Pyroptosis: host cell death and inflammation (original) (raw)

• Samali, A., Zhivotovsky, B., Jones, D., Nagata, S. & Orrenius, S. Apoptosis: cell death defined by caspase activation. Cell Death Differ. 6, 495–496 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Albert, M. L. Death-defying immunity: do apoptotic cells influence antigen processing and presentation? Nature Rev. Immunol. 4, 223–231 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Fink, S. L. & Cookson, B. T. Apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necrosis: mechanistic description of dead and dying eukaryotic cells. Infect. Immun. 73, 1907–1916 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Frantz, S. et al. Targeted deletion of caspase-1 reduces early mortality and left ventricular dilatation following myocardial infarction. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 35, 685–694 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fantuzzi, G. & Dinarello, C. A. Interleukin-18 and interleukin-1 beta: two cytokine substrates for ICE (caspase-1). J. Clin. Immunol. 19, 1–11 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Brennan, M. A. & Cookson, B. T. Salmonella induces macrophage death by caspase-1-dependent necrosis. Mol. Microbiol. 38, 31–40 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fink, S. L. & Cookson, B. T. Caspase-1-dependent pore formation during pyroptosis leads to osmotic lysis of infected host macrophages. Cell. Microbiol. 8, 1812–1825 (2006). Mechanistic description of the features of pyroptosis, including the identification of caspase 1-dependent membrane pore formation, which leads to cell lysis.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hersh, D. et al. The Salmonella invasin SipB induces macrophage apoptosis by binding to caspase-1. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 2396–2401 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., Smith, M. R., Thirumalai, K. & Zychlinsky, A. A bacterial invasin induces macrophage apoptosis by binding directly to ICE. EMBO J. 15, 3853–3860 (1996). First description of caspase 1 activity that led to pathogen-induced cell death.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hilbi, H. et al. _Shigella_-induced apoptosis is dependent on caspase-1 which binds to IpaB. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 32895–32900 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zhou, X. et al. Nitric oxide induces thymocyte apoptosis via a caspase-1-dependent mechanism. J. Immunol. 165, 1252–1258 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bergsbaken, T. & Cookson, B. T. Macrophage activation redirects _Yersinia_-infected host cell death from apoptosis to caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. PLoS Pathog. 3, e161 (2007). This study demonstrated host redirection of cell death from apoptosis to pyroptosis in activated macrophages in response to Yersinia infection.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Cookson, B. T. & Brennan, M. A. Pro-inflammatory programmed cell death. Trends Microbiol. 9, 113–114 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Li, P. et al. Mice deficient in IL-1β-converting enzyme are defective in production of mature IL-1β and resistant to endotoxic shock. Cell 80, 401–411 (1995).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kuida, K. et al. Altered cytokine export and apoptosis in mice deficient in interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Science 267, 2000–2003 (1995).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jesenberger, V., Procyk, K. J., Yuan, J., Reipert, S. & Baccarini, M. _Salmonella_-induced caspase-2 activation in macrophages: a novel mechanism in pathogen-mediated apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1035–1046 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kelk, P., Johansson, A., Claesson, R., Hanstrom, L. & Kalfas, S. Caspase 1 involvement in human monocyte lysis induced by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin. Infect. Immun. 71, 4448–4455 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Sun, G. W., Lu, J., Pervaiz, S., Cao, W. P. & Gan, Y. H. Caspase-1 dependent macrophage death induced by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Cell. Microbiol. 7, 1447–1458 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cervantes, J., Nagata, T., Uchijima, M., Shibata, K. & Koide, Y. Intracytosolic Listeria monocytogenes induces cell death through caspase-1 activation in murine macrophages. Cell. Microbiol. 10, 41–52 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fink, S. L., Bergsbaken, T. & Cookson, B. T. Anthrax lethal toxin and Salmonella elicit the common cell death pathway of caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis via distinct mechanisms. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 4312–4317 (2008). This study showed that distinct events which lead to caspase 1 activation, and ultimately cell death, occur through a common pathway of caspase 1-mediated pyroptosis.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Thumbikat, P., Dileepan, T., Kannan, M. S. & Maheswaran, S. K. Mechanisms underlying Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin-induced oncosis and apoptosis of bovine alveolar macrophages. Microb. Pathog. 38, 161–172 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ren, T., Zamboni, D. S., Roy, C. R., Dietrich, W. F. & Vance, R. E. Flagellin-deficient Legionella mutants evade caspase-1- and Naip5-mediated macrophage immunity. PLoS Pathog. 2, e18 (2006).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Molofsky, A. B. et al. Cytosolic recognition of flagellin by mouse macrophages restricts Legionella pneumophila infection. J. Exp. Med. 203, 1093–1104 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mariathasan, S., Weiss, D. S., Dixit, V. M. & Monack, D. M. Innate immunity against Francisella tularensis is dependent on the ASC/caspase-1 axis. J. Exp. Med. 202, 1043–1049 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• van der Velden, A. W., Velasquez, M. & Starnbach, M. N. Salmonella rapidly kill dendritic cells via a caspase-1-dependent mechanism. J. Immunol. 171, 6742–6749 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Edgeworth, J. D., Spencer, J., Phalipon, A., Griffin, G. E. & Sansonetti, P. J. Cytotoxicity and interleukin-1β processing following Shigella flexneri infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 32, 1464–1471 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Monack, D. M., Raupach, B., Hromockyj, A. E. & Falkow, S. Salmonella typhimurium invasion induces apoptosis in infected macrophages. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 9833–9838 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hilbi, H., Chen, Y., Thirumalai, K. & Zychlinsky, A. The interleukin 1β-converting enzyme, caspase 1, is activated during _Shigella flexneri_-induced apoptosis in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Infect. Immun. 65, 5165–5170 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Watson, P. R. et al. Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Dublin can lyse macrophages by a mechanism distinct from apoptosis. Infect. Immun. 68, 3744–3747 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Wickliffe, K. E., Leppla, S. H. & Moayeri, M. Killing of macrophages by anthrax lethal toxin: involvement of the N-end rule pathway. Cell. Microbiol. 10, 1352–1362 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Shao, W., Yeretssian, G., Doiron, K., Hussain, S. N. & Saleh, M. The caspase-1 digestome identifies the glycolysis pathway as a target during infection and septic shock. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 36321–36329 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Matzinger, P. The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science 296, 301–305 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kawai, T. & Akira, S. TLR signaling. Semin. Immunol. 19, 24–32 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kufer, T. A. & Sansonetti, P. J. Sensing of bacteria: NOD a lonely job. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 10, 62–69 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Martinon, F. & Tschopp, J. Inflammatory caspases and inflammasomes: master switches of inflammation. Cell Death Differ. 14, 10–22 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kahlenberg, J. M., Lundberg, K. C., Kertesy, S. B., Qu, Y. & Dubyak, G. R. Potentiation of caspase-1 activation by the P2X7 receptor is dependent on TLR signals and requires NF-κB-driven protein synthesis. J. Immunol. 175, 7611–7622 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Le Feuvre, R. A., Brough, D., Iwakura, Y., Takeda, K. & Rothwell, N. J. Priming of macrophages with lipopolysaccharide potentiates P2X7-mediated cell death via a caspase-1-dependent mechanism, independently of cytokine production. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 3210–3218 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mariathasan, S. et al. Cryopyrin activates the inflammasome in response to toxins and ATP. Nature 440, 228–232 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gurcel, L., Abrami, L., Girardin, S., Tschopp, J. & van der Goot, F. G. Caspase-1 activation of lipid metabolic pathways in response to bacterial pore-forming toxins promotes cell survival. Cell 126, 1135–1145 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Koo, I. C. et al. ESX-1-dependent cytolysis in lysosome secretion and inflammasome activation during mycobacterial infection. Cell. Microbiol. 10, 1866–1878 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kanneganti, T. D. et al. Pannexin-1-mediated recognition of bacterial molecules activates the cryopyrin inflammasome independent of Toll-like receptor signaling. Immunity 26, 433–443 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kanneganti, T. D. et al. Critical role for cryopyrin/Nalp3 in activation of caspase-1 in response to viral infection and double-stranded RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 36560–36568 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Martinon, F., Petrilli, V., Mayor, A., Tardivel, A. & Tschopp, J. Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature 440, 237–241 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Muruve, D. A. et al. The inflammasome recognizes cytosolic microbial and host DNA and triggers an innate immune response. Nature 452, 103–107 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kanneganti, T. D. et al. Bacterial RNA and small antiviral compounds activate caspase-1 through cryopyrin/Nalp3. Nature 440, 233–236 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dostert, C. et al. Innate immune activation through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica. Science 320, 674–677 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Feldmeyer, L. et al. The inflammasome mediates UVB-induced activation and secretion of interleukin-1β by keratinocytes. Curr. Biol. 17, 1140–1145 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Perregaux, D. et al. IL-1β maturation: evidence that mature cytokine formation can be induced specifically by nigericin. J. Immunol. 149, 1294–1303 (1992).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kahlenberg, J. M. & Dubyak, G. R. Mechanisms of caspase-1 activation by P2X7 receptor-mediated K+ release. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 286, C1100–C1108 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Franchi, L., Kanneganti, T. D., Dubyak, G. R. & Nunez, G. Differential requirement of P2X7 receptor and intracellular K+ for caspase-1 activation induced by intracellular and extracellular bacteria. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 18810–18818 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pelegrin, P. & Surprenant, A. Pannexin-1 couples to maitotoxin- and nigericin-induced interleukin-1β release through a dye uptake-independent pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 2386–2394 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Petrilli, V. et al. Activation of the NALP3 inflammasome is triggered by low intracellular potassium concentration. Cell Death Differ. 14, 1583–1589 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wickliffe, K. E., Leppla, S. H. & Moayeri, M. Anthrax lethal toxin-induced inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation are late events dependent on ion fluxes and the proteasome. Cell. Microbiol. 10, 332–343 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fernandes-Alnemri, T. et al. The pyroptosome: a supramolecular assembly of ASC dimers mediating inflammatory cell death via caspase 1 activation. Cell Death Differ. 14, 1590–1604 (2007). This study found that a macromolecular structure which contained ASC and caspase-1 was formed during pyroptosis.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Miao, E. A. et al. Cytoplasmic flagellin activates caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin 1β via Ipaf. Nature Immunol. 7, 569–575 (2006).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Franchi, L. et al. Cytosolic flagellin requires Ipaf for activation of caspase-1 and interleukin 1β in _Salmonella_-infected macrophages. Nature Immunol. 7, 576–582 (2006). Together with References 23 and 55, this study found that bacterial flagellin and the host protein NLRC4 are required for the activation of caspase 1 during infection with Legionella and Salmonella.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zamboni, D. S. et al. The Birc1e cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor contributes to the detection and control of Legionella pneumophila infection. Nature Immunol. 7, 318–325 (2006).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Miao, E. A., Ernst, R. K., Dors, M., Mao, D. P. & Aderem, A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa activates caspase 1 through Ipaf. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 2562–2567 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Franchi, L. et al. Critical role for Ipaf in _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_-induced caspase-1 activation. Eur. J. Immunol. 37, 3030–3039 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Warren, S. E., Mao, D. P., Rodriguez, A. E., Miao, E. A. & Aderem, A. Multiple Nod-like receptors activate caspase 1 during Listeria monocytogenes infection. J. Immunol. 180, 7558–7564 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lightfield, K. L. et al. Critical function for Naip5 in inflammasome activation by a conserved carboxy-terminal domain of flagellin. Nature Immunol. 9, 1171–1178 (2008).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sutterwala, F. S. et al. Immune recognition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated by the IPAF/NLRC4 inflammasome. J. Exp. Med. 204, 3235–3245 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Suzuki, T. et al. Differential regulation of caspase-1 activation, pyroptosis, and autophagy via Ipaf and ASC in _Shigella_-infected macrophages. PLoS Pathog. 3, e111 (2007).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Boyden, E. D. & Dietrich, W. F. Nalp1b controls mouse macrophage susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin. Nature Genet. 38, 240–244 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Martinon, F., Burns, K. & Tschopp, J. The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-β. Mol. Cell 10, 417–426 (2002). First description of the inflammasome as a caspase 1-activating platform.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Faustin, B. et al. Reconstituted NALP1 inflammasome reveals two-step mechanism of caspase-1 activation. Mol. Cell 25, 713–724 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Poyet, J. L. et al. Identification of Ipaf, a human caspase-1-activating protein related to Apaf-1. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 28309–28313 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mariathasan, S. et al. Differential activation of the inflammasome by caspase-1 adaptors ASC and Ipaf. Nature 430, 213–218 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schmidt, M., Hanna, J., Elsasser, S. & Finley, D. Proteasome-associated proteins: regulation of a proteolytic machine. Biol. Chem. 386, 725–737 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bao, Q. & Shi, Y. Apoptosome: a platform for the activation of initiator caspases. Cell Death Differ. 14, 56–65 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Amer, A. O. & Swanson, M. S. Autophagy is an immediate macrophage response to Legionella pneumophila. Cell. Microbiol. 7, 765–778 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Swanson, M. S. & Molofsky, A. B. Autophagy and inflammatory cell death, partners of innate immunity. Autophagy 1, 174–176 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Checroun, C., Wehrly, T. D., Fischer, E. R., Hayes, S. F. & Celli, J. Autophagy-mediated reentry of Francisella tularensis into the endocytic compartment after cytoplasmic replication. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 14578–14583 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Willingham, S. B. et al. Microbial pathogen-induced necrotic cell death mediated by the inflammasome components CIAS1/cryopyrin/NLRP3 and ASC. Cell Host Microbe 2, 147–159 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hernandez, L. D., Pypaert, M., Flavell, R. A. & Galan, J. E. A Salmonella protein causes macrophage cell death by inducing autophagy. J. Cell Biol. 163, 1123–1131 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Delaleu, N. & Bickel, M. Interleukin-1β and interleukin-18: regulation and activity in local inflammation. Periodontol. 2000 35, 42–52 (2004).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Nakanishi, K., Yoshimoto, T., Tsutsui, H. & Okamura, H. Interleukin-18 regulates both Th1 and Th2 responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19, 423–474 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Monack, D. M., Detweiler, C. S. & Falkow, S. Salmonella pathogenicity island 2-dependent macrophage death is mediated in part by the host cysteine protease caspase-1. Cell. Microbiol. 3, 825–837 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Andrei, C. et al. The secretory route of the leaderless protein interleukin 1β involves exocytosis of endolysosome-related vesicles. Mol. Biol. Cell 10, 1463–1475 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Andrei, C. et al. Phospholipases C and A2 control lysosome-mediated IL-1β secretion: implications for inflammatory processes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 9745–9750 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Brough, D. & Rothwell, N. J. Caspase-1-dependent processing of pro-interleukin-1β is cytosolic and precedes cell death. J. Cell Sci. 120, 772–781 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Qu, Y., Franchi, L., Nunez, G. & Dubyak, G. R. Nonclassical IL-1β secretion stimulated by P2X7 receptors is dependent on inflammasome activation and correlated with exosome release in murine macrophages. J. Immunol. 179, 1913–1925 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pizzirani, C. et al. Stimulation of P2 receptors causes release of IL-1β-loaded microvesicles from human dendritic cells. Blood 109, 3856–3864 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bianco, F. et al. Astrocyte-derived ATP induces vesicle shedding and IL-1β release from microglia. J. Immunol. 174, 7268–7677 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, A. et al. Rapid secretion of interleukin-1β by microvesicle shedding. Immunity 15, 825–835 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Keller, M., Ruegg, A., Werner, S. & Beer, H. D. Active caspase-1 is a regulator of unconventional protein secretion. Cell 132, 818–831 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Miggin, S. M. et al. NF-κB activation by the Toll-IL-1 receptor domain protein MyD88 adapter-like is regulated by caspase-1. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 3372–3377 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Amer, A. et al. Regulation of Legionella phagosome maturation and infection through flagellin and host Ipaf. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 35217–35223 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Master, S. S. et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis prevents inflammasome activation. Cell Host Microbe 3, 224–232 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Siegel, R. M. Caspases at the crossroads of immune-cell life and death. Nature Rev. Immunol. 6, 308–317 (2006).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Shin, H. & Cornelis, G. R. Type III secretion translocation pores of Yersinia enterocolitica trigger maturation and release of pro-inflammatory IL-1β. Cell. Microbiol. 9, 2893–2902 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Simon, A. & van der Meer, J. W. Pathogenesis of familial periodic fever syndromes or hereditary autoinflammatory syndromes. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 292, R86–R98 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schielke, G. P., Yang, G. Y., Shivers, B. D. & Betz, A. L. Reduced ischemic brain injury in interleukin-1β converting enzyme-deficient mice. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18, 180–185 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Siegmund, B., Lehr, H. A., Fantuzzi, G. & Dinarello, C. A. IL-1β-converting enzyme (caspase-1) in intestinal inflammation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 13249–13254 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ona, V. O. et al. Inhibition of caspase-1 slows disease progression in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Nature 399, 263–267 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wang, W. et al. Endotoxemic acute renal failure is attenuated in caspase-1-deficient mice. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 288, F997–F1004 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Faubel, S. et al. Cisplatin-induced acute renal failure is associated with an increase in the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-18, IL-6, and neutrophil infiltration in the kidney. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 322, 8–15 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sarkar, A. et al. Caspase-1 regulates Escherichia coli sepsis and splenic B cell apoptosis independently of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 174, 1003–1010 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Lara-Tejero, M. et al. Role of the caspase-1 inflammasome in Salmonella typhimurium pathogenesis. J. Exp. Med. 203, 1407–1412 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Raupach, B., Peuschel, S. K., Monack, D. M. & Zychlinsky, A. Caspase-1-mediated activation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 contributes to innate immune defenses against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Infect. Immun. 74, 4922–4926 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Sansonetti, P. J. et al. Caspase-1 activation of IL-1β and IL-18 are essential for _Shigella flexneri_-induced inflammation. Immunity 12, 581–590 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pedra, J. H. et al. ASC/PYCARD and caspase-1 regulate the IL-18/IFN-γ axis during Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. J. Immunol. 179, 4783–4791 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tsuji, N. M. et al. Roles of caspase-1 in Listeria infection in mice. Int. Immunol. 16, 335–343 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Henry, T. & Monack, D. M. Activation of the inflammasome upon Francisella tularensis infection: interplay of innate immune pathways and virulence factors. Cell Microbiol. 9, 2543–2551 (2007). Identified a role for type I IFN signalling in priming macrophages to undergo pyroptosis in response to Francisella infection.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mencacci, A. et al. Interleukin 18 restores defective Th1 immunity to Candida albicans in caspase 1-deficient mice. Infect. Immun. 68, 5126–5131 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Shi, Y., Evans, J. E. & Rock, K. L. Molecular identification of a danger signal that alerts the immune system to dying cells. Nature 425, 516–521 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mariathasan, S. & Monack, D. M. Inflammasome adaptors and sensors: intracellular regulators of infection and inflammation. Nature Rev. Immunol. 7, 31–40 (2007).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kool, M. et al. Alum adjuvant boosts adaptive immunity by inducing uric acid and activating inflammatory dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 205, 869–882 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kool, M. et al. Cutting edge: alum adjuvant stimulates inflammatory dendritic cells through activation of the NALP3 inflammasome. J. Immunol. 181, 3755–3759 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Eisenbarth, S. C., Colegio, O. R., O'Connor, W., Sutterwala, F. S. & Flavell, R. A. Crucial role for the Nalp3 inflammasome in the immunostimulatory properties of aluminium adjuvants. Nature 453, 1122–1126 (2008). Showed that the adjuvant activity of alum is due to its ability to stimulate caspase 1 activation, highlighting the role of caspase 1 in the enhancement of adaptive immunity.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Franchi, L. & Nunez, G. The Nlrp3 inflammasome is critical for aluminium hydroxide-mediated IL-1β secretion but dispensable for adjuvant activity. Eur. J. Immunol. 38, 2085–2089 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Li, H., Willingham, S. B., Ting, J. P. & Re, F. Cutting edge: inflammasome activation by alum and alum's adjuvant effect are mediated by NLRP3. J. Immunol. 181, 17–21 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lockman, H. A. & Curtiss, R. 3rd. Salmonella typhimurium mutants lacking flagella or motility remain virulent in BALB/c mice. Infect. Immun. 58, 137–143 (1990).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hammer, B. K. & Swanson, M. S. Co-ordination of Legionella pneumophila virulence with entry into stationary phase by ppGpp. Mol. Microbiol. 33, 721–731 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cummings, L. A., Barrett, S. L., Wilkerson, W. D., Fellnerova, I. & Cookson, B. T. FliC-specific CD4+ T cell responses are restricted by bacterial regulation of antigen expression. J. Immunol. 174, 7929–7938 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Johnston, J. B. et al. A poxvirus-encoded pyrin domain protein interacts with ASC-1 to inhibit host inflammatory and apoptotic responses to infection. Immunity 23, 587–598 (2005). This study identified a microbial protein that is capable of inhibiting caspase 1 activation by disrupting inflammasome formation.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Stasakova, J. et al. Influenza A mutant viruses with altered NS1 protein function provoke caspase-1 activation in primary human macrophages, resulting in fast apoptosis and release of high levels of interleukins 1β and 18. J. Gen. Virol. 86, 185–195 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schotte, P. et al. Targeting Rac1 by the Yersinia effector protein YopE inhibits caspase-1-mediated maturation and release of interleukin-1β. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 25134–25142 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Weiss, D. S. et al. In vivo negative selection screen identifies genes required for Francisella virulence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 6037–6042 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Henry, T., Brotcke, A., Weiss, D. S., Thompson, L. J. & Monack, D. M. Type I interferon signaling is required for activation of the inflammasome during Francisella infection. J. Exp. Med. 204, 987–994 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Esposti, M. D. Apoptosis: who was first? Cell Death Differ. 5, 719 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kerr, J. F., Wyllie, A. H. & Currie, A. R. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer 26, 239–257 (1972).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Majno, G. & Joris, I. Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 3–15 (1995).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Prada, C. M., Hoover, D. L., Tall, B. D. & Venkatesan, M. M. Human monocyte-derived macrophages infected with virulent Shigella flexneri in vitro undergo a rapid cytolytic event similar to oncosis but not apoptosis. Infect. Immun. 65, 1486–1496 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar