Bretscher, P. & Cohn, M. A theory of self-nonself discrimination. Science169, 1042–1049 (1970). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bretscher, P. A. A two-step, two-signal model for the primary activation of precursor helper T cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA96, 185–190 (1999). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Jenkins, M. K. & Schwartz, R. H. Antigen presentation by chemically modified splenocytes induces antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in vitro and in vivo. J. Exp. Med.165, 302–319 (1987). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Viola, A. & Lanzavecchia, A. T cell activation determined by T cell receptor number and tunable thresholds. Science273, 104–106 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sloan-Lancaster, J., Evavold, B. D. & Allen, P. M. Induction of T-cell anergy by altered T-cell-receptor ligand on live antigen-presenting cells. Nature363, 156–159 (1993). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Karandikar, N. J., Vanderlugt, C. L., Bluestone, J. A. & Miller, S. D. Targeting the B7/CD28:CTLA-4 costimulatory system in CNS autoimmune disease. J. Neuroimmunol.89, 10–18 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Oosterwegel, M. A., Greenwald, R. J., Mandelbrot, D. A., Lorsbach, R. B. & Sharpe, A. H. CTLA-4 and T cell activation. Curr. Opin. Immunol.11, 294–300 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Salomon, B. & Bluestone, J. A. Complexities of CD28/B7:CTLA-4 costimulatory pathways in autoimmunity and transplantation. Annu. Rev. Immunol.19, 225–252 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Chambers, C. A., Kuhns, M. S., Egen, J. G. & Allison, J. P. CTLA-4-mediated inhibition in regulation of T cell responses: mechanisms and manipulation in tumor immunotherapy. Annu. Rev. Immunol.19, 565–594 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hutloff, A. et al. ICOS is an inducible T-cell co-stimulator structurally and functionally related to CD28. Nature397, 263–266 (1999).Identifies ICOS as a CD28 homologue on activated human T cells and shows that, in conjunction with a TCR signal, ICOS crosslinking upregulates cytokine production, particularly of IL-10 but not of IL-2. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Isikawa, K. et al. Prediction of the coding sequence of unidentified human genes. X. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro. DNA Res.5, 169–176 (1998). Article Google Scholar
Swallow, M. M., Wallin, J. J. & Sha, W. C. B7h, a novel costimulatory homolog of B7.1 and B7.2, is induced by TNF-α. Immunity11, 423–432 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ling, V. et al. Cutting edge: identification of GL50, a novel B7-like protein that functionally binds to ICOS receptor. J. Immunol.164, 1653–1657 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yoshinaga, S. K. et al. T-cell co-stimulation through B7RP-1 and ICOS. Nature402, 827–832 (1999).Identifies a B7 homologue as the ligand for ICOS and shows an important role for the ICOS pathway in regulating T-cell help for antibody production. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wang, S. et al. Costimulation of T cells by B7-H2, a B7-like molecule that binds ICOS. Blood96, 2808–2813 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ishida, Y., Agata, Y., Shibahara, K. & Honjo, T. Induced expression of PD-1, a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, upon programmed cell death. EMBO J.11, 3887–3895 (1992). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Freeman, G. J. et al. Engagement of the PD-1 immunoinhibitory receptor by a novel B7 family member leads to negative regulation of lymphocyte activation. J. Exp. Med.192, 1–9 (2000).Identifies a B7 homologue as the receptor for PD-1 and shows that, in conjunction with a TCR signal, this ligand can inhibit T-cell activation and cytokine production. Article Google Scholar
Dong, H., Zhu, G., Tamada, K. & Chen, L. B7-H1, a third member of the B7 family, co-stimulates T cell proliferation and interleukin-10 secretion. Nature Med.5, 1365–1369 (1999).Identifies a B7 homologue, shows that it is expressed on activated T cells and APCs, and reports the stimulation of T-cell proliferation and cytokine production, particularly of IL-10. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Latchman, Y. et al. PD-L2 is a second ligand for PD-1 and inhibits T cell activation. Nature Immunol.2, 261–268 (2001).Identifies a B7 homologue as a second receptor for PD-1 and shows expression on activated APCs, some non-lymphoid tissues and breast tumours. Shows inhibition of T-cell activation and cytokine production in an antigen-specific system via recruitment of SHP-2. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Tseng, S. Y. et al. B7-DC, a new dendritic cell molecule with potent costimulatory properties for T cells. J. Exp. Med.193, 839–846 (2001). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Freeman, G. J. et al. Structure, expression, and T cell costimulatory activity of the murine homologue of the human B lymphocyte activation antigen B7. J. Exp. Med.174, 625–631 (1991). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Freedman, A. S. et al. B7, a B cell restricted antigen which identifies pre-activated B cells. J. Immunol.139, 3260–3267 (1987). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Yokochi, T., Holly, R. D. & Clark, E. A. Lymphoblastoid antigen (BB-1) expressed on Epstein–Barr virus-activated B cell blasts, B lymphoblastoid lines, and Burkitt's lymphomas. J. Immunol.128, 823–827 (1982). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Freeman, G. J. et al. Cloning of B7-2: a CTLA4 counter-receptor that costimulates human T cell proliferation. Science262, 909–911 (1993). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Freeman, G. J. et al. Murine B7-2, an alternative CTLA4 counter-receptor that costimulates T cell proliferation and interleukin-2 production. J. Exp. Med.178, 2185–2192 (1993). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Azuma, M. et al. B70 antigen is a second ligand for CTLA-4 and CD28. Nature366, 76–79 (1993). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Aruffo, A. & Seed, B. Molecular cloning of a CD28 cDNA by a high-efficiency COS cell expression system. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA84, 8573–8577 (1987). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Gross, J. A., St John, T. & Allison, J. P. The murine homologue of the T lymphocyte antigen CD28. Molecular cloning and cell surface expression. J. Immunol.144, 3201–3210 (1990). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Brunet, J. F. et al. A new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily — CTLA-4. Nature328, 267–270 (1987). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Linsley, P. et al. CTLA-4 is a second receptor for the B cell activation antigen B7. J. Exp. Med.174, 561–569 (1991). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Peach, R. J. et al. Complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1)- and CDR3-analogous regions in CTLA-4 and CD28 determine the binding to B7-1. J. Exp. Med.180, 2049–2058 (1994). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Linsley, P. S. et al. Coexpression and functional cooperation of CTLA-4 and CD28 on activated T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med.176, 1595–1604 (1992). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Linsley, P. S. et al. Human B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) bind with similar avidities but distinct kinetics to CD28 and CTLA4 receptors. Immunity1, 793–801 (1994). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gross, J., Callas, E. & Allison, J. Identification and distribution of the costimulatory receptor CD28 in the mouse. J. Immunol.149, 380–388 (1992). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Linsley, P. et al. Intracellular trafficking of CTLA4 and focal localization towards sites of TCR engagement. Immunity4, 535–543 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hathcock, K. S., Laszlo, G., Pucillo, C., Linsley, P. & Hodes, R. J. Comparative analysis of B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory ligands: expression and function. J. Exp. Med.180, 631–640 (1994). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
McAdam, A., Schweitzer, A. & Sharpe, A. H. The role of B7 costimulation in activation and differentiation of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Immunol. Rev.165, 231–247 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lenschow, D. J., Walunas, T. L. & Bluestone, J. A. CD28/B7 system of T cell costimulation. Annu. Rev. Immunol.14, 233–258 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lanzavecchia, A., Lezzi, G. & Viola, A. From TCR engagement to T cell activation: a kinetic view of T cell behavior. Cell96, 1–4 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Thompson, C. B. et al. CD28 activation pathway regulates the production of multiple T-cell-derived lymphokines/cytokines. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA86, 1333–1337 (1989). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lucas, P. J. et al. Naive CD28-deficient T cells can initiate but not sustain an in vitro antigen-specific immune response. J. Immunol.154, 5757–5768 (1995). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Shahinian, A. et al. Differential T cell costimulatory requirements in CD28-deficient mice. Science261, 609–612 (1993). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sperling, A. I. et al. CD28/B7 interactions deliver a unique signal to naive T cells that regulates cell survival but not early proliferation. J. Immunol.157, 3909–3917 (1996). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Boise, L., Minn, A., Noel, P. & Thompson, C. CD28 costimulation can promote T cell survival by enhancing the expression of Bcl-xl. Immunity3, 87–98 (1995). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Walunas, T. L. et al. CTLA-4 can function as a negative regulator of T cell activation. Immunity1, 405–413 (1994). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Walunas, T. L., Bakker, C. Y. & Bluestone, J. A. CTLA-4 ligation blocks CD28-dependent T cell activation. J. Exp. Med.183, 2541–2550 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Krummel, M. & Allison, J. CD28 and CTLA4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation. J. Exp. Med.182, 459–466 (1995). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Brunner, M., Chambers, C. & Allison, J. CTLA-4 mediates inhibition of early events of T cell proliferation. J. Immunol.162, 5813–5820 (1999). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Greenwald, R. J., Boussiotis, V. A., Lorsbach, R. B., Abbas, A. K. & Sharpe, A. H. CTLA-4 regulates induction of anergy in vivo. Immunity14, 145–155 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Waterhouse, P. et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders with early lethality in mice deficient in CTLA-4. Science270, 985–988 (1995). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tivol, E. et al. Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4. Immunity3, 541–547 (1995). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mandelbrot, D. A., McAdam, A. J. & Sharpe, A. H. B7-1 or B7-2 is required to produce the lymphoproliferative phenotype in mice lacking cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). J. Exp. Med.189, 435–440 (1999). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Perez, V. et al. Induction of peripheral T cell tolerance in vivo requires CTLA-4 engagement. Immunity6, 411–417 (1997). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Leach, D. R., Krummel, M. F. & Allison, J. P. Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA4 blockade. Science271, 1734–1736 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Perrin, P. J., Maldonado, J. H., Davis, T. A., June, C. H. & Racke, M. K. CTLA-4 blockade enhances clinical disease and cytokine production during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol.157, 1333–1336 (1996). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Buonfiglio, D. et al. The T cell activation molecule H4 and the CD28-like molecule ICOS are identical. Eur. J. Immunol.30, 3463–3467 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tezuka, K. et al. Identification and characterization of rat AILIM/ICOS, a novel T-cell costimulatory molecule, related to the CD28/CTLA4 family. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.276, 335–345 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Beier, K. C. et al. Induction, binding specificity and function of human ICOS. Eur. J. Immunol.30, 3707–3717 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Coyle, A. J. et al. The CD28-related molecule ICOS is required for effective T cell-dependent immune responses. Immunity13, 95–105 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Holdorf, A. D., Kanagawa, O. & Shaw, A. S. CD28 and T cell co-stimulation. Rev. Immunogenet.2, 175–184 (2000). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mages, H. W. et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of murine ICOS and identification of B7h as ICOS ligand. Eur. J. Immunol.30, 1040–1047 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
McAdam, A. J. et al. Mouse inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS) expression is enhanced by CD28 costimulation and regulates differentiation of CD4+ T cells. J. Immunol.165, 5035–5040 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Aicher, A. et al. Characterization of human inducible costimulator ligand expression and function. J. Immunol.164, 4689–4696 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kopf, M. et al. Inducible costimulator protein (ICOS) controls T helper cell subset polarization after virus and parasite infection. J. Exp. Med.192, 53–61 (2000).Shows that ICOS co-stimulates both TH1 and TH2 responses, and can regulate both CD28-dependent and CD28-independent CD4+ T-cell responses in parasite-induced TH2 and virus-induced TH1 models. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
McAdam, A. et al. ICOS is critical for CD40 mediated antibody class switching. Nature409, 102–105 (2001).Shows a crucial role for ICOS in regulating immunoglobulin isotype class switching and germinal centre formation, by evaluating ICOS-deficient mice (similar to Refs68,70). Shows that the defects in class switching in ICOS-deficient mice could be overcome by CD40 stimulation, indicating important interactions between these pathways ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dong, C. et al. ICOS co-stimulatory receptor is essential for T cell activation and function. Nature409, 97–101 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dong, C., Temann, U. A. & Flavell, R. A. Cutting edge: critical role of inducible costimulator in germinal center reactions. J. Immunol.166, 3659–3662 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tafuri, A. et al. ICOS is essential for effective T helper cell responses. Nature409, 105–109 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yoshinaga, S. K. et al. Characterization of a new human B7-related protein: B7RP-1 is the ligand to the co-stimulatory protein ICOS. Int. Immunol.12, 1439–1447 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Richter, G. et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α regulates the expression of ICOS ligand on CD34+ progenitor cells during differentiation into antigen presenting cells. J. Biol. Chem.276, 45686–45693 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Riley, J. L. et al. ICOS costimulation requires IL-2 and can be prevented by CTLA-4 engagement. J. Immunol.166, 4943–4948 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tesciuba, A. G. et al. Inducible costimulator regulates TH2-mediated inflammation, but not TH2 differentiation, in a model of allergic airway disease. J. Immunol.167, 1996–2003 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gonzalo, J. A. et al. ICOS is critical for T helper cell-mediated lung mucosal inflammatory responses. Nature Immunol.2, 597–604 (2001).Shows differences in the roles of CD28 and ICOS in an allergic lung inflammation model: CD28 is required for priming whereas ICOS is needed for THeffector responses. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Sporici, R. A. & Perrin, P. J. Costimulation of memory T-cells by ICOS: a potential therapeutic target for autoimmunity? Clin. Immunol.100, 263–269 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sperling, A. I. ICOS costimulation: is it the key to selective immunotherapy? Clin. Immunol.100, 261–262 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ozkaynak, E. et al. Importance of ICOS–B7RP-1 costimulation in acute and chronic allograft rejection. Nature Immunol.2, 591–596 (2001).Identifies a role for ICOS in acute and chronic rejection using cardiac allograft models. Shows that a combination of anti-ICOS antibody and cyclosporin can lead to long-term graft survival. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Furukawa, Y., Mandelbrot, D. A., Libby, P., Sharpe, A. H. & Mitchell, R. N. Association of B7-1 co-stimulation with the development of graft arterial disease. Studies using mice lacking B7-1, B7-2, or B7-1/B7-2. Am. J. Pathol.157, 473–484 (2000). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim, K. S. et al. CD28-B7-mediated T cell costimulation in chronic cardiac allograft rejection: differential role of B7-1 in initiation versus progression of graft arteriosclerosis. Am. J. Pathol.158, 977–986 (2001). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Borriello, F. et al. B7-1 and B7-2 have overlapping, critical roles in immunoglobulin class switching and germinal center formation. Immunity6, 303–313 (1997). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rottman, J. B. et al. The costimulatory molecule ICOS plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of EAE. Nature Immunol.2, 605–611 (2001). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Sporici, R. A. et al. ICOS ligand costimulation is required for T-cell encephalitogenicity. Clin. Immunol.100, 277–288 (2001).Shows an important role for ICOS in regulating the TH1-mediated disease EAE and that ICOSL blockade after the onset of EAE can ameliorate clinical disease. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Chang, T. C., Jabs, C., Sobel, R. A., Kuchroo, V. K. & Sharpe, A. H. Studies in B7-deficient mice reveal a critical role for B7 costimulation in both the initiation and effector phases of EAE. J. Exp. Med.190, 733–740 (1999). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Perrin, P. J., Lavi, E., Rumbley, C. A., Zekavat, S. A. & Phillips, S. M. Experimental autoimmune meningitis: a novel neurological disease in CD28-deficient mice. Clin. Immunol.91, 41–49 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Segal, B. M., Dwyer, B. K. & Shevach, E. M. An interleukin (IL)-10/IL-12 immunoregulatory circuit controls susceptibility to autoimmune disease. J. Exp. Med.187, 537–546 (1998). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bettelli, E. et al. IL-10 is critical in the regulation of autoimmune encephalomyelitis as demonstrated by studies of IL-10- and IL-4-deficient and transgenic mice. J. Immunol.161, 3299–3306 (1998). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Wallin, J. J., Liang, L., Bakardjiev, A. & Sha, W. C. Enhancement of CD8+ T cell responses by ICOS/B7h costimulation. J. Immunol.167, 132–139 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Shinohara, T., Taniwaki, M., Ishida, Y., Kawaichi, M. & Honjo, T. Structure and chromosomal localization of the human PD-1 gene (PPCP1). Genomics23, 704–706 (1994). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Vibhakar, R., Juan, G., Traganos, F., Darzynkiewicz, Z. & Finger, L. R. Activation-induced expression of human programmed death-1 gene in T-lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res.232, 25–28 (1997). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Agata, Y. et al. Expression of the PD-1 antigen on the surface of stimulated mouse T and B lymphocytes. Int. Immunol.8, 765–772 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nishimura, H. et al. Developmentally regulated expression of the PD-1 protein on the surface of double-negative (CD4− CD8−) thymocytes. Int. Immunol.8, 773–780 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nishimura, H., Honjo, T. & Minato, N. Facilitation of β selection and modification of positive selection in the thymus of PD-1 deficient mice. J. Exp. Med.191, 891–898 (2000). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bleul, C. C. & Boehm, T. Laser capture microdissection-based expression profiling identifies PD1-ligand as a target of the nude locus gene product. Eur. J. Immunol.31, 2497–2503 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Eppihimer, M. et al. Expression and regulation of the PD-L1 immuno-inhibitory molecule on microvascular endothelial cells. Microcirculation (in the press).
Nishimura, H., Minato, N., Nakano, T. & Honjo, T. Immunological studies on PD-1 deficient mice: implication of PD-1 as a negative regulator for B cell responses. Int. Immunol.10, 1563–1572 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nishimura, H., Nose, M., Hiai, H., Minato, N. & Honjo, T. Development of lupus-like autoimmune diseases by disruption of the PD-1 gene encoding an ITIM motif-carrying immunoreceptor. Immunity11, 141–151 (1999).Shows that PD-1-deficient mice have a defect in peripheral tolerance with the late-onset development of lupus-like autoimmune disease. Shows that CD8+ TCR transgenic mice that escape thymic deletion become activated in the periphery and cause graft-versus-host-like disease. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nishimura, H. et al. Autoimmune dilated cardiomyopathy in PD-1 receptor deficient mice. Science291, 319–322 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Carter, L. L. et al. PD-1:PD-L inhibitory pathway affects both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and is overcome by IL-2. Eur. J. Immunol. (in the press).
Baecher-Allan, C., Brown, J. A., Freeman, G. J. & Hafler, D. A. CD4+CD25(high) regulatory cells in human peripheral blood. J. Immunol.167, 1245–1253 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tamura, H. et al. B7-H1 costimulation preferentially enhances CD28-independent T-helper cell function. Blood97, 1809–1816 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Okazaki, T., Nishimura, H. & Honjo, T. PD-1 immunoreceptor inhibits B cell receptor-mediated signaling by recruiting Src homology 2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 to phosphotyrosine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA98, 13866–13871 (2001). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Shlapatska, L. M. et al. CD150 association with either the SH2-containing inositol-phosphate or the SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase is regulated by the adaptor protein SH2D1A J. Immunol.166, 5480–5487 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Chapoval, A. et al. B7-H3: a costimulatory molecule for T cell activation and IFN-γ production. Nature Immunol.2, 269–274 (2001).Identifies a B7 homologue and shows that it has a receptor on T cells whose engagement co-stimulates CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation, IFNγ production, and CD8 lytic activity. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Ogg, S. L., Komaragiri, M. V. & Mather, I. H. Structural organization and mammary-specific expression of the butyrophilin gene. Mamm. Genome7, 900–905 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rhodes, D. A., Stammers, M., Malcherek, G., Beck, S. & Trowsdale, J. The cluster of BTN genes in the extended major histocompatibility complex. Genomics71, 351–362 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Stammers, M., Rowen, L., Rhodes, D., Trowsdale, J. & Beck, S. BTL-II: a polymorphic locus with homology to the butyrophilin gene family, located at the border of the major histocompatibility complex class II and class III regions in human and mouse. Immunogenetics51, 373–382 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mather, I. H. A review and proposed nomenclature for major proteins of the milk-fat globule membrane. J. Dairy Sci.83, 203–247 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Banghart, L. R. et al. Butyrophilin is expressed in mammary epithelial cells from a single-sized messenger RNA as a type I membrane glycoprotein. J. Biol. Chem.273, 4171–4179 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Seto, M. H., Liu, H. L., Zajchowski, D. A. & Whitlow, M. Protein fold analysis of the B30.2-like domain. Proteins35, 235–249 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ishii, T. et al. Carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic domain of mouse butyrophilin specifically associates with a 150-kDa protein of mammary epithelial cells and milk fat globule membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1245, 285–292 (1995). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Peterson, J. A. et al. Milk fat globule glycoproteins in human milk and in gastric aspirates of mother's milk-fed preterm infants. Pediatr. Res.44, 499–506 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Stefferl, A. et al. Butyrophilin, a milk protein, modulates the encephalitogenic T cell response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol.165, 2859–2865 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Fahrer, A. M., Bazan, J. F., Papathanasiou, P., Nelms, K. A. & Goodnow, C. C. A genomic view of immunology. Nature409, 836–838 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ikemizu, S. et al. Structure and dimerization of a soluble form of B7-1. Immunity12, 51–60 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schwartz, J. C., Zhang, X., Fedorov, A. A., Nathenson, S. G. & Almo, S. C. Structural basis for co-stimulation by the human CTLA-4/B7-2 complex. Nature410, 604–608 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Stamper, C. C. et al. Crystal structure of the B7-1/CTLA-4 complex that inhibits human immune responses. Nature410, 608–611 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar