Roles of interferon-regulatory factors in T-helper-cell differentiation (original) (raw)

• Miyamoto, M. et al. Regulated expression of a gene encoding a nuclear factor, IRF-1, that specifically binds to IFN-β gene regulatory elements. Cell 54, 903–913 (1988).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Harada, H. et al. Structurally similar but functionally distinct factors, IRF-1 and IRF-2, bind to the same regulatory elements of IFN and IFN-inducible genes. Cell 58, 729–739 (1989).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tanaka, N., Kawakami, T. & Taniguchi, T. Recognition DNA sequences of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and IRF-2, regulators of cell growth and the interferon system. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 4531–4538 (1993).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Darnell, J. E., Kerr, I. M. & Stark, G. R. Jak–STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 264, 1415–1421 (1994).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Au, W. C., Moore, P. A., Lowther, W., Juang, Y. T. & Pitha, P. M. Identification of a member of the interferon regulatory factor family that binds to the interferon-stimulated response element and activates expression of interferon-induced genes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11657–11661 (1995).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Barnes, B. J., Moore, P. A. & Pitha, P. M. Virus-specific activation of a novel interferon regulatory factor, IRF-5, results in the induction of distinct interferon α genes. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 23382–23390 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Driggers, P. H. et al. An interferon γ-regulated protein that binds the interferon-inducible enhancer element of major histocompatibility complex class I genes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3743–3747 (1990).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Eisenbeis, C. F., Singh, H. & Storb, U. Pip, a novel IRF family member, is a lymphoid-specific, PU.1-dependent transcriptional activator. Genes Dev. 9, 1377–1387 (1995).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Grant, C. E., Vasa, M. Z. & Deeley, R. G. cIRF-3, a new member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family that is rapidly and transiently induced by dsRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 2137–2146 (1995).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hatada, S. et al. An interferon regulatory factor-related gene (xIRF-6) is expressed in the posterior mesoderm during the early development of Xenopus laevis. Gene 203, 183–188 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Matsuyama, T. et al. Molecular cloning of LSIRF, a lymphoid-specific member of the interferon regulatory factor family that binds the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE). Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 2127–2136 (1995).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Nehyba, J., Hrdlickova, R., Burnside, J. & Bose, H. R. A novel interferon regulatory factor (IRF), IRF-10, has a unique role in immune defense and is induced by the v-Rel oncoprotein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 3942–3957 (2002).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Schindler, C., Fu, X. Y., Improta, T., Aebersold, R. & Darnell, J. E. Proteins of transcription factor ISGF-3: one gene encodes the 91- and 84-kDa ISGF-3 proteins that are activated by interferon α. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7836–7839 (1992).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yamagata, T. et al. A novel interferon regulatory factor family transcription factor, ICSAT/Pip/LSIRF, that negatively regulates the activity of interferon-regulated genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 1283–1294 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zhang, L. & Pagano, J. S. IRF-7, a new interferon regulatory factor associated with Epstein–Barr virus latency. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17, 5748–5757 (1997).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hobart, M., Ramassar, V., Goes, N., Urmson, J. & Halloran, P. F. IFN regulatory factor-1 plays a central role in the regulation of the expression of class I and II MHC genes in vivo. J. Immunol. 158, 4260–4269 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kamijo, R. et al. Requirement for transcription factor IRF-1 in NO synthase induction in macrophages. Science 263, 1612–1615 (1994).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tanaka, N. et al. Cooperation of the tumour suppressors IRF-1 and p53 in response to DNA damage. Nature 382, 816–818 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Taniguchi, T., Ogasawara, K., Takaoka, A. & Tanaka, N. IRF family of transcription factors as regulators of host defense. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19, 623–655 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Holtschke, T. et al. Immunodeficiency and chronic myelogenous leukemia-like syndrome in mice with a targeted mutation of the ICSBP gene. Cell 87, 307–317 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Meraro, D. et al. Protein–protein and DNA–protein interactions affect the activity of lymphoid-specific IFN regulatory factors. J. Immunol. 163, 6468–6478 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barber, S. A., Fultz, M. J., Salkowski, C. A. & Vogel, S. N. Differential expression of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), IRF-2, and interferon consensus sequence binding protein genes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responsive and LPS-hyporesponsive macrophages. Infect. Immun. 63, 601–608 (1995).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Galon, J., Sudarshan, C., Ito, S., Finbloom, D. & O'Shea, J. J. IL-12 induces IFN regulating factor-1 (IRF-1) gene expression in human NK and T cells. J. Immunol. 162, 7256–7262 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Coccia, E. M., Stellacci, E., Marziali, G., Weiss, G. & Battistini, A. IFN-γ and IL-4 differently regulate inducible NO synthase gene expression through IRF-1 modulation. Int. Immunol. 12, 977–985 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Elser, B. et al. IFN-γ represses IL-4 expression via IRF-1 and IRF-2. Immunity 17, 703–712 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pine, R., Canova, A. & Schindler, C. Tyrosine phosphorylated p91 binds to a single element in the ISGF2/IRF-1 promoter to mediate induction by IFN α and IFN γ, and is likely to autoregulate the p91 gene. EMBO J. 13, 158–167 (1994).