Direct measurement of local oxygen concentration in the bone marrow of live animals (original) (raw)

Change history

Gene Hif-1 was corrected to _Hif-1_α in the first paragraph.

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Acknowledgements

We thank S. Sakadzic for helpful discussion on setting up the 2PLM experiment. This work was supported by the US National Institutes of Health grant HL097748, EB017274 (to C.P.L.), HL097794, HL096372 and EB014703 (to D.T.S.).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA
    Joel A. Spencer, Emmanuel Roussakis, Juwell Wu, Judith M. Runnels, Walid Zaher, Luke J. Mortensen, Clemens Alt, Raphaël Turcotte & Charles P. Lin
  2. Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA
    Joel A. Spencer, Juwell Wu, Judith M. Runnels, Walid Zaher, Luke J. Mortensen, Clemens Alt, Raphaël Turcotte & Charles P. Lin
  3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, 02155, Massachusetts, USA
    Joel A. Spencer
  4. Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA
    Francesca Ferraro, Alyssa Klein, Rushdia Yusuf & David T. Scadden
  5. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, 02138, Massachusetts, USA
    Francesca Ferraro, Alyssa Klein, Rushdia Yusuf, David T. Scadden & Charles P. Lin
  6. Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, Massachusetts, USA
    Francesca Ferraro, Alyssa Klein, Rushdia Yusuf & David T. Scadden
  7. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, Pennsylvania, USA
    Emmanuel Roussakis & Sergei A. Vinogradov
  8. Department of Anatomy, Stem Cell Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia,
    Walid Zaher
  9. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA
    Raphaël Turcotte
  10. Département de Physique, Génie Physique et Optique and Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1J 2G3, Canada,
    Daniel Côté

Authors

  1. Joel A. Spencer
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  2. Francesca Ferraro
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  3. Emmanuel Roussakis
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  4. Alyssa Klein
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  5. Juwell Wu
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  6. Judith M. Runnels
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  7. Walid Zaher
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  8. Luke J. Mortensen
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  9. Clemens Alt
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  10. Raphaël Turcotte
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  11. Rushdia Yusuf
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  12. Daniel Côté
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  13. Sergei A. Vinogradov
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  14. David T. Scadden
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  15. Charles P. Lin
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Contributions

J.A.S. designed and built the microscope, designed experiments, conducted research, collected and analysed data and wrote the manuscript; F.F. designed experiments, conducted research, collected and analysed data, and wrote the manuscript; E.R. synthesized the PtP-C343 oxygen probe; A.K. helped conduct research and collected and analysed data; J.W., J.M.R., W.Z., L.J.M., R.T. and R.Y. helped conduct research; C.A. and D.C. helped build the microscope; S.A.V. synthesized the PtP-C343 oxygen probe and wrote the manuscript; D.T.S. designed experiments and wrote the manuscript; C.P.L. designed experiments, sponsored the project and wrote the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence toCharles P. Lin.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Figure 1 Schematic of the two-photon intravital imaging and 2PLM system.

BP, bandpass filter; DAQ, data acquisition device; f, focal length; Galvo, galvanometer mirror; L, lens; LP, longpass filter; PBS, polarizing beamsplitter; PMT, photomultiplier tube; λ/2, half-wave plate. L13 and L14 have a focal length of 5 cm.

Extended Data Figure 2 In vitro calibration measurements.

The p O 2 values of a solution of PtP-C343 are plotted as a function of the phosphorescent lifetime measurements recorded by our microscope. p O 2 was determined by an oxygen microsensor inserted into the solution. The solid line is the published calibration curve for the same batch of PtP-C343 recorded by a different laboratory24.

Extended Data Figure 3 Schematic of PtP-C343 platinum porphyrin oxygen sensor.

The core porphyrin, PEG chains, C343 moieties and dendrimer are denoted in red, green and blue, respectively.

Extended Data Figure 4 PtP-C343 leakage into extravascular space within the BM.

Two-photon intravital image of PtP-C343 fluorescence ∼60 min after intravenous administration. Scale bar, ∼100 µm.

Extended Data Figure 5 HSC homing to bone marrow.

Scatter plot of HSC (lineagelowc-kit+Sca-1+CD150+CD48−) homing to nestin+ vessels and bone (endosteum) in lethally irradiated recipients (9.5 Gy) 2 days after adoptive transfer (n = 19 cells from 3 mice).

Extended Data Figure 6 Vascular leakage after cytoreductive conditioning.

a–c, Intravital images of BM in untreated controls (a), lethally irradiated (b) and busulphan-treated (c) mice 2 days after conditioning reveals increased permeability and decreased contrast of BM vessels. Rhodamine B–dextran (red) and bone SHG (blue) signal is shown. Scale bar, ∼50 µm.

Extended Data Figure 7 In vivo immunostaining and blood flow analysis after cytoreductive conditioning.

a, Intravital BM image of anti-Sca-1 immunostaining (red), nestin-GFP (green), blood vessels (blue) and bone (SHG, grey) demonstrating Sca-1+ nestin-GFP vessels. Scale bar, ∼50 µm. b, Standard deviation image from 600 frames of a confocal video sequence showing the path of RBC flow (green) and bone signal (SHG, blue) on day 2 after lethal irradiation (9.5 Gy). Each pixel displays the standard deviation of the corresponding pixel location across all 600 frames of the video. Scale bar, ∼100 µm.

Extended Data Figure 8 Cytoreduction of the BM after myeloablative or myelosuppressive conditioning.

BM cellularity as a function of treatment day is plotted for untreated (n = 3 mice), sub-lethally irradiated (4.5 Gy, n = 3 mice per time point), lethally irradiated (9.5 Gy, n = 3 mice per time point) and busulphan-treated (n = 3 mice per time point) mice.

Extended Data Figure 9 Revised model of local oxygen tension in the BM.

Instead of a poorly perfused hypoxic zone near the endosteum, we detected an opposite gradient, with the peri-sinusoidal region being more hypoxic than the endosteal region, which is perfused with small arteries. After irradiation, the sinusoids are greatly dilated and the blood flow is maintained, whereas the reduced oxygen consumption due to declining BM cellularity causes the p O 2 to become elevated in the entire marrow space, with no defined spatial gradients.

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Spencer, J., Ferraro, F., Roussakis, E. et al. Direct measurement of local oxygen concentration in the bone marrow of live animals.Nature 508, 269–273 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13034

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