- Suerbaum, S. & Michetti, P. Helicobacter pylori infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1175–1186 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- El Serag, H.B. & Rudolph, K.L. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 132, 2557–2576 (2007).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Greten, F.R. et al. IKKbeta links inflammation and tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer. Cell 118, 285–296 (2004).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Karin, M. & Greten, F.R. NF-kappaB: linking inflammation and immunity to cancer development and progression. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5, 749–759 (2005).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Naugler, W.E. et al. Gender disparity in liver cancer due to sex differences in MyD88-dependent IL-6 production. Science 317, 121–124 (2007).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Naugler, W.E. & Karin, M. The wolf in sheep's clothing: the role of interleukin-6 in immunity, inflammation and cancer. Trends Mol. Med. 14, 109–119 (2008).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Yu, H. & Jove, R. The STATs of cancer—new molecular targets come of age. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4, 97–105 (2004).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Yu, H., Kortylewski, M. & Pardoll, D. Crosstalk between cancer and immune cells: role of STAT3 in the tumour microenvironment. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7, 41–51 (2007).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Erdman, S.E. et al. CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T lymphocytes inhibit microbially induced colon cancer in _Rag2_-deficient mice. Am. J. Pathol. 162, 691–702 (2003).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Dunn, G.P., Koebel, C.M. & Schreiber, R.D. Interferons, immunity and cancer immunoediting. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6, 836–848 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Weaver, C.T., Hatton, R.D., Mangan, P.R. & Harrington, L.E. IL-17 family cytokines and the expanding diversity of effector T cell lineages. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25, 821–852 (2007).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Laurence, A. & O'Shea, J.J. TH-17 differentiation: of mice and men. Nat. Immunol. 8, 903–905 (2007).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Cho, J.H. The genetics and immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8, 458–466 (2008).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Rakoff-Nahoum, S. & Medzhitov, R. Regulation of spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis through the adaptor protein MyD88. Science 317, 124–127 (2007).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Su, L.K. et al. Multiple intestinal neoplasia caused by a mutation in the murine homolog of the APC gene. Science 256, 668–670 (1992).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Hope, M.E., Hold, G.L., Kain, R. & El Omar, E.M. Sporadic colorectal cancer–role of the commensal microbiota. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 244, 1–7 (2005).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Sears, C.L. et al. Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis infection is associated with inflammatory diarrhea. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47, 797–803 (2008).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Toprak, N.U. et al. A possible role of Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin in the aetiology of colorectal cancer. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12, 782–786 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Levy, D.E. & Darnell, J.E., Jr. Stats: transcriptional control and biological impact. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 651–662 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Chen, Z. et al. Selective regulatory function of Socs3 in the formation of IL-17–secreting T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 8137–8142 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Laurence, A. et al. Interleukin-2 signaling via STAT5 constrains T helper 17 cell generation. Immunity 26, 371–381 (2007).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Harris, T.J. et al. Cutting edge: An in vivo requirement for STAT3 signaling in TH17 development and TH17-dependent autoimmunity. J. Immunol. 179, 4313–4317 (2007).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Ivanov, I.I. et al. The orphan nuclear receptor RORγat directs the differentiation program of proinflammatory IL-17+ T helper cells. Cell 126, 1121–1133 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Kortylewski, M. et al. Regulation of the IL-23 and IL-12 balance by Stat3 signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell 15, 114–123 (2009).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Langowski, J.L. et al. IL-23 promotes tumour incidence and growth. Nature 442, 461–465 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Bollrath, J. et al. gp130-mediated Stat3 activation in enterocytes regulates cell survival and cell-cycle progression during colitis-associated tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 15, 91–102 (2009).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Grivennikov, S. et al. IL-6 and Stat3 are required for survival of intestinal epithelial cells and development of colitis-associated cancer. Cancer Cell 15, 103–113 (2009).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- de Visser, K.E., Korets, L.V. & Coussens, L.M. De novo carcinogenesis promoted by chronic inflammation is B lymphocyte dependent. Cancer Cell 7, 411–423 (2005).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Poutahidis, T. et al. Rapid reversal of interleukin-6–dependent epithelial invasion in a mouse model of microbially induced colon carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 28, 2614–2623 (2007).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Rao, V.P. et al. Proinflammatory CD4+ CD45RBhi lymphocytes promote mammary and intestinal carcinogenesis in ApcMin/+ mice. Cancer Res. 66, 57–61 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Müller-Hermelink, N. et al. TNFR1 signaling and IFN-γ signaling determine whether T cells induce tumor dormancy or promote multistage carcinogenesis. Cancer Cell 13, 507–518 (2008).
Article Google Scholar
- Koebel, C.M. et al. Adaptive immunity maintains occult cancer in an equilibrium state. Nature 450, 903–907 (2007).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Mangan, P.R. et al. Transforming growth factor-β induces development of the TH17 lineage. Nature 441, 231–234 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Kullberg, M.C. et al. IL-23 plays a key role in _Helicobacter hepaticus_–induced T cell–dependent colitis. J. Exp. Med. 203, 2485–2494 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Hue, S. et al. Interleukin-23 drives innate and T cell–mediated intestinal inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 203, 2473–2483 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Newman, J.V., Kosaka, T., Sheppard, B.J., Fox, J.G. & Schauer, D.B. Bacterial infection promotes colon tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+ mice. J. Infect. Dis. 184, 227–230 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Nagamine, C.M. et al. Helicobacter hepaticus infection promotes colon tumorigenesis in the BALB/c-_Rag2_−/−_Apc_Min/+ mouse. Infect. Immun. 76, 2758–2766 (2008).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Maggio-Price, L. et al. Helicobacter infection is required for inflammation and colon cancer in SMAD3-deficient mice. Cancer Res. 66, 828–838 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Raffatellu, M. et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus–induced mucosal interleukin-17 deficiency promotes Salmonella dissemination from the gut. Nat. Med. 14, 421–428 (2008).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Niess, J.H., Leithauser, F., Adler, G. & Reimann, J. Commensal gut flora drives the expansion of proinflammatory CD4 T cells in the colonic lamina propria under normal and inflammatory conditions. J. Immunol. 180, 559–568 (2008).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Wu, S., Lim, K.-C., Huang, J., Saidi, R.F. & Sears, C.L. Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin cleaves the zonula adherens protein, E-cadherin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14979–14984 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Wu, S., Morin, P.J., Maouyo, D. & Sears, C.L. Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin induces c-Myc expression and cellular proliferation. Gastroenterology 124, 392–400 (2003).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Sears, C.L. Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: a rogue among symbiotes. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 22, 349–369 (2009).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Rhee, K.J. et al. Induction of persistent colitis by a human commensal, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Infect. Immun. 77, 1708–1718 (2009).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Caruso, R. et al. IL-23–mediated regulation of IL-17 production in _Helicobacter pylori_–infected gastric mucosa. Eur. J. Immunol. 38, 470–478 (2008).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Boivin, G.P. et al. Pathology of mouse models of intestinal cancer: consensus report and recommendations. Gastroenterology 124, 762–777 (2003).
Article Google Scholar