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Books by Sabine Reinhold

Research paper thumbnail of Der bronzezeitliche Großgrabhügel der Nekropole Rasševatskij-1 in der Steppe des Vorkaukasus. Большой курган эпохи бронзы могильника Расшеватский-1 в степном Предкавказье

Archäologie in Eurasien 41, 2023

Caucasus by Sabine Reinhold

Research paper thumbnail of A biomolecular perspective on mobile pastoralism and its role in wider socioeconomic connections in the Chalcolithic South Caucasus

iScience 28, 112544, June 20, 2025

Highlights • Integration of Zooarchaeology, archaeobotany, ZooMS, and stable isotope data • Subsi... more Highlights • Integration of Zooarchaeology, archaeobotany, ZooMS, and stable isotope data • Subsistence economy focused on sheep and goats herding • Low-investment plant cultivation and opportunistic foraging

Research paper thumbnail of S. Reinhold 2024, Living with the vertical – models for mountain archaeology in southwest Asian highlands

In: S. Maziar/B. Helwing (Hrsg.), Appropriating height. Movement and mobility in highland landsca... more In: S. Maziar/B. Helwing (Hrsg.), Appropriating height. Movement and mobility in highland landscapes of (Leiden 2024) 19–42.

Research paper thumbnail of S. Reinhold 2024, Der Kaukasus und die eurasische Steppe – Konjunkturen einer kulturellen Kontaktzone während der Bronze- und frühen Eisenzeit

In: J. Schneeweiß/M. Nawroth/H. Piezonka/H. Schwarzberg (Hrsg.), Man sieht nur, was man weiß. Man... more In: J. Schneeweiß/M. Nawroth/H. Piezonka/H. Schwarzberg (Hrsg.), Man sieht nur, was man weiß. Man weiß nur, was man sieht. Globalhistorische Perspektiven auf interkulturelle Phänomene der Mobilität : Festschrift für Hermann Parzinger zum 65. Geburtstag. Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa 33 (Rahden/Westf. 2024) 449–472.

Research paper thumbnail of Reinhold, S. 2024, Der Kaukasus und die eurasische Steppe – Konjunkturen einer kulturellen Kontaktzone während der Bronze- und frühen Eisenzeit

In: J. Schneeweiß/M. Nawroth/H. Piezonka/H. Schwarzberg (Hrsg.), Man sieht nur, was man weiß. Man... more In: J. Schneeweiß/M. Nawroth/H. Piezonka/H. Schwarzberg (Hrsg.), Man sieht nur, was man weiß. Man weiß nur, was man sieht. Globalhistorische Perspektiven auf interkulturelle Phänomene der Mobilität : Festschrift für Hermann Parzinger zum 65. Geburtstag. Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa 33 (Rahden/Westf. 2024) 449–472.

Research paper thumbnail of Ghalichi et al. 2024 The rise and transformation of Bronze Age pastoralists in the Caucasus

Ghalichi, Ayshin, Sabine Reinhold et al. 2024. The Rise and Transformation of Bronze Age Pastoralists in the Caucasus. , 2024

The Caucasus and surrounding areas, with their rich metal resources, became a crucible of the Bro... more The Caucasus and surrounding areas, with their rich metal resources, became a crucible of the Bronze Age 1 and the birthplace of the earliest steppe pastoralist societies 2 . Yet, despite this region having a large influence on the subsequent development of Europe and Asia, questions remain regarding its hunter-gatherer past and its formation of expansionist mobile steppe societies . Here we present new genome-wide data for 131 individuals from 38 archaeological sites spanning 6,000 years. We find a strong genetic differentiation between populations north and south of the Caucasus mountains during the Mesolithic, with Eastern hunter-gatherer ancestry in the north, and a distinct Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry 7 with increasing East Anatolian farmer admixture in the south. During the subsequent Eneolithic period, we observe the formation of the characteristic West Eurasian steppe ancestry and heightened interaction between the mountain and steppe regions, facilitated by technological developments of the Maykop cultural complex 8 . By contrast, the peak of pastoralist activities and territorial expansions during the Early and Middle Bronze Age is characterized by long-term genetic stability. The Late Bronze Age marks another period of gene flow from multiple distinct sources that coincides with a decline of steppe cultures, followed by a transformation and absorption of the steppe ancestry into highland populations. The Caucasus region and surrounding areas lie at the interface of Europe and Asia. By the mid-Holocene, the Greater Caucasus Mountain range functioned as a semipermeable barrier through which ideas, technologies, languages and people moved 1 . The wide variety of climate zones in the topographically complex South Caucasus supported a high level of biodiversity, whereas the mountain highlands and hilly piedmont zones in the North Caucasus transitioned into the flat open grasslands of the West Eurasian steppe belt 9 . With its diverse ecologies and rich metal resources, the Caucasus region became a crucible of the Bronze Age (BA) and the birthplace of the earliest steppe pastoralist societies during the fourth millennium bc (ref. 2). The subsequent continental expansions of these steppe pastoralist groups over the next two millennia ultimately reshaped the genetic make-up, languages and cultural trajectories of much of Eurasia 10,11 . However, their emergence out of local hunter-gatherer groups and connections to nascent farming communities in the Fertile Crescent remain poorly understood, as does their ultimate disappearance in the second millennium bc. We report new genome-wide data for 131 individuals from 38 archaeological sites and 84 new radiocarbon dates across and around the Caucasus region, including the piedmont and steppe zones, tripling the available genomic data (Fig. and Supplementary Tables and). The genetic time transect covers about 6,000 years, ranging from the Mesolithic and Neolithic (seventh and sixth millennia bc, n = 7), Eneolithic (fifth millennium bc, n = 11), Late Eneolithic and Early BA (EBA; fourth millennium bc, n = 20), EBA and Middle BA (MBA; third millennium bc, n = 51), to the final MBA and Late BA (LBA; second millennium bc, n = 42; Supplementary Table ). Individuals (n = 26) who did not meet the quality criteria were excluded (Methods). The final dataset for population genetic analyses included 102 unrelated individuals, who were combined with published ancient and modern-day individuals (Supplementary Tables ). First we carried out principal component analysis (PCA) and ADMIX-TURE analysis to qualitatively assess the genetic affinities of the ancient

Research paper thumbnail of Reinhold, Sabine. 2024. Chapter 6. Mobile or Settled? Vectors of Economic and Social Amplification Among Pastoral Communities of the Late Bronze Age in the North Caucasus.

Reinhold, Sabine. 2024. Chapter 6. Mobile or Settled? Vectors of Economic and Social Amplification Among Pastoral Communities of the Late Bronze Age in the North Caucasus.

Reinhold, Sabine. 2024. Chapter 6. Mobile or Settled? Vectors of Economic and Social Amplification Among Pastoral Communities of the Late Bronze Age in the North Caucasus. , 2024

In Mobile Pastoralist Households: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, edited by ... more In Mobile Pastoralist Households: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, edited by Jean-Luc Houle. 1st ed., 159–90. New York, NY: Berghahn Books Incorporated.

Research paper thumbnail of Reinhold et al. 2023, At the onset of settled pastoralism -Implications of archaeozoological and isotope analyses from Bronze age sites in the North Caucasus

Quaternary International

Bioarchaeological studies provide a valuable contribution to the understanding of the economy and... more Bioarchaeological studies provide a valuable contribution to the understanding of the economy and activities of prehistoric populations in mountain regions. The Late Bronze Age in the Caucasus is an epoch of fundamental transformations that is accompanied by the development of a semi-stationary pastoral economy and ultimately by the emergence of combined mountain agriculture. So far, only a few archaeozoological assemblages from this period have been published. The site of Ransyrt-1 in the North Caucasus offers a substantial collection of bone material from the remains of a mountain sanctuary. Analysis of the animal remains as well as preliminary isotopic analyses of strontium, oxygen, and carbon shed light on animal exploitation at this site. Comparisons with slightly later settlements in the North and South Caucasus illustrate the development of intensive livestock management strategies in the Late Bronze Age in this region at the interface between Southwest Asia and the Eurasian steppe.

Research paper thumbnail of Reinhold, Sabine, Andrej B. Belinskij, and Dmitrij S. Korobov. 2023. Mountain Archaeology of the Bronze Age Caucasus – from Vertical Pastoralism to Combined Mountain Economy and Mountain Farming.

Reinhold, Sabine, Andrej B. Belinskij, and Dmitrij S. Korobov. 2023. Mountain Archaeology of the Bronze Age Caucasus – from Vertical Pastoralism to Combined Mountain Economy and Mountain Farming.

Reinhold, Sabine, Andrej B. Belinskij, and Dmitrij S. Korobov. 2023. Mountain Archaeology of the Bronze Age Caucasus – from Vertical Pastoralism to Combined Mountain Economy and Mountain Farming. , 2023

In IEMA Volume 10 - Archaeology of Mountain Landscapes: Interdisciplinary Research Strategies of ... more In IEMA Volume 10 - Archaeology of Mountain Landscapes: Interdisciplinary Research Strategies of Agro-Pastoralism in Upland Regions, edited by Arnau Garcia-Molsosa, 153–77. Buffalo: Sunny Press.

Research paper thumbnail of Reinhold, Sabine. 2021. Chronologies for the Koban Culture: Towards the Construction of Supraregional Chronological Horizons in the North Caucasian Early Iron Age.

Reinhold, Sabine. 2021. Chronologies for the Koban Culture: Towards the Construction of Supraregional Chronological Horizons in the North Caucasian Early Iron Age. , 2021

This volume contains the results of the "1 st International Conference. Time and Materiality. Per... more This volume contains the results of the "1 st International Conference. Time and Materiality. Periodization and Regional Chronologies at the Transition from Bronze to Iron Age in Eurasia (1200-600 BCE)". This conference took place 19-21 March 2018 at Freie Universität Berlin (FU) and was supported by the Einstein Center Chronoi. It was organized by Prof. Dr. Wolfram Schier and Prof. Dr. Elke Kaiser (both Institute for Prehistoric Archaeology at the FU) as well as Dr. Olga Shcheglova and Dr. Maya Kashuba (both Institute for the History of Material Culture at the Russian Academy of Sciences). The idea for this conference was developed on the basis of joint projects between the two universities in Berlin and Saint Petersburg that took place in 2013 and 2015 as part of the Strategic Partnerships Program at the FU's Center for International Cooperation. basis of periodizations and temporal systematics in various large regions. The transition from the Bronze Age to the initiated a debate on the validity of relative and regional chronologies and their applicability across national borders. The historiographic foundations are periodizations that were established at a relatively early point in time in the late 19 th or early 20 th i.e. under the following main issues: • The transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age can either be seen as a time of upheaval or as a period of continuous development. • the new data framework. • The introduction of a new metal (iron) provides the basis for the distinction of cultural-historical periods. • The possibility of transfer of a periodization designed and established for a certain (major) region to another space. aspects mentioned above and highlighting the particularities of the respective larger areas. Even though some of the that a broad-ranging overview of cultural and historical processes during this period is presented. to thank all reviewers for their constructive criticism that was so important for the realization of this book. Only the print his lecture text here with a few literature additions.

Research paper thumbnail of Reinhold, Belinskij, Atabiev 2020,The Late Bronze Age in the North Caucasus

Der Kaukasus zwischen Osteuropa und Vorderem Orient in der Bronze- und Eisenzeit. Dialog der Kulturen, Kultur des Dialoges, 2020

[Research paper thumbnail of Analysen stabiler Isotope zur Ernährungsrekonstruktion von bronzezeitlichen Individuen aus Kurgan 2, Ipatovo, Russland [Dietary reconstruction of Bronze Age individuals from Kurgan 2, Ipatovo, Russia, using stable isotope analysis](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/103772466/thumbnails/1.jpg)

Analysen stabiler Kohlenstoff-und Stickstoffisotope an Skelettmaterial ermöglichen die Rekonstruk... more Analysen stabiler Kohlenstoff-und Stickstoffisotope an Skelettmaterial ermöglichen die Rekonstruktion der Ernährung von Mensch und Tier in der Vergangenheit. Nahe der Stadt Ipatovo, Region Stavropol, Russland, wurde 1998/99 ein Grossgrabhügel (Kurgan) der "Grabhügelgruppe 3" ausgegraben. In Kurgan 2 wurden 195 Gräber erfasst, von denen 34 in die Bronzezeit, d.h. den Zeitraum vom späten 4. bis zum Ende des 2. Jt. v.Chr., datieren. In einer Bachelorarbeit an der Universität Basel wurde die Ernährungsweise der 36 bronzezeitlichen Individuen des Kurgans mit Hilfe von Isotopenanalysen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen für die Früh-und Spätbronzezeit die Tendenz zu einem Mischkonsum von C3und C4-Pflanzen. Entweder wurden C4-Pflanzen direkt konsumiert oder Produkte von Tieren verzehrt, die sich zumindest teilweise von C4-Pflanzen ernährten. Dieser Einfluss ist für die Mittelbronzezeit nicht erkennbar. Die Stickstoffisotopenverhältnisse legen nahe, dass die Produkte terrestrischer Tiere einen Hauptbestandteil der Ernährung ausmachten, wobei ein zusätzlicher Konsum von Süsswasserfisch denkbar ist. Insgesamt gibt es weder zwischen den Geschlechtern noch zwischen Gräbern mit oder ohne aussergewöhnliche Ausstattung auffällige Unterschiede in der Ernährung.

Research paper thumbnail of Reinhold et al 2021, Umweltarchive und Archaologie im Kaukasus

Umweltarchive und Archäologie im Kaukasus: Neue Methoden in der archäologischen Klimaforschung

Research paper thumbnail of Reinhold, Belinskij 2020, Neue Orte für eine neue Kultur... Kaukasus am Beginn der Spätbronzezeit MKT17 13 Reinhold-Belinskij

Kontaktmodi. Ergebnisse der gemeinsamen Treffen der Arbeitsgruppen "Mobilität und Migration" und "Zonen der Interaktion", (2013-2018). Menschen, Kulturen, Traditionen, 2020

Die Wallanalge von Ransyrt 1 vom Tal des Podkumok aus gesehen, durch das heute eine der wichtigst... more Die Wallanalge von Ransyrt 1 vom Tal des Podkumok aus gesehen, durch das heute eine der wichtigsten Routen zu den Pässen des westlichen Kaukasus führt * Gefördert durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft RE 2688/2.

Research paper thumbnail of Neolithic ring monuments in the northern Caucasus - The easternmost prehistoric rondels in Europe? IN: "Virtual Archaeology (nondestructive methods of prospections, modeling, reconstructions)"

Research paper thumbnail of Time versus Ritual - Typological Structures and Mortuary Practices in Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Cemeteries of North-East Caucasia ('Koban Culture')

Time versus Ritual - Typological Structures and Mortuary Practices in Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Cemeteries of North-East Caucasia ('Koban Culture')

Interfacing the Past Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Caa95 Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 28 Ii 1996 Isbn 90 73368 10 3 Pags 195 202, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of Spätbronzezeitliche Fundplätze im kaukasischen Hochgebirge

Research paper thumbnail of Pyrometamorphic process of ceramic composite materials in pottery production in the Bronze/Iron Age of the Northern Caucasus (Russia)

Scientific Reports

pyrotechnology for the prehistoric pottery has been an important subject for the study of ancient... more pyrotechnology for the prehistoric pottery has been an important subject for the study of ancient production technology and technological styles. However, heterogeneous characteristics in chemical and mineralogical compositions and massive amounts of ceramic sherds at most archaeological sites make it difficult to identify production technologies. In this study, SEM-EDS/WDS, XRD and transmittance and reflectance FT-IR techniques were employed step by step, in order to overcome these limitations. the serial combination of each method covers a macro-, meso-and micro-scale and it enabled us to identify the relationship between firing temperature, reducing or oxidizing atmosphere and thermally induced mobility of Ca and Fe. Numerous ceramic pottery sherds from two archaeological sites in the North Caucasus, Ransyrt 1 (Middle-Late Bronze Age) and Kabardinka 2 (Late Bronze/Early Iron Age) were investigated and compared to the ceramics found at Levinsadovka and Saf'janovo around the Sea of Azov, Russia (Late/Final Bronze Age) for this purpose. Morphological changes by sintering and transformation of indicator minerals such as calcite, hematite, spinel, gehlenite, quartz and cis/trans-vacant 1M illite provide temperature thresholds at 675, 700, 750, 950, 1050, 1100, 1300 °C. With the laboratory based FT-IR, vibrational changes in shape, wavenumber and intensity corresponding to Si-O stretching bands yield an order and classification of the ceramics with regard to firing conditions between the samples as well as the unraveling of temperature profiles within a single sample in a 100 µm scale. With this approach, the number of archaeological ceramics could be classified according to the pyrometamorphic transformation of heterogeneous ceramic composite materials. Combined with the archaeological contexts of each site, these results will contribute to the reconstruction of local technological styles.

Research paper thumbnail of Using Y-chromosome capture enrichment to resolve haplogroup H2 shows new evidence for a two-Path Neolithic expansion to Western Europe

Using Y-chromosome capture enrichment to resolve haplogroup H2 shows new evidence for a two-Path Neolithic expansion to Western Europe

Uniparentally-inherited markers on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the non-recombining regions of t... more Uniparentally-inherited markers on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the non-recombining regions of the Y chromosome (NRY), have been used for the past 30 years to investigate the history of humans from a maternal and paternal perspective.Researchers have preferred mtDNA due to its abundance in the cells, and comparatively high substitution rate. Conversely, the NRY is less susceptible to back mutations and saturation, and is potentially more informative than mtDNA owing to its longer sequence length. However, due to comparatively poor NRY coverage via shotgun sequencing, and the relatively low and biased representation of Y-chromosome variants on capture arrays such as the 1240K, ancient DNA studies often fail to utilize the unique perspective that the NRY can yield.Here we introduce a new DNA enrichment assay, coined YMCA (Y-mappable capture assay), that targets the “mappable” regions of the NRY. We show that compared to low-coverage shotgun sequencing and 1240K capture, YMCA signific...

Research paper thumbnail of The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

Nature

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, mode... more Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled char...