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Remoli, M. E. et al. Selective expression of type I IFN genes in human dendritic cells infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 169, 366–374 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lin, R. & Hiscott, J. A role for casein kinase II phosphorylation in the regulation of IRF-1 transcriptional activity. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 191, 169–180 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nelson, N. et al. Expression of IFN regulatory factor family proteins in lymphocytes. Induction of Stat-1 and IFN consensus sequence binding protein expression by T cell activation. J. Immunol. 156, 3711–3720 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Watanabe, N., Sakakibara, J., Hovanessian, A. G., Taniguchi, T. & Fujita, T. Activation of IFN-β element by IRF-1 requires a posttranslational event in addition to IRF-1 synthesis. Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 4421–4428 (1991).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Harada, H. et al. Structure and regulation of the human interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and IRF-2 genes: implications for a gene network in the interferon system. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 1500–1509 (1994).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Matsuyama, T. et al. Targeted disruption of IRF-1 or IRF-2 results in abnormal type I IFN gene induction and aberrant lymphocyte development. Cell 75, 83–97 (1993).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, H., Lamphier, M. S., Fujita, T., Taniguchi, T. & Harada, H. The oncogenic transcription factor IRF-2 possesses a transcriptional repression and a latent activation domain. Oncogene 9, 1423–1428 (1994).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jesse, T. L., LaChance, R., Iademarco, M. F. & Dean, D. C. Interferon regulatory factor-2 is a transcriptional activator in muscle where it regulates expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. J. Cell Biol. 140, 1265–1276 (1998).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Childs, K. S. & Goodbourn, S. Identification of novel co-repressor molecules for interferon regulatory factor-2. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 3016–3026 (2003).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mamane, Y. et al. Interferon regulatory factors: the next generation. Gene 237, 1–14 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Qin, B. Y. et al. Crystal structure of IRF-3 reveals mechanism of autoinhibition and virus-induced phosphoactivation. Nature Struct. Biol. 10, 913–921 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Takahasi, K. et al. X-ray crystal structure of IRF-3 and its functional implications. Nature Struct. Biol. 10, 922–927 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, K. A. et al. IKKε and TBK1 are essential components of the IRF3 signaling pathway. Nature Immunol. 4, 491–496 (2003).
  CAS Google Scholar
• McWhirter, S. M. et al. IFN-regulatory factor 3-dependent gene expression is defective in _Tbk1_-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 233–238 (2004).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sharma, S. et al. Triggering the interferon antiviral response through an IKK-related pathway. Science 300, 1148–1151 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Karpova, A. Y., Trost, M., Murray, J. M., Cantley, L. C. & Howley, P. M. Interferon regulatory factor-3 is an in vivo target of DNA-PK. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 2818–2823 (2002).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Marecki, S., Atchison, M. L. & Fenton, M. J. Differential expression and distinct functions of IFN regulatory factor 4 and IFN consensus sequence binding protein in macrophages. J. Immunol. 163, 2713–2722 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Grossman, A. et al. Cloning of human lymphocyte-specific interferon regulatory factor (hLSIRF/hIRF4) and mapping of the gene to 6p23–p25. Genomics 37, 229–233 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Grumont, R. J. & Gerondakis, S. Rel induces interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4) expression in lymphocytes: modulation of interferon-regulated gene expression by Rel/nuclear factor κB. J. Exp. Med. 191, 1281–1292 (2000).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gupta, S., Jiang, M., Anthony, A. & Pernis, A. B. Lineage-specific modulation of interleukin 4 signaling by interferon regulatory factor 4. J. Exp. Med. 190, 1837–1848 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Lau, J. F., Parisien, J. P. & Horvath, C. M. Interferon regulatory factor subcellular localization is determined by a bipartite nuclear localization signal in the DNA-binding domain and interaction with cytoplasmic retention factors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 7278–7283 (2000).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Brass, A. L., Kehrli, E., Eisenbeis, C. F., Storb, U. & Singh, H. Pip, a lymphoid-restricted IRF, contains a regulatory domain that is important for autoinhibition and ternary complex formation with the Ets factor PU.1. Genes Dev. 10, 2335–2347 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barnes, B. J. et al. Global and distinct targets of IRF-5 and IRF-7 during innate response to viral infection. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 45194–45207 (2004).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barnes, B. J., Kellum, M. J., Field, A. E. & Pitha, P. M. Multiple regulatory domains of IRF-5 control activation, cellular localization, and induction of chemokines that mediate recruitment of T lymphocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 5721–5740 (2002).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Barnes, B. J., Field, A. E. & Pitha-Rowe, P. M. Virus-induced heterodimer formation between IRF-5 and IRF-7 modulates assembly of the IFNA enhanceosome in vivo and transcriptional activity of IFNA genes. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 16630–16641 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kondo, S. et al. Mutations in IRF6 cause Van der Woude and popliteal pterygium syndromes. Nature Genet. 32, 285–289 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Izaguirre, A. et al. Comparative analysis of IRF and IFN-α expression in human plasmacytoid and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 74, 1125–1138 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lu, R., Au, W. C., Yeow, W. S., Hageman, N. & Pitha, P. M. Regulation of the promoter activity of interferon regulatory factor-7 gene. Activation by interferon and silencing by hypermethylation. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 31805–31812 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hemmi, H., Kaisho, T., Takeda, K. & Akira, S. The roles of Toll-like receptor 9, MyD88, and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit in the effects of two distinct CpG DNAs on dendritic cell subsets. J. Immunol. 170, 3059–3064 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kerkmann, M. et al. Activation with CpG-A and CpG-B oligonucleotides reveals two distinct regulatory pathways of type I IFN synthesis in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 170, 4465–4474 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lin, R., Mamane, Y. & Hiscott, J. Multiple regulatory domains control IRF-7 activity in response to virus infection. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 34320–34327 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Marie, I., Durbin, J. E. & Levy, D. E. Differential viral induction of distinct interferon-α genes by positive feedback through interferon regulatory factor-7. EMBO J. 17, 6660–6669 (1998).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Sato, M. et al. Positive feedback regulation of type I IFN genes by the IFN-inducible transcription factor IRF-7. FEBS Lett. 441, 106–110 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Au, W. C., Yeow, W. S. & Pitha, P. M. Analysis of functional domains of interferon regulatory factor 7 and its association with IRF-3. Virology 280, 273–282 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lu, R. & Pitha, P. M. Monocyte differentiation to macrophage requires interferon regulatory factor 7. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 45491–45496 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tsujimura, H., Tamura, T. & Ozato, K. IFN consensus sequence binding protein/IFN regulatory factor 8 drives the development of type I IFN-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 170, 1131–1135 (2003). This paper shows that IRF8 is associated with the generation of T H 1-cell-inducing plasmacytoid DCs.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tamura, T., Nagamura-Inoue, T., Shmeltzer, Z., Kuwata, T. & Ozato, K. ICSBP directs bipotential myeloid progenitor cells to differentiate into mature macrophages. Immunity 13, 155–165 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sharf, R. et al. Phosphorylation events modulate the ability of interferon consensus sequence binding protein to interact with interferon regulatory factors and to bind DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 9785–9792 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nelson, N., Marks, M. S., Driggers, P. H. & Ozato, K. Interferon consensus sequence-binding protein, a member of the interferon regulatory factor family, suppresses interferon-induced gene transcription. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 588–599 (1993).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Sharf, R. et al. Functional domain analysis of interferon consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP) and its association with interferon regulatory factors. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 13063–13069 (1995).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Weisz, A. et al. Human interferon consensus sequence binding protein is a negative regulator of enhancer elements common to interferon-inducible genes. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 25589–25596 (1992).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Eklund, E. A., Jalava, A. & Kakar, R. PU. 1, interferon regulatory factor 1, and interferon consensus sequence-binding protein cooperate to increase gp91_phox_ expression. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 13957–13965 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Levy, D. E., Lew, D. J., Decker, T., Kessler, D. S. & Darnell, J. E. Synergistic interaction between interferon-α and interferon-γ through induced synthesis of one subunit of the transcription factor ISGF3. EMBO J. 9, 1105–1111 (1990).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Lohoff, M. et al. Interferon regulatory factor-1 is required for a T helper 1 immune response in vivo. Immunity 6, 681–689 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Taki, S. et al. Multistage regulation of TH1-type immune responses by the transcription factor IRF-1. Immunity 6, 673–679 (1997). References 70 and 71 are the first reports to associate IRFs with the T H 1-cell versus T H 2-cell differentiation concept. They describe the marked T H 2-response-prone phenotype of Irf1 −/− mice.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sommer, F. et al. Lack of gastritis and of an adaptive immune response in interferon regulatory factor-1-deficient mice infected with Helicobacter pylori. Eur. J. Immunol. 31, 396–402 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Cao, S., Herman, L. M. & Ma, X. Differential regulation of interleukin (IL)-12 p35 and p40 gene expression and interferon (IFN)-γ-primed IL-12 production by IFN regulatory factor 1. J. Exp. Med. 198, 1265–1276 (2003).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Maruyama, S. et al. Identification of IFN regulatory factor-1 binding site in IL-12 p40 gene promoter. J. Immunol. 170, 997–1001 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Salkowski, C. A. et al. IL-12 is dysregulated in macrophages from IRF-1 and IRF-2 knockout mice. J. Immunol. 163, 1529–1536 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Oppmann, B. et al. Novel p19 protein engages IL-12p40 to form a cytokine, IL-23, with biological activities similar as well as distinct from IL-12. Immunity 13, 715–725 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fantuzzi, G. et al. Role of interferon regulatory factor-1 in the regulation of IL-18 production and activity. Eur. J. Immunol. 31, 369–375 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Niedbala, W. et al. Nitric oxide preferentially induces type 1 T cell differentiation by selectively up-regulating IL-12 receptor β2 expression via cGMP. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 16186–16191 (2002).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Laskay, T., Rollinghoff, M. & Solbach, W. Natural killer cells participate in the early defense against Leishmania major infection in mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 2237–2241 (1993).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Scharton, T. M. & