The application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of human evolution (original) (raw)

References

1. Hirszfeld, L. & Hirszfeld, H. Essai d'application des methods au probléme des races. Anthropologie 29, 505–537 (1919).
   Google Scholar
2. Race, R.R. & Sanger, R. Blood Groups in Man (Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 1975).
   Google Scholar
3. Ceppellini, R. et al. Genetics of leukocyte antigens. A family study of segregation and linkage. In Histocompatibility Testing (eds. Curtoni, E.S., Mattiuz, P.L. & Tosi, R.M.) (Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1967).
   Google Scholar
4. Pauling, L., Itano, H.A., Singer, S.J. & Wells, I.C. Sickle-cell anemia, a molecular disease. Science 110, 543–548 (1949).
   Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
5. Harris, H. Enzyme polymorphisms in man. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 164, 298–310 (1966).
   Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
6. Lewontin, R.C. & Hubby, J.L. A molecular approach to the study of genetic hetrozygosity in natural populations. II. Amount of variation and degree of heterozygosity in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 54, 595–609 (1966).
   CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
7. Mourant, A.E. The Distribution of Human Blood Groups (Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 1954).
   Google Scholar
8. Mourant, A.E., Kopec, A.C. & Domaniewska-Sobczak, K. The Distribution of the Human Blood Groups and Other Polymorphisms (Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1976).
   Google Scholar
9. Mourant, A.E., Kopec, A.C. & Domaniewska-Sobczak, K. Blood Groups and Diseases (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1978).
   Google Scholar
10. Nei, M. & Roychoudhury, A.K. Human Polymorphic Genes: World Distribution (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1988).
    Google Scholar
11. Botstein, D., White, R.L., Skolnick, M. & Davis, R.W. Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 32, 314–331 (1980).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
12. Rosenberg, N.A. et al. Genetic structure of human populations. Science 298, 2381–2385 (2002).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
13. Stephens, J.C. et al. Haplotype variation and linkage disequilibrium in 313 human genes. Science 293, 489–493 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
14. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Menozzi, P. & Piazza, A. The History and Geography of Human Genes (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1994).
    Google Scholar
15. Xiao, W. & Oefner, P.J. Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Hum. Mutat. 17, 439–474.
16. Oberacher, H. et al. Re-sequencing of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms by liquid chromatography—electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, e67.
17. Patil, N. et al. Blocks of limited haplotype diversity revealed by high-resolution scanning of human chromosome 21. Science 294, 1719–1723 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
18. Kimura, M. Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature 217, 624–626 (1968).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
19. Przeworski, M., Hudson, R.R. & Di Rienzo, A. Adjusting the focus on human variation. Trends Genet. 16, 296–302 (2000).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
20. Hudson, R.R., Kreitman, M. & Aquadé, M. A test of neutral molecular evolution based on nucleotide data. Genetics 116, 153–159 (1987).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
21. Tajima, F. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123, 585–595 (1989).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
22. Muse, S.V. & Gaut, B.S. A likelihood approach for comparing synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions. Mol. Biol. Evol. 11, 715–724 (1994).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
23. Yang, Z. & Nielsen, R. Synonymous and non-synonymous rate variation in nuclear genes of mammals. J. Mol. Evol. 46, 409–418 (1998).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
24. Tishkoff, S.A. et al. Haplotype diversity and linkage disequilibrium at human G6PD: recent origin of alleles that confer malarial resistance. Science 293, 455–462 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
25. Verrelli, B.C. et al. Evidence for balancing selection from nucleotide sequence analyses of human G6PD. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71, 1112–1128 (2002).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
26. Sabeti, P.C. et al. Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure. Nature 419, 832–837 (2002).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
27. Enard, W. et al. Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language. Nature 418, 869–872 (2002).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
28. Bamshad, M.J. et al. A strong signature of balancing selection in the 5′ _cis_-regulatory region of CCR5. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 10539–10544 (2002).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
29. Huttley, G.A. et al. Adaptive evolution of the tumour suppressor BRCA1 in humans and chimpanzees. Nat. Genet. 25, 410–413 (2000).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
30. Toomajian, C. & Kreitman, M. Sequence variation and haplotype structure at the human HFE locus. Genetics 161, 1609–1623 (2002).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
31. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. Population structure and human evolution. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 164, 362–379 (1966).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
32. Lewontin, R.C. & Krakauer, J. Distribution of gene frequency as a test of the theory of the selective neutrality of polymorphisms. Genetics 74, 175–195 (1973).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
33. Weir, B.W. Genetic Data Analysis II (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, 1996).
    Google Scholar
34. Akey, J.M., Zhang, G., Zhang, K., Jin, L. & Shriver, M.D. Interrogating a high-density SNP map for signatures of natural selection. Genome Res. 12, 1805–1814 (2002).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
35. Hamblin, M.T., Thompson, E.E. & Di Rienzo, A. Complex signatures of natural selection at the Duffy blood group locus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70, 369–383 (2002).
