Lipid parameters for measuring risk of cardiovascular disease (original) (raw)

• [No authors listed] The epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases. Am. J. Public Health Nations Health 41, 335–336 (1951).
• Kannel, W. B., Dawber, T. R., Friedman, G. D., Glennon, W. E. & McNamara, P. M. Risk factors in coronary heart disease: an evaluation of several serum lipids as predictors of coronary heart disease; the Framingham Study. Ann. Intern. Med. 61, 888–899 (1964).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dawber, T. R. et al. Some factors associated with the development of coronary heart disease: six years' follow-up experience in the Framingham study. Am. J. Public Health Nations Health 49, 1349–1356 (1959).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yusuf, S. et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 364, 937–952 (2004).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Yeh, R. W. et al. Population trends in the incidence and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 362, 2155–2165 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Brown, M. S. & Goldstein, J. L. Receptor-mediated control of cholesterol metabolism. Science 191, 150–154 (1976).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kuroda, M., Tsujita, Y., Tanzawa, K. & Endo, A. Hypolipidemic effects in monkeys of ML-236B, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Lipids 14, 585–589 (1979).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Endo, A., Kuroda, M. & Tanzawa, K. Competitive inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase by ML-236A and ML-236B fungal metabolites, having hypocholesterolemic activity. FEBS Lett. 72, 323–326 (1976).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hunink, M. G. et al. The recent decline in mortality from coronary heart disease, 1980–1990. The effect of secular trends in risk factors and treatment. JAMA 277, 535–542 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• [No authors listed] Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 344, 1383–1389 (1994).
• Downs, J. R. et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 279, 1615–1622 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360, 7–22 (2002).
• Shepherd, J. et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 1301–1307 (1995).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Baigent, C. et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 366, 1267–1278 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McQueen, M. J. et al. Lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins as risk markers of myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): a case-control study. Lancet 372, 224–233 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yusuf, S., Reddy, S., Ounpuu, S. & Anand, S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation 104, 2746–2753 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yusuf, S., Reddy, S., Ounpuu, S. & Anand, S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part II: variations in cardiovascular disease by specific ethnic groups and geographic regions and prevention strategies. Circulation 104, 2855–2864 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of overweight, obesity and extreme obesity among adults: United States, trends 1976–80 through 2005–2006 [online], (2008).
• Ogden, C. L. et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA 295, 1549–1555 (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Olshansky, S. J. et al. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1138–1145 (2005).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Walls, H. L. et al. Comparing trends in BMI and waist circumference. Obesity (Silver Spring) 19, 216–219 (2011).
  Google Scholar
• Goossens, G. H. The role of adipose tissue dysfunction in the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance. Physiol. Behav. 94, 206–218 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Després, J. P. & Lemieux, I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature 444, 881–887 (2006).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Van Gaal, L. F., Mertens, I. L. & De Block, C. E. Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature 444, 875–880 (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Adiels, M., Olofsson, S. O., Taskinen, M. R. & Boren, J. Overproduction of very low-density lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28, 1225–1236 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Charansonney, O. L. & Després, J. P. Disease prevention—should we target obesity or sedentary lifestyle? Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 7, 468–472 (2010).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Castelli, W. P. Cholesterol and lipids in the risk of coronary artery disease—the Framingham Heart Study. Can. J. Cardiol. 4 (Suppl. A), 5A–10A (1988).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Conroy, R. M. et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur. Heart J. 24, 987–1003 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wilson, P. W. et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 97, 1837–1847 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Robinson, J. G. Are you targeting non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55, 42–44 (2009).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Arsenault, B. J. et al. Beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: respective contributions of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio to coronary heart disease risk in apparently healthy men and women. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55, 35–41 (2009).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Nordestgaard, B. G., Benn, M., Schnohr, P. & Tybjaerg-Hansen, A. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA 298, 299–308 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sarwar, N. et al. Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 Western prospective studies. Circulation 115, 450–458 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bansal, S. et al. Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. JAMA 298, 309–316 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Di Angelantonio, E. et al. Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease. JAMA 302, 1993–2000 (2009).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sarwar, N. et al. Triglyceride-mediated pathways and coronary disease: collaborative analysis of 101 studies. Lancet 375, 1634–1639 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lemieux, I. et al. Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio vs LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio as indices of ischemic heart disease risk in men: the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 161, 2685–2692 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kannel, W. B., Vasan, R. S., Keyes, M. J., Sullivan, L. M. & Robins, S. J. Usefulness of the triglyceride-high-density lipoprotein versus the cholesterol-high-density lipoprotein ratio for predicting insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk (from the Framingham Offspring Cohort). Am. J. Cardiol. 101, 497–501 (2008).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ingelsson, E. et al. Clinical utility of different lipid measures for prediction of coronary heart disease in men and women. JAMA 298, 776–785 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vaisar, T. et al. Shotgun proteomics implicates protease inhibition and complement activation in the antiinflammatory properties of HDL. J. Clin. Invest. 117, 746–756 (2007).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ganda, O. P. Refining lipoprotein assessment in diabetes: apolipoprotein B makes sense. Endocr. Pract. 15, 370–376 (2009).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Arsenault, B. J. et al. Cholesterol levels in small LDL particles predict the risk of coronary heart disease in the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Eur. Heart J. 28, 2770–2777 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lamarche, B. et al. Small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles as a predictor of the risk of ischemic heart disease in men. Prospective results from the Québec Cardiovascular Study. Circulation 95, 69–75 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sniderman, A. et al. Association of coronary atherosclerosis with hyperapobetalipoproteinemia [increased protein but normal cholesterol levels in human plasma low density (beta) lipoproteins]. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 77, 604–608 (1980).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Pischon, T. et al. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in the prediction of coronary heart disease in men. Circulation 112, 3375–3383 (2005).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sniderman, A., Williams, K. & Cobbaert, C. ApoB versus non-HDL-C: what to do when they disagree. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 11, 358–363 (2009).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barter, P. J. et al. Antiinflammatory properties of HDL. Circ. Res. 95, 764–772 (2004).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Avogaro, P., Bon, G. B., Cazzolato, G. & Quinci, G. B. Are apolipoproteins better discriminators than lipids for atherosclerosis? Lancet 1, 901–903 (1979).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lamarche, B. et al. Apolipoprotein A-I and B levels and the risk of ischemic heart disease during a five-year follow-up of men in the Québec cardiovascular study. Circulation 94, 273–278 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Walldius, G. et al. High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): a prospective study. Lancet 358, 2026–2033 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Parish, S. et al. The joint effects of apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol on risk: 3510 cases of acute myocardial infarction and 9805 controls. Eur. Heart J. 30, 2137–2146 (2009).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Cook, N. R., Bradwin, G. & Buring, J. E. Non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B100, standard lipid measures, lipid ratios, and CRP as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women. JAMA 294, 326–333 (2005).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sweetnam, P. M. et al. Apolipoproteins A-I, A-II and B, lipoprotein(a) and the risk of ischaemic heart disease: the Caerphilly study. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 30, 947–956 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• van der Steeg, W. A. et al. Role of the apolipoprotein B-apolipoprotein A-I ratio in cardiovascular risk assessment: a case-control analysis in EPIC-Norfolk. Ann. Intern. Med. 146, 640–648 (2007).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Otvos, J. D., Jeyarajah, E. J. & Bennett, D. W. Quantification of plasma lipoproteins by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin. Chem. 37, 377–386 (1991).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jeyarajah, E. J., Cromwell, W. C. & Otvos, J. D. Lipoprotein particle analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin. Lab. Med. 26, 847–870 (2006).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• El Harchaoui, K. et al. Value of low-density lipoprotein particle number and size as predictors of coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49, 547–553 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mora, S. et al. LDL particle subclasses, LDL particle size, and carotid atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis 192, 211–217 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mora, S. et al. Lipoprotein particle profiles by nuclear magnetic resonance compared with standard lipids and apolipoproteins in predicting incident cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation 119, 931–939 (2009).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• El Harchaoui, K. et al. High-density lipoprotein particle size and concentration and coronary risk. Ann. Intern. Med. 150, 84–93 (2009).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Arsenault, B. J. et al. Lipid assessment, metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease risk. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 40, 1081–1093 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Arsenault, B. J. et al. HDL particle size and the risk of coronary heart disease in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Atherosclerosis 206, 276–281 (2009).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Arsenault, B. J. et al. Comparison between gradient gel electrophoresis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in estimating coronary heart disease risk associated with LDL and HDL particle size. Clin. Chem. 56, 789–798 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Farnier, M., Perevozskaya, I., Taggart, W. V., Kush, D. & Mitchel, Y. B. VAP II analysis of lipoprotein subclasses in mixed hyperlipidemic patients on treatment with ezetimibe/simvastatin and fenofibrate. J. Lipid Res. 49, 2641–2647 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Miller, M., Dobs, A., Yuan, Z., Battisti, W. P. & Palmisano, J. The effect of simvastatin on triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetic dyslipidemia: a SILHOUETTE trial sub-study. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 22, 343–350 (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, K. R., Garber, D. W., Marcovina, S. M. & Segrest, J. P. Quantification of cholesterol in all lipoprotein classes by the VAP-II method. J. Lipid Res. 35, 159–168 (1994).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Erqou, S. et al. Lipoprotein(a) concentration and the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and nonvascular mortality. JAMA 302, 412–423 (2009).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Erqou, S. et al. Apolipoprotein(a) isoforms and the risk of vascular disease: systematic review of 40 studies involving 58,000 participants. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55, 2160–2167 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Clarke, R. et al. Genetic variants associated with Lp(a) lipoprotein level and coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 2518–2528 (2009).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kamstrup, P. R., Tybjaerg-Hansen, A., Steffensen, R. & Nordestgaard, B. G. Genetically elevated lipoprotein(a) and increased risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 301, 2331–2339 (2009).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nordestgaard, B. G. et al. Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status. Eur. Heart J. 31, 2844–2853 (2010).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hurt-Camejo, E., Camejo, G., Peilot, H., Oorni, K. & Kovanen, P. Phospholipase A2 in vascular disease. Circ. Res. 89, 298–304 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Thompson, A. et al. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and risk of coronary disease, stroke, and mortality: collaborative analysis of 32 prospective studies. Lancet 375, 1536–1544 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov. The stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque by initiation of darapladib therapy trial [online], (2011).
• ClinicalTrials.gov. VISTA-16 trial: evaluation of safety and efficacy of short-term A-002 treatment in subjects with acute coronary syndrome [online], (2011).
• Libby, P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 420, 868–874 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Duewell, P. et al. NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals. Nature 464, 1357–1361 (2010).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Boekholdt, S. M. & Kastelein, J. J. C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk: more fuel to the fire. Lancet 375, 95–96 (2010).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Cartier, A. et al. Age-related differences in inflammatory markers in men: contribution of visceral adiposity. Metabolism 58, 1452–1458 (2009).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rana, J. S. et al. Inflammatory biomarkers, physical activity, waist circumference, and risk of future coronary heart disease in healthy men and women. Eur. Heart J. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp010.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Fontana, L., Eagon, J. C., Trujillo, M. E., Scherer, P. E. & Klein, S. Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Diabetes 56, 1010–1013 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kaptoge, S. et al. C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet 375, 132–140 (2010).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Elliott, P. et al. Genetic loci associated with C-reactive protein levels and risk of coronary heart disease. JAMA 302, 37–48 (2009).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Lawlor, D. A. et al. The association of C-reactive protein and CRP genotype with coronary heart disease: findings from five studies with 4,610 cases amongst 18,637 participants. PLoS ONE 3, e3011 (2008).
  PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zacho, J. et al. Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 1897–1908 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ridker, P. M., Paynter, N. P., Rifai, N., Gaziano, J. M. & Cook, N. R. C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the Reynolds Risk Score for men. Circulation 118, 2243–2251 (2008).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ridker, P. M., Buring, J. E., Rifai, N. & Cook, N. R. Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA 297, 611–619 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sattar, N. et al. C-reactive protein and prediction of coronary heart disease and global vascular events in the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER). Circulation 115, 981–989 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wilson, P. W. et al. C-reactive protein and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women from the Framingham Heart Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 165, 2473–2478 (2005).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Koenig, W., Lowel, H., Baumert, J. & Meisinger, C. C-reactive protein modulates risk prediction based on the Framingham Score: implications for future risk assessment: results from a large cohort study in southern Germany. Circulation 109, 1349–1353 (2004).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Ridker, P. M. et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 2195–2207 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gotto, A. M. Jr et al. Relation between baseline and on-treatment lipid parameters and first acute major coronary events in the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS). Circulation 101, 477–484 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pedersen, T. R. et al. Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation 97, 1453–1460 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ballantyne, C. M. et al. Influence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated triglyceride on coronary heart disease events and response to simvastatin therapy in 4S. Circulation 104, 3046–3051 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Simes, R. J. et al. Relationship between lipid levels and clinical outcomes in the Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Trial: to what extent is the reduction in coronary events with pravastatin explained by on-study lipid levels? Circulation 105, 1162–1169 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kastelein, J. J. et al. Lipids, apolipoproteins, and their ratios in relation to cardiovascular events with statin treatment. Circulation 117, 3002–3009 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Charlton-Menys, V. et al. Apolipoproteins, cardiovascular risk and statin response in type 2 diabetes: the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS). Diabetologia 52, 218–225 (2009).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ray, K. K. et al. Prognostic utility of apoB/AI, total cholesterol/HDL, non-HDL cholesterol, or hs-CRP as predictors of clinical risk in patients receiving statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes: results from PROVE IT-TIMI 22. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 29, 424–430 (2009).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ridker, P. M. et al. Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial. Lancet 373, 1175–1182 (2009).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Deedwania, P. et al. Reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: analysis of the Treating to New Targets study. Lancet 368, 919–928 (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Taskinen, M. R. et al. Ability of traditional lipid ratios and apolipoprotein ratios to predict cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 53, 1846–1855 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Otvos, J. D. et al. Low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein particle subclasses predict coronary events and are favorably changed by gemfibrozil therapy in the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Circulation 113, 1556–1563 (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285, 2486–2497 (2001).
• Grundy, S. M. et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 110, 227–239 (2004).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Barter, P. et al. HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 1301–1310 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Miller, M. et al. Impact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51, 724–730 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sniderman, A. Targets for LDL-lowering therapy. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 20, 282–287 (2009).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 106, 3143–3421 (2002).
• Brunzell, J. D. et al. Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk: consensus conference report from the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51, 1512–1524 (2008).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Contois, J. H. et al. Apolipoprotein B and cardiovascular disease risk: position statement from the AACC Lipoproteins and Vascular Diseases Division Working Group on Best Practices. Clin. Chem. 55, 407–419 (2009).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Genest, J. et al. 2009 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult—2009 recommendations. Can. J. Cardiol. 25, 567–579 (2009).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar