Type 2 innate lymphoid cells control eosinophil homeostasis (original) (raw)

References

  1. Rothenberg, M. E. & Hogan, S. P. The eosinophil. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 24, 147–174 (2006)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  2. Takatsu, K. & Nakajima, H. IL-5 and eosinophilia. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 20, 288–294 (2008)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  3. Pope, S. et al. IL-13 induces eosinophil recruitment into the lung by an IL-5- and eotaxin-dependent mechanism. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108, 594–601 (2001)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  4. Mishra, A., Hogan, S., Lee, J., Foster, P. & Rothenberg, M. Fundamental signals that regulate eosinophil homing to the gastrointestinal tract. J. Clin. Invest. 103, 1719–1727 (1999)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  5. Kopf, M. et al. IL-5-deficient mice have a developmental defect in CD5+ B-1 cells and lack eosinophilia but have normal antibody and cytotoxic T cell responses. Immunity 4, 15–24 (1996)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  6. Yoshida, T. et al. Defective B-1 cell development and impaired immunity against Angiostrongylus cantonensis in IL-5Rα-deficient mice. Immunity 4, 483–494 (1996)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  7. Molofsky, A. B. et al. Innate lymphoid type 2 cells sustain visceral adipose tissue eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 210, 535–549 (2013)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  8. Ikutani, M. et al. Identification of innate IL-5-producing cells and their role in lung eosinophil regulation and antitumor immunity. J. Immunol. 188, 703–713 (2012)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  9. Spits, H. & Cupedo, T. Innate lymphoid cells: emerging insights in development, lineage relationships, and function. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 30, 647–675 (2012)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  10. Price, A. et al. Systemically dispersed innate IL-13-expressing cells in type 2 immunity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 11489–11494 (2010)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  11. Liang, H. E. et al. Divergent expression patterns of IL-4 and IL-13 define unique functions in allergic immunity. Nature Immunol. 13, 58–66 (2012)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  12. Neill, D. R. et al. Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity. Nature 464, 1367–1370 (2010)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  13. Moro, K. et al. Innate production of TH2 cytokines by adipose tissue-associated c-Kit+Sca-1+ lymphoid cells. Nature 463, 540–544 (2010)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  14. Carlens, J. et al. Common γ-chain-dependent signals confer selective survival of eosinophils in the murine small intestine. J. Immunol. 183, 5600–5607 (2009)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  15. Halberg, F., Visscher, M. & Bittner, J. Eosinophil rhythm in mice: range of occurrence; effects of illumination, feeding, and adrenalectomy. Am. J. Physiol. 174, 109–122 (1953)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  16. Pauly, J. et al. Meal timing dominates the lighting regimen as a synchronizer of the eosinophil rhythm in mice. Acta Anat. 93, 60–68 (1975)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  17. Lelievre, V. et al. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in mice with a targeted mutation in the gene encoding vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: a model for the study of intestinal ileus and Hirschsprung’s disease. Peptides 28, 1688–1699 (2007)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  18. Maywood, E. S. et al. Analysis of core circadian feedback loop in suprachiasmatic nucleus of mCry1-luc transgenic reporter mouse. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 9547–9552 (2013)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  19. Harmar, A. J. et al. The VPAC2 receptor is essential for circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei. Cell 109, 497–508 (2002)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  20. Colwell, C. S. et al. Disrupted circadian rhythms in VIP- and PHI-deficient mice. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 285, R939–R949 (2003)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  21. Sheward, W. J. et al. Entrainment to feeding but not to light: circadian phenotype of VPAC2 receptor-null mice. J. Neurosci. 27, 4351–4358 (2007)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  22. Voice, J. et al. c-Maf and JunB mediation of Th2 differentiation induced by the type 2 G protein-coupled receptor (VPAC2) for vasoactive intestinal peptide. J. Immunol. 172, 7289–7296 (2004)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  23. Samarasinghe, A. E., Hoselton, S. A. & Schuh, J. M. The absence of the VPAC2 receptor does not protect mice from Aspergillus induced allergic asthma. Peptides 31, 1068–1075 (2010)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  24. Tsutsumi, M. et al. A potent and highly selective VPAC2 agonist enhances glucose-induced insulin release and glucose disposal: a potential therapy for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 51, 1453–1460 (2002)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  25. Dickson, L. & Finlayson, K. VPAC and PAC receptors: From ligands to function. Pharmacol. Ther. 121, 294–316 (2009)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  26. Domarus, A. v. Die bedeutung der kammerzahlung der eosinophilen fur die klinik. Dtsch. Arch. Klin. Med. 171, 333–358 (1931)
    Google Scholar
  27. Mjösberg, J. M. et al. Human IL-25- and IL-33-responsive type 2 innate lymphoid cells are defined by expression of CRTH2 and CD161. Nature Immunol. 12, 1055–1062 (2011)
    Article Google Scholar
  28. Sullivan, B. M. et al. Genetic analysis of basophil function in vivo. Nature Immunol. 12, 527–535 (2011)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  29. Thornton, E. E. et al. Spatiotemporally separated antigen uptake by alveolar dendritic cells and airway presentation to T cells in the lung. J. Exp. Med. 209, 1183–1199 (2012)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  30. Vomhof-DeKrey, E. E. et al. Radical reversal of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors during early lymphopoiesis. Peptides 32, 2058–2066 (2011)
    Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the NIH Tetramer Core Facility for reagents, B. Sullivan, N. Flores, M. Consengco and Z. Wang for technical expertise, and M. Anderson, C. Lowell and M. McCune for comments on the manuscript. Supported by NIH (AI026918, AI030663, AI078869, HL107202), the Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center grant (DK063720), the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center at the University of California San Francisco. J.C.N. is supported by NIH training grants (AI007641 and AI007334).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143-0795, California, USA
    Jesse C. Nussbaum, Steven J. Van Dyken, Jakob von Moltke, Ajay Chawla, Hong-Erh Liang & Richard M. Locksley
  2. Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143-0795, California, USA
    Laurence E. Cheng
  3. Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143-0795, California, USA
    Alexander Mohapatra & Richard M. Locksley
  4. Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143-0795, California, USA
    Ari B. Molofsky
  5. Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143-0795, California, USA
    Emily E. Thornton & Matthew F. Krummel
  6. Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143-0795, California, USA
    Ajay Chawla
  7. Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143-0795, California, USA
    Ajay Chawla
  8. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143-0795, California, USA
    Richard M. Locksley