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
36. Hollox, E.J. et al. Lactase haplotype diversity in the Old World. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68, 160–172 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
37. Gilad, Y., Rosenberg, S., Przeworski, M., Lancet, D. & Skorecki, K. Evidence for positive selection and population structure at the human MAO-A gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 862–867 (2002).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
38. Rana, B.K. et al. High polymorphism at the human melanocortin 2 receptor locus. Genetics 151, 1547–1557 (1999).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
39. Goldstein, D.B. & Chikhi, L. Human migrations and population structure: what we know and why it matters. Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet. 3, 129–152 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
40. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. Some current problems in human population genetics. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 25, 82–104 (1973).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
41. Clark, A.G. et al. Haplotype structure and population genetic inferences from nucleotide-sequence variation in human lipoprotein lipase. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63, 595–612 (1998).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
42. Ewens, W.J. in Mathematical Population Genetics 98–104 (Springer, Berlin, 1979).
    Google Scholar
43. Feldman, M.W. & Christiansen, F.B. The effect of population subdivision on two loci without selection. Genet. Res. 24, 151–162 (1974).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
44. Daly, M.J., Rioux, J.D., Schaffner, S.F., Hudson, T.J. & Lander, E.S. High-resolution haplotype structure in the human genome. Nat. Genet. 29, 229–232 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
45. Jeffreys, A.J., Kauppi, L. & Neumann, R. Intensely punctate meiotic recombination in the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex. Nat. Genet. 29, 217–222 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
46. Goldstein, D.B. Islands of linkage disequilibrium. Nat. Genet. 29, 109–111 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
47. Reich, D.E. et al. Human genome sequence variation and the influence of gene history, mutation and recombination. Nat. Genet. 32, 135–142 (2002).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
48. Payne, R., Feldman, M.W., Cann, H. & Bodmer, J.G. A comparison of HLA data of the North American black with African black and North American caucasoid populations. Tissue Antigens 9, 135–147 (1977).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
49. Kidd, K.K. et al. A global survey of haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium at the DRD2 locus. Hum. Genet. 103, 211–227 (1998).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
50. Reich, D.E. et al. Linkage disequilibrium in the human genome. Nature 411, 199–204 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
51. Gabriel, S.B. et al. The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science 296, 2225–2229 (2002).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
52. Edwards, A.W.F. & Cavalli-Sforza L.L. Reconstruction of evolutionary trees. In Phenetic and Phylogenetic Classification (eds. Heywood, V.E. & McNeill, J.) 67–76 (The Systematics Association, London, 1964).
    Google Scholar
53. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. & Edwards, A.W.F. Analysis of human evolution. Proc. 11th Int. Congr. Genet. 2, 923–933 (1964).
    Google Scholar
54. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. & Edwards, A.W.F. Phylogenetic analysis: models and estimation procedures. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 19, 223–257 (1967).
    Google Scholar
55. Menozzi, P., Piazza, A. & Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. Synthetic maps of human gene frequencies in Europe. Science 201, 786–792 (1978).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
56. Bowcock, A.M. et al. Drift, admixture, and selection in human evolution: A study with DNA polymorphisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 839–843 (1991).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
57. Bowcock, A.M. et al. High resolution of human evolutionary trees with polymorphic microsatellites. Nature 368, 455–457 (1994).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
58. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. & Piazza, A. Analysis of evolution: evolutionary rates, independence, and treeness. Theor. Popul. Biol. 8, 127–165 (1975).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
59. Pritchard, J.K., Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P.J. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155, 945–959 (2000).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
60. Lewontin, R.C. The apportionment of human diversity. In Evolutionary Biology Vol. 6 (eds. Dobzhansky, T.H., Hecht, M.K. & Steere, W.C.) 381–398 (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1972).
