) is one of the important cole crops grown for ... more Early Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) is one of the important cole crops grown for fresh and processing purpose all over the India due to its wider adaptability under various agro-climatic conditions, which plays a major role in supplementing the income of small and marginal farmer of the Bhagalpur district of Bihar state. The present study was carried out at Bhagalpur district during kharif 2017-18 and 2018-19. Off season vegetable varietal replacement through Farmer FIRST Project were conducted on early cauliflower by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of early cauliflower production potential. The improved technologies consist improved variety (Sabour Agrim), balanced fertilizers (Soil test based) application and integrated pest and disease management, etc. The development of the agriculture is primarily depends on the application of the scientific technologies by making the best use of available resources. One of the...

Puddling doesn’t have much influence on rice yields. Many changes and innovations have contribute... more Puddling doesn’t have much influence on rice yields. Many changes and innovations have contributed to the expanding use of resource conserving technologies in the country. One of the most important has been the development, testing and marketing of a low cost seed-cum-fertilizer drill which can establish crops with a minimum of soil disturbance, can take best advantage of residual soil moisture and thereby reduce irrigation requirements, can help improve the timeliness of sowing, can place seed and fertilizer nutrients at suitable soil depths, and can foster the development of innovative inter-cropping systems that are particularly suitable for flood-prone and drought-prone environments. A field study was conducted during Kharif season of 2016-17 and 2017-18, to evaluate direct seeded rice options as compared to drum seeded rice, and manual transplanting of rice with an objective to improve farm productivity and efficiency. Labor saving was recorded from average of 24 in case of man...

A technology has been developed to produce corn grits: Ready-to eat food product. The steps invol... more A technology has been developed to produce corn grits: Ready-to eat food product. The steps involved cleaning and grading, moisture pre-conditioning, dry conduction heating (sand roasting) and grinding of corn. The hydration characteristics and the development of stress cracks on the corn kernel was also studied by soaking corn kernels in excess water at temperature ranging from 30 to 90 C for 1 to 1440 min. The pre-conditioned corn kernels were roasted at varying roasting process variables viz., moisture content ranging from 14-22%, sand temperature ranging from 160-200 C and roasting time from 30-150 S. A hammer mill was used for grinding experiments at three different Rpm 2645, 1975 and 1648 to investigate the effect of rpm on grits yield. Sieving kinetics tests of hammer mill product of raw and roasted corn firmed that 10 min continuous sieving by a series of standard sieves up to 1.17 mm sieve size was sufficient for obtaining desired size of particle. Particle size distributio...

This study was conducted to test and install the modified STR dryer and super grain bags to estab... more This study was conducted to test and install the modified STR dryer and super grain bags to establish post-harvest technology (PHTs) adoption and willingness to pay for PHT in selected villages of Banka and Bhagalpur districts of Bihar, India. It was observed that drying of cereal and pulses crops in STR dryer can remove the moisture up to 2-4 % in 6 to 8 hours of operation with quality retention of food material. The super grain bags were also tested which could arrest the moisture transmission up to some extent which helps in restoring the highest germination rate with better milling quality of paddy. The ample moisture migration and slight variation in lightness in super grain bags could retain the paddy quality than the other packing materials. It was found that farmer ‘awareness on post-harvest technologies is increasing, especially on dryer and super grain bags. The study concludes that PHTs have received high acceptance by farmers who have awareness and knowledge. However, th...

Sustainable agricultural development requires a control of environmental conditions. Greenhouse t... more Sustainable agricultural development requires a control of environmental conditions. Greenhouse technology, a branch of controlled environment agriculture, has experienced fast growth, mainly due to climate change and the demand of high quality fresh fruit, vegetables, herbs and flowers in developed countries. Greenhouse Technology is the technique of providing favourable environment condition to the plants. It is rather used to protect the plants from the adverse climatic conditions such as wind, cold, precepitation, excessive radiation, extreme temperature, insects and diseases. It is also of vital importance to create an ideal micro climate around the plants. Greenhouses are framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.This Book will serve for Agriculture Students undergoing undergraduate courses in India.

Agriculture is the primary occupation of our country. With the technological advancement in all s... more Agriculture is the primary occupation of our country. With the technological advancement in all spheres, agriculture has also witnessed developments with the introduction of robotics and automation. Agricultural robot or "Agribot" is a robot used for agricultural purposes. The advent of robots in agriculture drastically increased the productivity and output of agriculture in several countries. Further, the usage of robots in agriculture reduced the operating costs and lead time of agriculture. The current paper reviews the various applications of robotic agriculture in different areas of agriculture. The work also throws light on the future scope of robotic agriculture.

Food freezing is one of the most significant applications of refrigeration. In order for freezing... more Food freezing is one of the most significant applications of refrigeration. In order for freezing operations to be cost-effective, it is necessary to optimally design the refrigeration equipment. This requires estimation of the freezing times of foods. Estimation of food freezing time analytically is not possible, and numerous semi analytical methods for predicting food freezing times are available. A new method has been proposed for the prediction of freezing time and the performance of these various methods is evaluated in this paper by comparing their results to experimental freezing time data obtained from the literature. The proposed method shows error ranges upto 10 %, hence may be used for estimation of food freezing time.

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Dec 10, 2017

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Nov 10, 2017

International Journal of Chemical Studies, 2019

In the harvesting of different fruits two major methods were followed by Indian farmers that are ... more In the harvesting of different fruits two major methods were followed by Indian farmers that are manual plucking and tree shaking. The tree branches are shaken to speed up the harvesting, which results in post harvest losses due to the physical damage, stem end rot and sap bleeding in mangoes due to absence of pedicel. To overcome these local harvesting methods and to reduce the drudgery of the farmers Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour has developed five types of mango harvesters (Model A,B,C,D and E). Three harvesters (Model C,D and E) are manual operated and works on the principal of pulling/cutting, while one is power operated (Model B) which works on battery for power, and uses cutting principal, and another one (Model A) is manual-cum-power (battery) operated which uses cutting as well as pulling action for detachment of mangoes from tree branches. The local harvester harvests fruit without pedicel, whereas developed models, an improvement on the conventional harvester harvests the fruit with pedicel. The fruit harvest per hour was more in Model C (manual operated) that was (80-88 fruits/ 10 min) when compared to local harvester, manual plucking and tree shaking The number of labours per day for fruit harvesting was more in manual plucking and tree shaking, where as in developed harvester (Model C) took less labours that is (18 labours/day). Among harvesters Model C has higher efficiency over local model in labour and time saving. Model C has advantages over all the models A, B, D and E in terms of number of mangoes plucked, damages, and labour requirement.

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020

Turmeric(Curcuma longa) is one of the important spice crops grown for fresh and processing purpos... more Turmeric(Curcuma longa) is one of the important spice crops grown for fresh and processing purpose all over the India due to its wider adaptability under various agroclimatic conditions, which plays a major role in supplementing the income of small and marginal farmer of the Bhagalpur district of Bihar state. The present study was carried out atGoradih&Pirpainti block of Bhagalpur district during kharif 2017-18 and 2018-19. Varietal replacement through Farmer FIRST Project were conducted on turmeric by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of turmeric production potential. The improved technologies consist improved variety (Rajendra Sonia), balanced fertilizers (Soil test based) application and integrated pest and disease management, etc. The development of the agriculture is primarily depends on the application of the scientific technologies by making the best use of available resources. One of the major constraints of traditional turmeric farming is low productivity because of non-adoption of advanced technologies like improved varieties. To increase the production, productivity and quality of agricultural produce, varietal replacement are being conducted at various farmer's field. All the recommended practices were provided to the selected farmers. The data related to the cost of cultivation, production, productivity, gross return and net return were collected as per schedule and analysed. Result of the present study revealed the higher average yield in the varietal replacement demonstration was recorded (254.61 q/ha) as compared to farmers practice (125.20 q/ha) traditional adopted by the farmers. The percentage increase in the yield over farmer's 103.35 was recorded. The technology gap and extension gap were computed 145.39and 129.40q/ha respectively, along with 36.34 percent of technology index. The varietal replacement demonstration field gave higher average net return Rs. 653001.00 and B:C ratio is 1: 2.74. The result of the study indicated the gap existed in the potential yield and demonstration yield is due to soil fertility and weather conditions. Present result clearly show that the yield and economics of turmeric can be boost up by adopting recommended technologies. K e y w o r d s spice crops agro-climatic soil fertility weather conditions

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2021

The study was conducted to analyze the influence of yield and economic viability of tomato (Solan... more The study was conducted to analyze the influence of yield and economic viability of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) under varietal replacement demonstration in Bhagalpur District, Bihar, India during Rabi 2018-2019. Varietal adoption demonstrations were conducted on tomato by the active participation of the farmers. The improved technologies consist disease resistant variety (Kashi Vishesh), balanced fertilizers (Soil test based) application and integrated pest and disease management, etc. (All the recommended practices were provided to the selected farmers. The data related to the cost of cultivation, production, productivity, gross return and net return were collected as per scheduled and analysed. Results of the study revealed the higher yield in the demonstrations was recorded (498 q/ha) as compared to farmers practice traditional adopted by the farmers (396 q/ha). The percentage increase in the yield over farmer’s practice 25.75 was recorded. The technology gap, extension ga...

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Feb 10, 2020

Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) is one of the important tuber crops grown for fr... more Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) is one of the important tuber crops grown for fresh and processing purpose all over the India due to its wider adaptability under various agro-climatic conditions, which plays a major role in supplementing the income of small and marginal farmer of the Bhagalpur district of Bihar state. The present study was carried out at Bhagalpur district during kharif 2017-18 and 2018-19. Varietal replacement through Farmer FIRST Project were conducted on elephant foot yam by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of elephant foot yam production potential. The improved technologies consist improved variety (Gajendra), balanced fertilizers (Soil test based) application and integrated pest and disease management, etc. The development of the agriculture is primarily depends on the application of the scientific technologies by making the best use of available resources. One of the major constraints of traditional elephant foot yam farming is low productivity because of non-adoption of advanced technologies like improved varieties. To increase the production, productivity and quality of agricultural produce, varietal replacement are being conducted at various farmer's field. All the recommended practices were provided to the selected farmers. The data related to the cost of cultivation, production, productivity, gross return and net return were collected as per schedule and analysed. Result of the present study revealed the higher average yield in the varietal replacement demonstration was recorded (595.5 q/ha) as compared to farmers practice (288.40 q/ha) traditional adopted by the farmers. The percentage increase in the yield over farmer's 106.48 was recorded. The technology gap and extension gap were computed 159.35 and 307.10 q/ha respectively, along with 48.11 percent of technology index. The varietal replacement demonstration field gave higher average net return Rs. 587630.00 and B:C ratio is 1:5.22. The result of the study indicated the gap existed in the potential yield and demonstration yield is due to soil fertility and weather conditions. Present result clearly show that the yield and economics of elephant foot yam can be boost up by adopting recommended technologies. K e y w o r d s Amorphophallus paeoniifolius balanced fertilizers yam farming

Drying characteristics of paddy in STR dryer was studied at three air velocities 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 an... more Drying characteristics of paddy in STR dryer was studied at three air velocities 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 ms -1 respectively. Drying of paddy occurred in falling rate period. It was observed that duration of drying of paddy from 14.5 to 8 % moisture content (w.b.) was 4–6 h depending upon the source of energy used. In order to select a suitable drying curve five drying models (Exponential, Henderson and Pabis, Page, Logarithmic and Power law) were fitted to the experimental moisture ratio data. Among the mathematical models investigated, Page model best described the drying behaviour of paddy with highest coefficient of determination (r 2 ) values and least chi-square, χ 2 , mean bias error (MBE) and root mean square error (RMSE) values. Among all the drying models, Page model adequately described the drying behaviour of paddy using electrical heating source.

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology

The present study aims to determine the adaptation and impact of zero tiltage technology for whea... more The present study aims to determine the adaptation and impact of zero tiltage technology for wheat cultivation in Eastern region of Bihar. There is an increasing recognition among policy-makers of the largely untapped potential of the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) for meeting state- and national-level food needs in India. Zero-tillage (ZT) technology has been proven for enhancing wheat productivity and, hence, food security in the IGP while reducing production costs – a 'win-win' which support rapid/fast technology scaling even though adoption remains modest to date. ZT technology is well known in the form of CA, that involves continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover with crop residues or cover crops and diversified, efficient and economically viable crop rotations provide opportunities for saving on inputs, improving resource use efficiency and mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and climate change adaptation. Under the Farmers ...

In food industries, the production capacity is strongly influenced by the rate of heat transfer i... more In food industries, the production capacity is strongly influenced by the rate of heat transfer in processes such as cooling, freezing, baking, drying, toasting, thawing or chilling. A higher rate of heat transfer can increase the production rate and may improve the quality of processed foods. In freezing processes, a faster freezing rate ensures the safety of the product against microbial growth and contamination. The convective heat flow is enhanced as the fluid motion increases. Air blast cooling processes are majorly ruled by the convective heat transfer, which relates the amount of transferred energy from the product surface to the cooling air. Wide variations in convective heat transfer coefficients may occur in different positions. This work reviews the effect of air flow and product arrangement on food freezing process because of their effect on the convective heat transfer coefficient.

An easy way to calculate thermal conductivity, specific heat, density and thermal diffusivity for... more An easy way to calculate thermal conductivity, specific heat, density and thermal diffusivity for foods using the percentage contents by classes of substances (water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fibers and ash) using the MSExcel program has been presented and a comparison has been made with the available method. The comparison shows that quadratic expressions of Choi and Okos (1986) method may be replaced with the developed models, which are using straight line equations. This work utilized the MS-Excel worksheet to develop models for the thermal properties of five food components (viz: fat; protein; carbohydrate; fiber; and ash), water and ice using Choi and Okos model to generate data. The results of correlation coefficients of the generated data using the developed models, show that: the values of R2 for: thermal conductivity ranges between 0.997 and 1; thermal diffusivity ranges between 0.991 and 1; specific heat ranges between 0.995 and 0.999; while that of density is 1. The...

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the field performance of different weeders namely khurpi ... more An experiment was conducted to evaluate the field performance of different weeders namely khurpi (T-1), twine wheel hoe (T-2), push pull type cycle weeder (T-3), and a push pull type cycle weeder certain refinements (T-4). The experiments were carried out in farmer’s field along with KVK, Sabour experimental plots on HD-2967 verity of wheat in 2016-17 and 2017-18 seasons in a total area of 4 hectare. Various parameters such as Field capacity of weed management (ha/h), Weed Population/m 2 (Before and after interculturing), Yield (q/ha), Cost of cultivation (Rs./ha), Gross return (Rs/ha), Net return (Rs./ha) and B:C ratio. The field capacity of 0.002, 0.010, 0.020 and 0.035 ha/hr respectively observed for khurpi, twine wheel hoe, push pull type cycle weeder, and a push pull type cycle weeder with certain refinements. The maximum net return was found for refined cycle wheel weeder as Rs.36,394.50/ha, while minimum was recorded for Khurpi as Rs. 24,683/ha.

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2020

Early Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) is one of the important cole crops grown for ... more Early Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) is one of the important cole crops grown for fresh and processing purpose all over the India due to its wider adaptability under various agro-climatic conditions, which plays a major role in supplementing the income of small and marginal farmer of the Bhagalpur district of Bihar state. The present study was carried out at Bhagalpur district during kharif 2017-18 and 2018-19. Off season vegetable varietal replacement through Farmer FIRST Project were conducted on early cauliflower by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of early cauliflower production potential. The improved technologies consist improved variety (Sabour Agrim), balanced fertilizers (Soil test based) application and integrated pest and disease management, etc. The development of the agriculture is primarily depends on the application of the scientific technologies by making the best use of available resources. One of the...

Puddling doesn’t have much influence on rice yields. Many changes and innovations have contribute... more Puddling doesn’t have much influence on rice yields. Many changes and innovations have contributed to the expanding use of resource conserving technologies in the country. One of the most important has been the development, testing and marketing of a low cost seed-cum-fertilizer drill which can establish crops with a minimum of soil disturbance, can take best advantage of residual soil moisture and thereby reduce irrigation requirements, can help improve the timeliness of sowing, can place seed and fertilizer nutrients at suitable soil depths, and can foster the development of innovative inter-cropping systems that are particularly suitable for flood-prone and drought-prone environments. A field study was conducted during Kharif season of 2016-17 and 2017-18, to evaluate direct seeded rice options as compared to drum seeded rice, and manual transplanting of rice with an objective to improve farm productivity and efficiency. Labor saving was recorded from average of 24 in case of man...

A technology has been developed to produce corn grits: Ready-to eat food product. The steps invol... more A technology has been developed to produce corn grits: Ready-to eat food product. The steps involved cleaning and grading, moisture pre-conditioning, dry conduction heating (sand roasting) and grinding of corn. The hydration characteristics and the development of stress cracks on the corn kernel was also studied by soaking corn kernels in excess water at temperature ranging from 30 to 90 C for 1 to 1440 min. The pre-conditioned corn kernels were roasted at varying roasting process variables viz., moisture content ranging from 14-22%, sand temperature ranging from 160-200 C and roasting time from 30-150 S. A hammer mill was used for grinding experiments at three different Rpm 2645, 1975 and 1648 to investigate the effect of rpm on grits yield. Sieving kinetics tests of hammer mill product of raw and roasted corn firmed that 10 min continuous sieving by a series of standard sieves up to 1.17 mm sieve size was sufficient for obtaining desired size of particle. Particle size distributio...

This study was conducted to test and install the modified STR dryer and super grain bags to estab... more This study was conducted to test and install the modified STR dryer and super grain bags to establish post-harvest technology (PHTs) adoption and willingness to pay for PHT in selected villages of Banka and Bhagalpur districts of Bihar, India. It was observed that drying of cereal and pulses crops in STR dryer can remove the moisture up to 2-4 % in 6 to 8 hours of operation with quality retention of food material. The super grain bags were also tested which could arrest the moisture transmission up to some extent which helps in restoring the highest germination rate with better milling quality of paddy. The ample moisture migration and slight variation in lightness in super grain bags could retain the paddy quality than the other packing materials. It was found that farmer ‘awareness on post-harvest technologies is increasing, especially on dryer and super grain bags. The study concludes that PHTs have received high acceptance by farmers who have awareness and knowledge. However, th...

Sustainable agricultural development requires a control of environmental conditions. Greenhouse t... more Sustainable agricultural development requires a control of environmental conditions. Greenhouse technology, a branch of controlled environment agriculture, has experienced fast growth, mainly due to climate change and the demand of high quality fresh fruit, vegetables, herbs and flowers in developed countries. Greenhouse Technology is the technique of providing favourable environment condition to the plants. It is rather used to protect the plants from the adverse climatic conditions such as wind, cold, precepitation, excessive radiation, extreme temperature, insects and diseases. It is also of vital importance to create an ideal micro climate around the plants. Greenhouses are framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.This Book will serve for Agriculture Students undergoing undergraduate courses in India.

Agriculture is the primary occupation of our country. With the technological advancement in all s... more Agriculture is the primary occupation of our country. With the technological advancement in all spheres, agriculture has also witnessed developments with the introduction of robotics and automation. Agricultural robot or "Agribot" is a robot used for agricultural purposes. The advent of robots in agriculture drastically increased the productivity and output of agriculture in several countries. Further, the usage of robots in agriculture reduced the operating costs and lead time of agriculture. The current paper reviews the various applications of robotic agriculture in different areas of agriculture. The work also throws light on the future scope of robotic agriculture.

Food freezing is one of the most significant applications of refrigeration. In order for freezing... more Food freezing is one of the most significant applications of refrigeration. In order for freezing operations to be cost-effective, it is necessary to optimally design the refrigeration equipment. This requires estimation of the freezing times of foods. Estimation of food freezing time analytically is not possible, and numerous semi analytical methods for predicting food freezing times are available. A new method has been proposed for the prediction of freezing time and the performance of these various methods is evaluated in this paper by comparing their results to experimental freezing time data obtained from the literature. The proposed method shows error ranges upto 10 %, hence may be used for estimation of food freezing time.

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Dec 10, 2017

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Nov 10, 2017