Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers (original) (raw)
Accession codes
Accessions
European Nucleotide Archive
Data deposits
The raw Illumina read data for all samples has been deposited in the EBI European Nucleotide Archive under the accession number ERP003612.
References
- World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Fact sheet no. 311; http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ (2006)
- Kelly, T., Yang, W., Chen, C. S., Reynolds, K. & He, J. Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030. Int. J. Obes. 32, 1431–1437 (2008)
Article CAS Google Scholar - Stunkard, A. J., Harris, J. R., Pedersen, N. L. & McClearn, G. E. The body-mass index of twins who have been reared apart. N. Engl. J. Med. 322, 1483–1487 (1990)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Allison, D. B. et al. The heritability of body mass index among an international sample of monozygotic twins reared apart. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 20, 501–506 (1996)
CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Maes, H. H., Neale, M. C. & Eaves, L. J. Genetic and environmental factors in relative body weight and human adiposity. Behav. Genet. 27, 325–351 (1997)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Speliotes, E. K. et al. Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. Nature Genet. 42, 937–948 (2010)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Frayling, T. M. et al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. Science 316, 889–894 (2007)
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Loos, R. J. et al. Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity. Nature Genet. 40, 768–775 (2008)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Willer, C. J. et al. Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation. Nature Genet. 41, 25–34 (2009)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Thorleifsson, G. et al. Genome-wide association yields new sequence variants at seven loci that associate with measures of obesity. Nature Genet. 41, 18–24 (2009)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Heid, I. M. et al. Meta-analysis identifies 13 new loci associated with waist-hip ratio and reveals sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution. Nature Genet. 42, 949–960 (2010)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Lindgren, C. M. et al. Genome-wide association scan meta-analysis identifies three Loci influencing adiposity and fat distribution. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000508 (2009)
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar - Ley, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S. & Gordon, J. I. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 444, 1022–1023 (2006)
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Furet, J. P. et al. Differential adaptation of human gut microbiota to bariatric surgery-induced weight loss: links with metabolic and low-grade inflammation markers. Diabetes 59, 3049–3057 (2010)
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Duncan, S. H. et al. Human colonic microbiota associated with diet, obesity and weight loss. Int. J. Obes. 32, 1720–1724 (2008)
Article CAS Google Scholar - Schwiertz, A. et al. Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects. Obesity 18, 190–195 (2010)
Article PubMed Google Scholar - Turnbaugh, P. J. et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 457, 480–484 (2009)
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Backhed, F. et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 15718–15723 (2004)
Article ADS PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar - Ley, R. E. et al. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 11070–11075 (2005)
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Turnbaugh, P. J., Backhed, F., Fulton, L. & Gordon, J. I. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe 3, 213–223 (2008)
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Turnbaugh, P. J. et al. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444, 1027–1031 (2006)
Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar - Qin, J. et al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 464, 59–65 (2010)
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Arumugam, M. et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 473, 174–180 (2011)
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Cotillard, A. et al. Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness. Nature http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12480 (this issue)
- Rajilić-Stojanovic, M. et al. Development and application of the human intestinal tract chip, a phylogenetic microarray: analysis of universally conserved phylotypes in the abundant microbiota of young and elderly adults. Environ. Microbiol. 11, 1736–1751 (2009)
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar - Manichanh, C. et al. Reduced diversity of faecal microbiota in Crohn’s disease revealed by a metagenomic approach. Gut 55, 205–211 (2006)
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Lepage, P. et al. Twin study indicates loss of interaction between microbiota and mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 141, 227–236 (2011)
Article PubMed Google Scholar - Claesson, M. J. et al. Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly. Nature 488, 178–184 (2012)
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Costello, E. K. et al. Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time. Science 326, 1694–1697 (2009)
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Cho, I. et al. Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity. Nature 488, 621–626 (2012)
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Vijay-Kumar, M. et al. Metabolic syndrome and altered gut microbiota in mice lacking Toll-like receptor 5. Science 328, 228–231 (2010)
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Yatsunenko, T. et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 486, 222–227 (2012)
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Sokol, H. et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 16731–16736 (2008)
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Devillard, E., McIntosh, F. M., Duncan, S. H. & Wallace, R. J. Metabolism of linoleic acid by human gut bacteria: different routes for biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid. J. Bacteriol. 189, 2566–2570 (2007)
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Png, C. W. et al. Mucolytic bacteria with increased prevalence in IBD mucosa augment in vitro utilization of mucin by other bacteria. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105, 2420–2428 (2010)
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Swidsinski, A., Weber, J., Loening-Baucke, V., Hale, L. P. & Lochs, H. Spatial organization and composition of the mucosal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 3380–3389 (2005)
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Joossens, M. et al. Dysbiosis of the faecal microbiota in patients with Crohn’s disease and their unaffected relatives. Gut 60, 631–637 (2011)
Article PubMed Google Scholar - Yang, B. et al. Unsupervised binning of environmental genomic fragments based on an error robust selection of l-mers. BMC Bioinformatics 11 (suppl. 2). S5 (2010)
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Qin, J. et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490, 55–60 (2012)
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Chevaleyre, Y., Koriche, F. & Zucker, J.-D. Rounding methods for discrete linear classification. Proc. 30th Int. Conf. Machine Learning (ICML-13) 651–659 (2013)
- Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. B 57, 289–300 (1995)
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar - Wu, G. D. et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 334, 105–108 (2011)
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Ouchi, N., Parker, J. L., Lugus, J. J. & Walsh, K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nature Rev. Immunol. 11, 85–97 (2011)
Article CAS Google Scholar - Shoelson, S. E., Lee, J. & Goldfine, A. B. Inflammation and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 116, 1793–1801 (2006)
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Backhed, F., Ley, R. E., Sonnenburg, J. L., Peterson, D. A. & Gordon, J. I. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 307, 1915–1920 (2005)
Article ADS PubMed CAS Google Scholar - Backhed, F., Manchester, J. K., Semenkovich, C. F. & Gordon, J. I. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 979–984 (2007)
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar - Mandard, S. et al. The fasting-induced adipose factor/angiopoietin-like protein 4 is physically associated with lipoproteins and governs plasma lipid levels and adiposity. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 934–944 (2006)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Membrez, M. et al. Gut microbiota modulation with norfloxacin and ampicillin enhances glucose tolerance in mice. FASEB J. 22, 2416–2426 (2008)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Ajslev, T. A., Andersen, C. S., Gamborg, M., Sorensen, T. I. & Jess, T. Childhood overweight after establishment of the gut microbiota: the role of delivery mode, pre-pregnancy weight and early administration of antibiotics. Int. J. Obes. 35, 522–529 (2011)
Article CAS Google Scholar - Sun, Y. et al. Advanced computational algorithms for microbial community analysis using massive 16S rRNA sequence data. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, e205 (2010)
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar - Jørgensen, T. et al. A randomized non-pharmacological intervention study for prevention of ischaemic heart disease: baseline results Inter99. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 10, 377–386 (2003)
Article PubMed Google Scholar - World Health Organization. Preventing and managing the globalepidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser. 894, 1–253 (2000)
- Treuth, M. S., Hunter, G. R. & Kekes-Szabo, T. Estimating intraabdominal adipose tissue in women by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, 527–532 (1995)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Matthews, D. R. et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28, 412–419 (1985)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Li, R. et al. SOAP2: an improved ultrafast tool for short read alignment. Bioinformatics 25, 1966–1967 (2009)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Jensen, L. J. et al. eggNOG: automated construction and annotation of orthologous groups of genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, D250–D254 (2008)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar - Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M. & Tanabe, M. KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, D109–D114 (2012)
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank A. Forman, T. Lorentzen, B. Andreasen, G. J. Klavsen and M. M. Andersen for technical assistance; A. L. Nielsen, G. Lademann and M. M. H. Kristensen for management assistance, K. Kiil for discussions and assistance, and A. Walker for comments on the manuscript. This research has received funding from European Community’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013): MetaHIT, grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201052. Additional funding came from The Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalized Disease Prediction, Prevention and Care (LuCamp, http://www.lucamp.org), ANR MicroObes, the Metagenopolis grant ANR-11-DPBS-0001, Region Ile de France (CODDIM) and Fondacoeur. The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research is an independent Research Center at the University of Copenhagen partially funded by an unrestricted donation from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (http://www.metabol.ku.dk).
Author information
Author notes
- Emmanuelle Le Chatelier, Trine Nielsen, Junjie Qin and Edi Prifti: These authors contributed equally to this work.
Authors and Affiliations
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, US1367 Metagenopolis, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France,
Emmanuelle Le Chatelier, Edi Prifti, Mathieu Almeida, Jean-Michel Batto, Sean Kennedy, Pierre Leonard, Florence Levenez, Nicolas Pons, Julien Tap, Joël Doré & S. Dusko Ehrlich - The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark,
Trine Nielsen, Manimozhiyan Arumugam, Kristoffer Burgdorf, Niels Grarup, Torben Hansen & Oluf Pedersen - BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
Junjie Qin, Manimozhiyan Arumugam, Junhua Li & Jun Wang - Department of Structural Biology, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium,
Falk Hildebrand, Gwen Falony & Jeroen Raes - Department of Bioscience Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium,
Falk Hildebrand, Gwen Falony & Jeroen Raes - European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany,
Manimozhiyan Arumugam, Shinichi Sunagawa, Julien Tap & Peer Bork - School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
Junhua Li - Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, DK-2900 Glostrup, Denmark,
Torben Jørgensen - Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark,
Torben Jørgensen - Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark,
Torben Jørgensen - Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, DK-7100 Vejle, Denmark,
Ivan Brandslund - Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-8200 Odense, Denmark,
Ivan Brandslund - Center for Biological Sequence Analysis & Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark,
Henrik Bjørn Nielsen, Agnieszka S. Juncker, Marcelo Bertalan, Simon Rasmussen, Søren Brunak & Thomas Sicheritz-Ponten - Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6710BA Ede, The Netherlands,
Sebastian Tims, Erwin G. Zoetendal, Michiel Kleerebezem & Willem M. de Vos - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 872, Nutriomique, Équipe 7, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France,
Karine Clément & Jean-Daniel Zucker - Université Pierre et Marie-Curie-Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France,
Karine Clément & Jean-Daniel Zucker - Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, CRNH-Ile de France, Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France,
Karine Clément - INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 14121 MICALIS, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France,
Joël Doré & Pierre Renault - Department of Biology, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark,
Karsten Kristiansen & Jun Wang - Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Finland,
Willem M. de Vos - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMI 209, Unité de modélisation mathématique et informatique des Systèmes Complexes, F-93143 Bondy, France,
Jean-Daniel Zucker - Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DK-8200 Odense, Denmark,
Torben Hansen - King Abdulazziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia,
Jun Wang - Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark,
Jun Wang - Center for Sequencing Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,
Jun Wang - Hagedorn Research Institute, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark,
Oluf Pedersen - Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark,
Oluf Pedersen - Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,
Oluf Pedersen - INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 14121 MICALIS, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France.,
Eric Guedon, Christine Delorme, Séverine Layec, Ghalia Khaci, Maarten van de Guchte, Gaetana Vandemeulebrouck, Alexandre Jamet, Rozenn Dervyn, Nicolas Sanchez, Emmanuelle Maguin, Yohanan Winogradski, Antonella Cultrone, Marion Leclerc, Catherine Juste & Hervé Blottière - INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, US1367 Metagenopolis, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France.,
Florence Haimet & Hervé Blottière - Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Genoscope, 91000 Evry, France.,
Eric Pelletier, Denis LePaslier, François Artiguenave, Thomas Bruls & Jean Weissenbach - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8030, 91000 Evry, France.,
Eric Pelletier, Denis LePaslier, François Artiguenave, Thomas Bruls & Jean Weissenbach - Evry, France, Université d’Evry Val d’Essone. 91000 Evry, France.,
Eric Pelletier, Denis LePaslier, François Artiguenave, Thomas Bruls & Jean Weissenbach - The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,
Keith Turner & Julian Parkhill - Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Ciberehd, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.,
Maria Antolin, Chaysavanh Manichanh, Francesc Casellas, Natalia Boruel, Encarna Varela, Antonio Torrejon & Francisco Guarner - Danone Research, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,
Gérard Denariaz, Muriel Derrien, Johan E. T. van Hylckama Vlieg & Patrick Veiga - Gut Biology & Microbiology, Danone Research, Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Bosrandweg 20, 6704 PH Wageningen, The Netherlands.,
Raish Oozeer & Jan Knol - Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, 20100 Milan, Italy.,
Maria Rescigno - Institut Mérieux, 17 rue Burgelat, 69002 Lyon, France.,
Christian Brechot, Christine M’Rini & Alexandre Mérieux - European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,
Takuji Yamada
Authors
- Emmanuelle Le Chatelier
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Trine Nielsen
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Junjie Qin
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Edi Prifti
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Falk Hildebrand
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Gwen Falony
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Mathieu Almeida
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Manimozhiyan Arumugam
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Jean-Michel Batto
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Sean Kennedy
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Pierre Leonard
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Junhua Li
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Kristoffer Burgdorf
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Niels Grarup
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Torben Jørgensen
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Ivan Brandslund
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Henrik Bjørn Nielsen
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Agnieszka S. Juncker
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Marcelo Bertalan
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Florence Levenez
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Nicolas Pons
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Simon Rasmussen
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Shinichi Sunagawa
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Julien Tap
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Sebastian Tims
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Erwin G. Zoetendal
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Søren Brunak
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Karine Clément
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Joël Doré
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Michiel Kleerebezem
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Karsten Kristiansen
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Pierre Renault
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Thomas Sicheritz-Ponten
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Willem M. de Vos
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Jean-Daniel Zucker
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Jeroen Raes
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Torben Hansen
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Peer Bork
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Jun Wang
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - S. Dusko Ehrlich
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar - Oluf Pedersen
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
Consortia
MetaHIT consortium
- Eric Guedon
- , Christine Delorme
- , Séverine Layec
- , Ghalia Khaci
- , Maarten van de Guchte
- , Gaetana Vandemeulebrouck
- , Alexandre Jamet
- , Rozenn Dervyn
- , Nicolas Sanchez
- , Emmanuelle Maguin
- , Florence Haimet
- , Yohanan Winogradski
- , Antonella Cultrone
- , Marion Leclerc
- , Catherine Juste
- , Hervé Blottière
- , Eric Pelletier
- , Denis LePaslier
- , François Artiguenave
- , Thomas Bruls
- , Jean Weissenbach
- , Keith Turner
- , Julian Parkhill
- , Maria Antolin
- , Chaysavanh Manichanh
- , Francesc Casellas
- , Natalia Boruel
- , Encarna Varela
- , Antonio Torrejon
- , Francisco Guarner
- , Gérard Denariaz
- , Muriel Derrien
- , Johan E. T. van Hylckama Vlieg
- , Patrick Veiga
- , Raish Oozeer
- , Jan Knol
- , Maria Rescigno
- , Christian Brechot
- , Christine M’Rini
- , Alexandre Mérieux
- & Takuji Yamada
Contributions
O.P. and S.D.E. designed the study, O.P., S.D.E., P.B., W.J., S.B., K.C., J.D., M.K., P.R., T.S.-P., W.M.d.V., T.H., J.R. and K.K. managed the study. T.N., K.B., T.H., N.G., T.J., I.B. and O.P. carried out patient phenotyping and clinical data analyses. T.N., K.B. and F.L. performed sample collection and DNA extraction. J.Q. and J.L. supervised DNA sequencing and gene profiling. S.D.E. and O.P. designed and supervised the data analyses. E.L.C., E.P., T.N., N.G., G.F., F.H., M.Al., M.Ar., J.-M.B., S.K., P.L., N.P., S.S., J.T., J.Q., J.L., J.-D.Z., S.R. and S.D.E. performed the data analyses. S.T. and E.G.Z. carried out HITChip analysis. M.B., A.S.J., H.B.N. and T.S.-P. carried out metagenomic array analyses. S.D.E., O.P., J.R. and P.B. wrote the paper. MetaHIT consortium members provided creative environment and constructive criticism throughout the study.
Corresponding authors
Correspondence toPeer Bork, Jun Wang, S. Dusko Ehrlich or Oluf Pedersen.
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Supplementary information
PowerPoint slides
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Le Chatelier, E., Nielsen, T., Qin, J. et al. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers.Nature 500, 541–546 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12506
- Received: 10 April 2012
- Accepted: 26 July 2013
- Published: 28 August 2013
- Issue Date: 29 August 2013
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12506