Authors

  1. Jesse C. Nussbaum
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  2. Steven J. Van Dyken
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  3. Jakob von Moltke
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  4. Laurence E. Cheng
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  5. Alexander Mohapatra
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  6. Ari B. Molofsky
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  7. Emily E. Thornton
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  8. Matthew F. Krummel
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  9. Ajay Chawla
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  10. Hong-Erh Liang
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  11. Richard M. Locksley
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

J.C.N. performed experiments, interpreted data and wrote the manuscript; L.E.C. provided experimental and imaging assistance; S.J.V.D., A.M., A.B.M. and J.v.M. provided experimental assistance; E.E.T. performed imaging assays; M.F.K. provided reagents and expertise; H.-E.L. generated mouse cytokine reporter strains; A.C. discussed experiments and provided oversight for metabolic studies; R.M.L. directed the studies and wrote the paper with J.C.N.

Corresponding author

Correspondence toRichard M. Locksley.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Figure 1 Performance of R5 reporter in T-cell cultures.

a, b, Flow cytometry with intracellular staining for IL-4, IL-13, IL-5 and IFN-γ of CD4+ T cells from wild-type and R5/R5 mice cultured under TH2 (a) or TH1 (b) conditions and then re-stimulated for 24 h. Numbers represent per cent of CD3+CD4+ cells. c, Percentage of cultured CD3+CD4+ cells in the R5+ gate and ELISA for IL-5 from the supernatants in R5/+ and wild-type TH2 cultures re-stimulated on plate-bound anti-CD3ε for 4 days. Data are representative of two independent experiments (a, b), and ELISA data (c) obtained by averaging four replicates per time point.

Extended Data Figure 2 Surface markers and R5 expression in resting ILC2 cells.

a, Gating of cells from lung and small intestine. Numbers in first two panels (lung) and first panel (intestine) are percentage of live (DAPI−) cells, and remaining panel previously gated on R5+CD90.2+ cells (lung) or R5+CD45+ cells (intestine). Histograms show R5+CD4−CD5− cells, total CD4+CD5+ cells, and eosinophils (SiglecF+CD11b+SSChi). b, Percentage R5+ of Lin−CD127+T1/ST2+ cells and R5 fluorescence in indicated tissues. c, IL-5 ELISPOT of R5+ cells sorted from the lungs of R5/+ or R5/R5 mice and cultured (3,000 cells per well) for 48 h. Data are representative of two independent experiments with three mice per group (a, b), or representative of two independent experiments using sorted cells pooled from four mice (c). Represented as mean ± s.e.m. Lin, lineage markers (B220, CD5, CD11b, CD11c, Ly6G, FcεRI and NK1.1); MFI, mean fluorescence intensity; *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001, by Student’s _t_-test.

Extended Data Figure 3 R5+ ILC2 cells require IL-7 and appear and persist after birth.

a, Flow cytometry of lung cells from mouse strains as indicated. Numbers are percentage of Lin− cells. b, Flow cytometry of lung cells previously gated as in a (Lin−CD90.2+T1/ST2+). Numbers are percentage of Lin−CD90.2+T1/ST2+ cells. c, Total lung ILC2 cells (Lin−CD90.2+T1/ST2+) in mouse strains as indicated. d, Flow cytometry of R5/+ lung; previously gated on Lin−CD90.2+ cells. e, Lung Lin−CD90.2+T1/ST2+ cells as a percentage of CD45+ cells at neonatal day 1, day 8, or week 8 of life. f, Per cent BrdU+ of thymus CD4−CD8− (DN) cells, lung CD4+ T cells, and lung R5+ ILC2 cells after 14 days BrdU. Data are representative of two independent experiments (a, b and d); pooled from three independent experiments for 4 (wild type and IL7rα−/−) or 7 (all others) mice per group (c); pooled from three independent experiments for 5 (day 1), 6 (day 8), or 4 (adult) mice per group (e); or pooled from two independent experiments for 3 mice per group (f). Represented as mean ± s.e.m. Lin, lineage markers (B220, CD5, CD11b, CD11c, Ly6G, FcεRI and NK1.1); NS, not significant by Kruskal–Wallis (c) or by Student’s _t_-test (f); *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001, by Student’s _t_-test.

Extended Data Figure 4 Cre-mediated tracking or deletion of R5+ cells.

a, b, Flow cytometry of R5/R5 and R5/R5 ROSA–YFP lungs 12 days after infection with N. brasiliensis, previously gated on live (DAPI−) cells. a, Numbers are per cent YFP+ of live (DAPI−) cells (left two panels), and per cent R5+CD4+ and R5+CD4− of YFP+ cells (second from right). Far right panel, CD90.2 and T1/ST2 staining of R5+CD4− cells. b, Numbers are per cent of CD4+ cells. c, Baseline total cells and per cent CD4+ T cells in bone marrow (single femur), spleen and lung, and CD4+ cells as a per cent of CD45+ cells in small intestine lamina propria of R5/R5 or R5/R5 deleter mice. d, Representative flow cytometry of small intestine lamina propria cells (previously gated as CD45+CD8−NK1.1−). Data are representative of 2 mice in each group from one experiment (a, b); or pooled from three independent experiments for 6 (small intestine, and R5/R5 bone marrow and spleen) or 9 (all others) mice per group (c); or representative of two mice in each group from one experiment (d). Represented as means ± s.e.m. BM, bone marrow; ***P < 0.001 by Student’s _t_-test.

Extended Data Figure 5 Activation by IL-2 and IL-33.

Flow cytometry and quantification of R5 and KLRG1 fluorescence in ILC2 cells from untreated _Rag1_−/− and R5/R5 _Rag1_−/− mice, and R5/R5 _Rag1_−/− mice treated with IL-2 and IL-33. Lung cells previously gated as Lin−CD90.2+. Data are pooled from two independent experiments for 3 (R5/R5 + PBS) or 8 (R5/R5 + IL-2/IL-33) mice per group. Represented as means ± s.e.m. MFI, mean fluorescence intensity.

Extended Data Figure 6 Feeding enhances Smart13 expression.

a, Schematic for feeding during light-only or dark-only 9 days before collecting tissues. b, Flow cytometry of small intestine cells previously gated on CD45+Lin−CD127+ (left panels), or CD45+Lin−CD127−ICOS+R5+ (right panels) showing human CD4 and R5 fluorescence. c, Per cent R5+ and R5 fluorescence of lamina propria ILC2 cells after 10-day food schedule in a. d, Per cent Smart13+ (S13) of lamina propria after 16-h fast. Data are representative of 2 independent experiments with 4 mice per group (b, c), or one experiment with 4 (fed) or 2 (fasted) mice per group (d). Represented as mean ± s.e.m. Lin, lineage markers (CD4, CD5, CD8, B220, CD11b, CD11c, NK1.1, Gr1); MFI, mean fluorescence intensity.

Extended Data Figure 7 Sorted ILC2 cells respond to VIP.

a, Representative flow cytometry of ILC2 cells from small intestine of wild-type or R5/R5 mice, previously gated on Lin−CD45+KLRG1+. b, c, IL-5 in culture supernatant measured by cytometric bead array. b, Lin−CD45+KLRG1+ ILC2 cells sorted from small intestine cultured at 10,000 per well in IL-7 (10 ng ml−1) alone or with VIP (1 μM) for 6 h. c, Lin−CD90.2+CD25+ ILC2 cells sorted from lung cultured at 5,000 per well in IL-7 (10 ng ml−1) alone or with VIP or VPAC2-specific agonist BAY 55-9837 (both 1 μM) for 18 h. Data are representative of three independent experiments (a) or pooled averages of duplicate cultures from 4 (b) or 3 (c) independent cell sorts. Represented as mean ± s.e.m. Lin, lineage markers (CD4, CD5, CD8, B220, CD11b, CD11c, NK1.1, Gr1); *P < 0.05 by paired Student’s _t_-test.

PowerPoint slides

Rights and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nussbaum, J., Van Dyken, S., von Moltke, J. et al. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells control eosinophil homeostasis.Nature 502, 245–248 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12526

Download citation