    Chapter Google Scholar
61. Nei, M & Roychoudhury, A.K. Genic variation within and between the three major races of Man, Caucasoids, Negroids, and Mongoloids. Am J. Hum. Genet. 26, 421–443 (1974).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
62. Barbujani, G., Magagni, A., Minch, E. & Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. An apportionment of human DNA diversity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4516–4519 (1997).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
63. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Piazza, A., Menozzi, P. & Mountain, J. Reconstruction of human evolution; bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 6002–6006 (1988).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
64. Brown, W.M., George, M. Jr. & Wilson, A.C. Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 1967–1971 (1979).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
65. Johnson, M.J., Wallace, D.C., Ferris, S.D., Rattazzi, M.C. & Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. Radiation of human mitochondrial DNA types analyzed by restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns. J. Mol. Evol. 19, 255–271 (1983).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
66. Mountain, J.L., Lin, A.A., Bowcock, A.M. & Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. Evolution of modern humans: evidence from nuclear DNA polymorphisms. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 337, 159–165 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
67. Cann, R.L., Stoneking, M. & Wilson, A.C. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature 325, 31–36 (1987).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
68. Templeton, A.R. Human origins and analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Science 255, 737 (1992).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
69. Chen, Y.-S., Torroni, A., Excoffier, L., Santachiara-Benerecetti, A.S. & Wallace, D.C. Analysis of mtDNA variation in African populations reveals the most ancient of all human continent-specific haplogroups. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57, 133–149 (1995).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
70. Ingman, M. Kaessmann, H., Pääbo, S. & Gyllensten, U. Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans. Nature 408, 708–713 (2000).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
71. Shen, P. et al. Population genetic implications from DNA polymorphism in random human genomic sequences. Hum. Mutat. 20, 209–217 (2002).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
72. Satta, Y., Klein, J. & Takahata, N. DNA archives and our nearest relative: the trichotomy problem revisited. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 14, 259–275 (2000).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
73. Rosenberg, N.A & Feldman, M.W. The relationship between coalescent times and population divergence times. In Modern Developments in Theoretical Population Genetics (eds. Slatkin, M. & Veuille, M) 130–164 (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 2002).
    Google Scholar
74. Rogers, A.R. & Harpending, H. Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 9, 552–569 (1992).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
75. Tang, H., Siegmund, D.O., Shen, P., Oefner, P.J. & Feldman, M.W. Frequentist estimation of coalescence times from nucleotide sequence data using a tree-based partition. Genetics 161, 447–459 (2002).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
76. Kajander, O.A., Karhunen, P.J., Holt, I.J. & Jacobs, H.T. Prominent mitochondrial DNA recombination intermediates in human heart muscle. EMBO Rep. 2, 1007–1012 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
77. Underhill, P.A. et al. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. Nat. Genet. 26, 358–361 (2000).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
78. Hammer, M.F. et al. Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18, 1189–1203 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
79. Paracchini, S., Arredi, B., Chalk, R. & Tyler-Smith, C. Hierarchical high-throughput SNP genotyping of the human Y chromosome using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, e27 (2002).
    Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
80. Kingman, J.F.C. The coalescent. Stochastic Processes and their Applications. 13, 235–248 (1982).
    Google Scholar
81. Hudson, R.R. Gene genealogies and the coalescent process. Oxf. Surv. Evol. Biol. 7, 203–217 (1990).
    Google Scholar
82. Griffiths, R.C. & Tavaré, R.C. Ancestral inference in population genetics. Stat. Sci. 9, 307–319 (1994).
    Article Google Scholar
83. Thomson, R., Pritchard, J.K., Shen, P., Oefner, P.J. & Feldman, M.W. Recent common ancestry of human Y chromosomes: evidence from DNA sequence data. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 7360–7365 (2000).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
84. Seielstad, M.T., Minch, E. & Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. Genetic evidence for a higher female migration rate in humans. Nat. Genet. 20, 278–280 (1998).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
85. Salem, A.H., Badr, F.M., Gaballah, M.F. & Pääbo, S. The genetics of traditional living: Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial lineages in the Sinai Peninsula. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59, 741–743 (1996).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
86. Sajantila, A. et al. Paternal and maternal DNA lineages reveal a bottleneck in the founding of the Finnish population. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 12035–12039 (1995).
    Article Google Scholar
87. Finnilä, S., Hassinen, I.E., Ala-Kokko, L. & Majamaa, K. Phylogenetic network of the mtDNA haplogroup U in northern Finland based on sequence analysis of the complete coding region by conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66, 1017–1026 (2000).
    Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
88. Richards, M. et al. Tracing European founder lineages in the near eastern mtDNA pool. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67, 1251–1276 (2000).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
89. Zerjal, T. et al. Genetic relationships of Asians and northern Europeans, revealed by Y-chromosomal DNA analysis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 60, 1174–1183 (1997).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
90. Richards, M., Oppenheimer, S. & Sykes, B. mtDNA suggests Polynesian origins in eastern Indonesia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62, 1234–1236 (1998).
    Article Google Scholar
91. Kayser, M. et al. Melanesian origin of Polynesian Y chromosomes. Curr. Biol. 10, 1237–1246 (2000).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
92. Underhill, P.A. et al. Maori origins, Y chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific. Hum. Mutat. 17, 271–280 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
93. Oota, H., Settheetham-Ishida, W., Tiwaweck, D., Ishida, T. & Stoneking, M. Human mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation is correlated with matrilocal versus patrilocal residence. Nat. Genet. 29, 20–21 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
94. Templeton, A.R. Out of Africa again and again. Nature 416, 45–51 (2002).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
95. Steinmetz, L.M. et al. Dissecting the architecture of a quantitative trait locus in yeast. Nature 416, 326–330 (2002)
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
96. Underhill, P. et al. The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations. Ann. Hum. Genet. 65, 43–62 (2001).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
97. Lahr, M.M. & Foley, R. Multiple dispersals and modern human origins. Evol. Anthropol. 3, 48–60 (1994).
    Article Google Scholar
98. Lahr, M.M. & Foley, R.A. Towards a theory of modern human origins: geography, demography, and diversity in recent human evolution. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 27, 137–176 (1998).
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
99. Stringer, C. Coasting out of Africa. Nature 405, 24–27 (2000).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
100. Greenberg, J. Language in the Americas (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA, 1987).
     Google Scholar
101. Fagan, B.M. The Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America (Thames and Hudson, London, 1987).
     Google Scholar
102. Weidenreich, F. Apes, Giants, and Man (Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1946).
     Google Scholar
103. Wolpoff, M.H. Multiregional evolution: The fossil alternative to Eden. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans (eds. Mellar, P. & Stringer, C) 62–108 (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1989).
     Google Scholar
104. Weiss, K.M. & Maruyama, T. Archeology, population genetics and studies of human racial ancestry. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 44, 31–50 (1976).
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
105. Krings, M. et al. Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell 90, 19–30 (1997).
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
106. Krings, M., Geisert, H., Schmitz, R.W., Krainitzki, H. & Pääbo, S. DNA sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region II from the Neandertal type specimen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 5581–5585 (1999).
     Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
107. Krings, M. et al. A view of Neandertal genetic diversity. Nat. Genet. 26, 144–146 (2000).
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
108. Ovchinnikov, I.V. et al. Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus. Nature 404, 490–493 (2000).
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
109. Harding, R.M. et al. Archaic African and Asian lineages in the genetic ancestry of modern humans. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 60, 772–789 (1997).
     CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
110. Harris, E.E. & Hey, J. X-chromosome evidence for ancient human histories. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3320–3324 (1999).
     Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
111. Knowles, L.L. & Madison, W.P. Statistical phylogeography. Mol. Ecol. 11, 2623–2635 (2002).
     Article PubMed Google Scholar
112. Kidd, J.R. et al. Haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium at the phenylalanine hydroxylase locus, PAH, in a global representation of populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66, 1882–1899 (2000).
     Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
113. Osier, M.V. et al. A global perspective on genetic variation at the ADH genes reveals unusual patterns of linkage disequilibrium and diversity. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71, 84–99 (2002).
     Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
114. The Y Chromosome Consortium. A nomenclature system for the tree of human Y-chromosomal binary haplogroups. Genome Res. 12, 339–348 (2002).
115. Slatkin, M. & Hudson, R.R. Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations. Genetics 129, 555–562 (1991).
     CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
116. Donnelly, P. Interpreting genetic variability: the effects of shared evolutionary history. In Variation in the Human Genome, Ciba Foundation Symposium No. 197 (Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1996).
     Google Scholar
117. Anati, E. The Intellectual Expressions of Prehistoric Man: Art and Religion. Acts of the Valcamonica Symposium '79. Centro Camuno di Studi Preistorici, Capo di Ponte, Brescia, Italy, and (Editoriale Jaca Book SpA, Milano, Italy, 1983).
     Google Scholar
118. Conkey, M.W., Soffer, O., Stratmann, D. & Jablonski, N.G. (eds.) Beyond Art: Pleistocene Image and Symbol, Watts Symposium Series in Anthropology: Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences No. 23 (California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 1997).
     Google Scholar
119. McBrearty, S. & Brooks, A.S. The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. J. Hum. Evol. 39, 453–563 (2000).
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
120. Lieberman, P. & Crelin, E.S. On the speech of Neanderthal man. Linguistic Inquiry. 2, 203–222 (1971).
     Google Scholar
121. Arensburg, B., Schepartz, L.A., Tillier, A.M., Vandermeersch, B. & Rak, Y. A reappraisal of the anatomical basis for human speech in Middle Paleolithic hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 83, 137–146 (1990).
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
122. Greenberg, J.H. The Languages of Africa (Bloomington, Indiana, 1963).
     Google Scholar
123. Greenberg, J.H. The Indo-Pacific Hypothesis. Current Trends in Linguistics, Volume 8, 809–871 (1971).
     Google Scholar
124. Greenberg, J.H. Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family: Grammar (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, California, 2000).
     Google Scholar
125. Ruhlen, M. On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, California, 1994).
     Google Scholar
126. Eshel, I. & Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. Assortment of encounters and evolution of cooperativeness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 1331–1335 (1982).
     Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
127. Klein, R.G. The Human Career 2nd edn (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1999).
     Google Scholar
128. Ammerman, A.J. & Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1984).
     Book Google Scholar
129. King, R. & Underhill, P.A. Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages. Antiquity 76, 707–714 (2002).
     Article Google Scholar
130. Chikhi, L., Destro-Bisol, G., Bertorelle, G., Pascali, V. & Barbujani, G. Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene pool. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 9053–9058 (1998).
     Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
131. Chikhi, L., Nichols, R.A., Barbujani, G. & Beaumont, M.A. Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 11008–11013 (2002).
     Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
132. Renfrew, C. Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins (Jonathan Cape, London, 1987).
     Google Scholar
133. Bellwood, P.S. The colonization of the Pacific: some current hypotheses. In The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail (eds. Hill, A.V.S. & Serjeantson, S.W.) 1–59 (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1989).
     Google Scholar
134. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Minch, E. & Mountain, J. Coevolution of genes and languages revisited. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5620–5624 (1992).
     Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
135. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. & Feldman, M.W. Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach. (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1981).
     Google Scholar
136. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. Genes, Peoples and Languages (North Point Press, New York, 2000).
     Google Scholar
137. Sugimoto, C. et al. Typing of urinary JC virus DNA offers a novel means of tracing human migrations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 9191–9196 (1997).
     Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
138. Covacci, A., Telford, J.L., Del Giudice, G., Parsonnet, J. & Rappuoli, R. Helicobacter pylori virulence and genetic geography. Science 284, 1328–1333 (1999).
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
139. Mountain, J.L. et al. SNPSTRs: Empirically derived, rapidly typed, autosomal haplotypes for inference of population history and mutational processes. Genome Res. 12, 1766–1772 (2002).
     Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
140. Hewlett, B.S., De Silvestri, A. & Guglielmino, C.R. Semes and genes in Africa. Curr. Anthropol. 43, 313–321 (2002).
     Article Google Scholar
141. Latter, B.D.H. Genetic differences within and between populations of the major human subgroups. Am. Nat. 116, 220–237 (1980).
     Article Google Scholar
142. Ryman, N., Chakraborty, R. & Nei, M. Differences in the relative distribution of human gene diversity between electrophoretic, and red and white cell antigen loci. Hum. Hered. 33, 93–102 (1983).
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
143. Kivisild, T. et al. The genetic heritage of earliest settlers persist in both the Indian tribal and caste populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (in the press).
144. Thangaraj, K. et al. Genetic affinities of the Andaman islanders, a vanishing human population. Curr. Biol. (in the press).
145. Semino, O., Santachiara-Benerecetti, A.S., Falaschi, F., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. & Underhill, P.A. Ethopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70, 265–268 (2002).
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
146. Cruciani, F. et al. An Asia to sub-Saharan Africa back migration is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y chromosome haplotypes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70, 1197–1214 (2002).
     Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Download references