Epidemiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (original) (raw)
Heidenreich, P. A. et al. Forecasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circ. Heart Fail.6, 606–619 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ponikowski, P. et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur. Heart J.37, 2129–2200 (2016). PubMed Google Scholar
Yancy, C. W. et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation128, e240–e327 (2013). PubMed Google Scholar
Heidenreich, P. A. et al. Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation123, 933–944 (2011). PubMed Google Scholar
Finkelstein, E. A. et al. Obesity and severe obesity forecasts through 2030. Am. J. Prev. Med.42, 563–570 (2012). PubMed Google Scholar
Boyle, J. P., Thompson, T. J., Gregg, E. W., Barker, L. E. & Williamson, D. F. Projection of the year 2050 burden of diabetes in the US adult population: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and prediabetes prevalence. Popul. Health Metr.8, 29 (2010). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Borlaug, B. A. & Redfield, M. M. Diastolic and systolic heart failure are distinct phenotypes within the heart failure spectrum. Circulation123, 2006–2013 (2011). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Paulus, W. J. & Tschope, C. A novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: comorbidities drive myocardial dysfunction and remodeling through coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.62, 263–271 (2013). PubMed Google Scholar
McMurray, J. J. Clinical practice. Systolic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med.362, 228–238 (2010). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Redfield, M. M. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N. Engl. J. Med.375, 1868–1877 (2016). PubMed Google Scholar
Dunlay, S. M., Roger, V. L., Weston, S. A., Jiang, R. & Redfield, M. M. Longitudinal changes in ejection fraction in heart failure patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction. Circ. Heart Fail.5, 720–726 (2012). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lam, C. S. et al. Cardiac structure and ventricular-vascular function in persons with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction from Olmsted County, Minnesota. Circulation115, 1982–1990 (2007). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Maurer, M. S. et al. Ventricular structure and function in hypertensive participants with heart failure and a normal ejection fraction: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.49, 972–981 (2007). PubMed Google Scholar
Anjan, V. Y. et al. Prevalence, clinical phenotype, and outcomes associated with normal B-type natriuretic peptide levels in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Am. J. Cardiol.110, 870–876 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Borlaug, B. A., Nishimura, R. A., Sorajja, P., Lam, C. S. & Redfield, M. M. Exercise hemodynamics enhance diagnosis of early heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circ. Heart Fail.3, 588–595 (2010). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Obokata, M. et al. The role of diastolic stress testing in the evaluation for HFpEF: a simultaneous invasive-echocardiographic study. Circulation135, 825–838 (2016). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Costello-Boerrigter, L. C. et al. Amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide in the general community: determinants and detection of left ventricular dysfunction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.47, 345–353 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Redfield, M. M. et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration: impact of age and gender. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.40, 976–982 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Richards, M. et al. Atrial fibrillation impairs the diagnostic performance of cardiac natriuretic peptides in dyspneic patients: results from the BACH Study (Biomarkers in ACute Heart Failure). JACC Heart Fail.1, 192–199 (2013). PubMed Google Scholar
Redfield, M. M. et al. Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic. JAMA289, 194–202 (2003). PubMed Google Scholar
McKee, P. A., Castelli, W. P., McNamara, P. M. & Kannel, W. B. The natural history of congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. N. Engl. J. Med.285, 1441–1446 (1971). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Eriksson, H. et al. Cardiac and pulmonary causes of dyspnoea — validation of a scoring test for clinical-epidemiological use: the Study of Men Born in 1913. Eur. Heart J.8, 1007–1014 (1987). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Carlson, K. J., Lee, D. C., Goroll, A. H., Leahy, M. & Johnson, R. A. An analysis of physicians' reasons for prescribing long-term digitalis therapy in outpatients. J. Chron. Dis.38, 733–739 (1985). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Di Bari, M. et al. The diagnosis of heart failure in the community. Comparative validation of four sets of criteria in unselected older adults: the ICARe Dicomano Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.44, 1601–1608 (2004). PubMed Google Scholar
Bursi, F. et al. Systolic and diastolic heart failure in the community. JAMA296, 2209–2216 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Pakhomov, S. V., Buntrock, J. & Chute, C. G. Prospective recruitment of patients with congestive heart failure using an ad-hoc binary classifier. J. Biomed. Inform.38, 145–153 (2005). PubMed Google Scholar
Bielinski, S. J. et al. A robust e-epidemiology tool in phenotyping heart failure with differentiation for preserved and reduced ejection fraction: the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) network. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res.8, 475–483 (2015). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Blecker, S. et al. Comparison of approaches for heart failure case identification from electronic health record data. JAMA Cardiol.1, 1014–1020 (2016). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ceia, F. et al. Prevalence of chronic heart failure in Southwestern Europe: the EPICA study. Eur. J. Heart Fail.4, 531–539 (2002). PubMed Google Scholar
Brouwers, F. P. et al. Incidence and epidemiology of new onset heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction in a community-based cohort: 11-year follow-up of PREVEND. Eur. Heart J.34, 1424–1431 (2013). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gottdiener, J. S. et al. Outcome of congestive heart failure in elderly persons: influence of left ventricular systolic function. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Ann. Intern. Med.137, 631–639 (2002). PubMed Google Scholar
Philbin, E. F., Rocco, T. A. Jr, Lindenmuth, N. W., Ulrich, K. & Jenkins, P. L. Systolic versus diastolic heart failure in community practice: clinical features, outcomes, and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Am. J. Med.109, 605–613 (2000). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Owan, T. E. et al. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N. Engl. J. Med.355, 251–259 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Yancy, C. W. et al. Clinical presentation, management, and in-hospital outcomes of patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure with preserved systolic function: a report from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) Database. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.47, 76–84 (2006). PubMed Google Scholar
Gurwitz, J. H. et al. Contemporary prevalence and correlates of incident heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Am. J. Med.126, 393–400 (2013). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Gustafsson, F. et al. Long-term survival in patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure: relation to preserved and reduced left ventricular systolic function. Eur. Heart J.24, 863–870 (2003). PubMed Google Scholar
Lenzen, M. J. et al. Differences between patients with a preserved and a depressed left ventricular function: a report from the EuroHeart Failure Survey. Eur. Heart J.25, 1214–1220 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
MacCarthy, P. A. et al. Prognosis in heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function: prospective cohort study. BMJ327, 78–79 (2003). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bhatia, R. S. et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. N. Engl. J. Med.355, 260–269 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gerber, Y. et al. A contemporary appraisal of the heart failure epidemic in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 2000 to 2010. JAMA Intern. Med.175, 996–1004 (2015). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
St Sauver, J. L. et al. Generalizability of epidemiological findings and public health decisions: an illustration from the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Mayo Clin. Proc.87, 151–160 (2012). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ho, J. E. et al. Predicting heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction: the International Collaboration on Heart Failure Subtypes. Circ. Heart Fail.9, e003116 (2016). PubMed Google Scholar
Devereux, R. B. et al. Congestive heart failure despite normal left ventricular systolic function in a population-based sample: the Strong Heart Study. Am. J. Cardiol.86, 1090–1096 (2000). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Fonarow, G. C. et al. Characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of patients with preserved systolic function hospitalized for heart failure: a report from the OPTIMIZE-HF registry. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.50, 768–777 (2007). PubMed Google Scholar
Ho, J. E. et al. Predictors of new-onset heart failure: differences in preserved versus reduced ejection fraction. Circ. Heart Fail.6, 279–286 (2013). PubMed Google Scholar
Senni, M. et al. Congestive heart failure in the community: a study of all incident cases in Olmsted County, Minnesota, in 1991. Circulation98, 2282–2289 (1998). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lee, D. S. et al. Relation of disease pathogenesis and risk factors to heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction: insights from the framingham heart study of the national heart, lung, and blood institute. Circulation119, 3070–3077 (2009). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Silverman, M. G. et al. Impact of race, ethnicity, and multimodality biomarkers on the incidence of new-onset heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Am. J. Cardiol.117, 1474–1481 (2016). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Eaton, C. B. et al. Risk factors for incident hospitalized heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction in a multiracial cohort of postmenopausal women. Circ. Heart Fail.9, e002883 (2016). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure. The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur. Heart J.33, 1750–1757 (2012).
Lam, C. S., Donal, E., Kraigher-Krainer, E. & Vasan, R. S. Epidemiology and clinical course of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur. J. Heart Fail.13, 18–28 (2011). PubMed Google Scholar
Zakeri, R., Chamberlain, A. M., Roger, V. L. & Redfield, M. M. Temporal relationship and prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction: a community-based study. Circulation128, 1085–1093 (2013). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Chamberlain, A. M. et al. Multimorbidity in heart failure: a community perspective. Am. J. Med.128, 38–45 (2015). PubMed Google Scholar
Shah, S. J., Katz, D. H. & Deo, R. C. Phenotypic spectrum of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Heart Fail. Clin.10, 407–418 (2014). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Shah, S. J. et al. Phenotype-specific treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a multiorgan roadmap. Circulation134, 73–90 (2016). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kao, D. P. et al. Characterization of subgroups of heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction with possible implications for prognosis and treatment response. Eur. J. Heart Fail.17, 925–935 (2015). PubMed Google Scholar
Lindman, B. R. et al. Cardiovascular phenotype in HFpEF patients with or without diabetes: a RELAX trial ancillary study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.64, 541–549 (2014). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Shah, S. J. et al. Phenomapping for novel classification of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation131, 269–279 (2015). PubMed Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Lopez, E. et al. Wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis as a cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur. Heart J.36, 2585–2594 (2015). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mohammed, S. F. et al. Left ventricular amyloid deposition in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail.2, 113–122 (2014). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lam, C. S. et al. Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a community-based study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.53, 1119–1126 (2009). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bursi, F. et al. Pulmonary pressures and death in heart failure: a community study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.59, 222–231 (2012). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Leung, C. C., Moondra, V., Catherwood, E. & Andrus, B. W. Prevalence and risk factors of pulmonary hypertension in patients with elevated pulmonary venous pressure and preserved ejection fraction. Am. J. Cardiol.106, 284–286 (2010). PubMed Google Scholar
Adamson, P. B. et al. Wireless pulmonary artery pressure monitoring guides management to reduce decompensation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circ. Heart Fail.7, 935–944 (2014). PubMed Google Scholar
Melenovsky, V., Hwang, S. J., Lin, G., Redfield, M. M. & Borlaug, B. A. Right heart dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur. Heart J.35, 3452–3462 (2014). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Guazzi, M., Vicenzi, M., Arena, R. & Guazzi, M. D. Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a target of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition in a 1-year study. Circulation124, 164–174 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Hoendermis, E. S. et al. Effects of sildenafil on invasive haemodynamics and exercise capacity in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction and pulmonary hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Eur. Heart J.36, 2565–2573 (2015). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Opitz, C. F. et al. Pre-capillary, combined, and post-capillary pulmonary hypertension: a pathophysiological continuum. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.68, 368–378 (2016). PubMed Google Scholar
Shapiro, B. P., McGoon, M. D. & Redfield, M. M. Unexplained pulmonary hypertension in elderly patients. Chest131, 94–100 (2007). PubMed Google Scholar
Fawzy, M. E. et al. Prevalence and fate of severe pulmonary hypertension in 559 consecutive patients with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis undergoing mitral balloon valvotomy. J. Heart Valve Dis.13, 942–947 (2004). PubMed Google Scholar
Edelmann, F. et al. Effect of spironolactone on diastolic function and exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the Aldo-DHF randomized controlled trial. JAMA309, 781–791 (2013). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Redfield, M. M. et al. Effect of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition on exercise capacity and clinical status in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA309, 1268–1277 (2013). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Yusuf, S. et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet362, 777–781 (2003). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Zile, M. R. et al. Mode of death in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction: results from the Irbesartan in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Study (I-Preserve) trial. Circulation121, 1393–1405 (2010). PubMed Google Scholar
Massie, B. M. et al. Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. N. Engl. J. Med.359, 2456–2467 (2008). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Cleland, J. G. et al. The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study. Eur. Heart J.27, 2338–2345 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Pitt, B. et al. Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N. Engl. J. Med.370, 1383–1392 (2014). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Perez de Isla, L. et al. Diastolic heart failure in the elderly: in-hospital and long-term outcome after the first episode. Int. J. Cardiol.134, 265–270 (2009). PubMed Google Scholar
Tribouilloy, C. et al. Prognosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a 5 year prospective population-based study. Eur. Heart J.29, 339–347 (2008). PubMed Google Scholar
Henkel, D. M., Redfield, M. M., Weston, S. A., Gerber, Y. & Roger, V. L. Death in heart failure: a community perspective. Circ. Heart Fail.1, 91–97 (2008). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Somaratne, J. B. et al. The prognostic significance of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: a literature-based meta-analysis. Eur. J. Heart Fail.11, 855–862 (2009). PubMed Google Scholar
Steinberg, B. A. et al. Trends in patients hospitalized with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: prevalence, therapies, and outcomes. Circulation126, 65–75 (2012). PubMed Google Scholar
Murad, K. et al. Burden of comorbidities and functional and cognitive impairments in elderly patients at the initial diagnosis of heart failure and their impact on total mortality: the Cardiovascular Health Study. JACC Heart Fail.3, 542–550 (2015). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Mohammed, S. F. et al. Right ventricular function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a community-based study. Circulation130, 2310–2320 (2014). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Aschauer, S. et al. Modes of death in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. Int. J. Cardiol.228, 422–426 (2017). PubMed Google Scholar
Senni, M. et al. In-hospital and 1-year outcomes of acute heart failure patients according to presentation (de novo versus worsening) and ejection fraction. Results from IN-HF Outcome Registry. Int. J. Cardiol.173, 163–169 (2014). PubMed Google Scholar
Cheng, R. K. et al. Outcomes in patients with heart failure with preserved, borderline, and reduced ejection fraction in the Medicare population. Am. Heart J.168, 721–730 (2014). PubMed Google Scholar
Vaduganathan, M. et al. Mode of death in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.69, 556–569 (2017). PubMed Google Scholar
Lee, D. S. et al. A systematic assessment of causes of death after heart failure onset in the community: impact of age at death, time period, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Circ. Heart Fail.4, 36–43 (2011). PubMed Google Scholar
Ahmed, A. et al. Effects of digoxin on morbidity and mortality in diastolic heart failure: the ancillary digitalis investigation group trial. Circulation114, 397–403 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Vaduganathan, M., Patel, R. B., Shah, S. J. & Butler, J. Sudden cardiac death in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a target for therapy? Heart Fail. Rev.21, 455–462 (2016). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Levy, W. C. et al. The Seattle Heart Failure Model: prediction of survival in heart failure. Circulation113, 1424–1433 (2006). PubMed Google Scholar
Shadman, R. et al. A novel method to predict the proportional risk of sudden cardiac death in heart failure: derivation of the Seattle Proportional Risk Model. Heart Rhythm12, 2069–2077 (2015). PubMed Google Scholar
Nichols, G. A., Reynolds, K., Kimes, T. M., Rosales, A. G. & Chan, W. W. Comparison of risk of re-hospitalization, all-cause mortality, and medical care resource utilization in patients with heart failure and preserved versus reduced ejection fraction. Am. J. Cardiol.116, 1088–1092 (2015). PubMed Google Scholar
Bello, N. A. et al. Influence of previous heart failure hospitalization on cardiovascular events in patients with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Circ. Heart Fail.7, 590–595 (2014). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Carson, P. E. et al. The hospitalization burden and post-hospitalization mortality risk in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: results from the I-PRESERVE trial (Irbesartan in Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction). JACC Heart Fail.3, 429–441 (2015). PubMed Google Scholar
Vader, J. M. et al. Timing and causes of readmission after acute heart failure hospitalization — insights from the Heart Failure Network Trials. J. Card. Fail.22, 875–883 (2016). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Dunlay, S. M. et al. Hospitalizations after heart failure diagnosis a community perspective. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.54, 1695–1702 (2009). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lewis, E. F. et al. Impact of spironolactone on longitudinal changes in health-related quality of life in the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist trial. Circ. Heart Fail.9, e001937 (2016). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Joseph, S. M. et al. Comparable performance of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire in patients with heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction. Circ. Heart Fail.6, 1139–1146 (2013). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bekfani, T. et al. Sarcopenia in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: impact on muscle strength, exercise capacity and quality of life. Int. J. Cardiol.222, 41–46 (2016). PubMed Google Scholar
O'Meara, E. et al. Patient perception of the effect of treatment with candesartan in heart failure: results of the candesartan in heart failure: assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme. Eur. J. Heart Fail.7, 650–656 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Nolte, K. et al. Effects of exercise training on different quality of life dimensions in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the Ex-DHF-P trial. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol.22, 582–593 (2015). PubMed Google Scholar
Pandey, A. et al. Exercise training in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Circ. Heart Fail.8, 33–40 (2015). PubMed Google Scholar
Austin, B. A. et al. Systolic function as a predictor of mortality and quality of life in long-term survivors with heart failure. Clin. Cardiol.31, 119–124 (2008). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Joyce, E. et al. Variable contribution of heart failure to quality of life in ambulatory heart failure with reduced, better, or preserved ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail.4, 184–193 (2016). PubMed Google Scholar
Santhanakrishnan, R. et al. The Singapore Heart Failure Outcomes and Phenotypes (SHOP) study and Prospective Evaluation of Outcome in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (PEOPLE) study: rationale and design. J. Card. Fail.19, 156–162 (2013). PubMed Google Scholar
Tschope, C. et al. High prevalence of cardiac parvovirus B19 infection in patients with isolated left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Circulation111, 879–886 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Rosamond, W. D. et al. Classification of heart failure in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study: a comparison of diagnostic criteria. Circ. Heart Fail.5, 152–159 (2012). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Klapholz, M. et al. Hospitalization for heart failure in the presence of a normal left ventricular ejection fraction: results of the New York Heart Failure Registry. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.43, 1432–1438 (2004). PubMed Google Scholar
Yip, G. W., Ho, P. P., Woo, K. S. & Sanderson, J. E. Comparison of frequencies of left ventricular systolic and diastolic heart failure in Chinese living in Hong Kong. Am. J. Cardiol.84, 563–567 (1999). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Psaty, B. M. et al. Methods of assessing prevalent cardiovascular disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Ann. Epidemiol.5, 270–277 (1995). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Dawber, T. R., Kannel, W. B. & Lyell, L. P. An approach to longitudinal studies in a community: the Framingham Study. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.107, 539–556 (1963). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kannel, W. B., Feinleib, M., McNamara, P. M., Garrison, R. J. & Castelli, W. P. An investigation of coronary heart disease in families: the Framingham Offspring Study. Am. J. Epidemiol.110, 281–290 (1979). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Diercks, G. F. et al. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of a trial of prevention of cardiovascular and renal disease with fosinopril and pravastatin in nonhypertensive, nonhypercholesterolemic subjects with microalbuminuria (the Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENdstage Disease Intervention Trial [PREVEND IT]). Am. J. Cardiol.86, 635–638 (2000). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Solomon, S. D. et al. Effect of candesartan on cause-specific mortality in heart failure patients: the Candesartan in Heart failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. Circulation110, 2180–2183 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Adabag, S., Smith, L. G., Anand, I. S., Berger, A. K. & Luepker, R. V. Sudden cardiac death in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction. J. Card. Fail.18, 749–754 (2012). PubMed Google Scholar
Hamaguchi, S. et al. Mode of death in patients with heart failure and reduced versus preserved ejection fraction: report from the registry of hospitalized heart failure patients. Circ. J.76, 1662–1669 (2012). PubMed Google Scholar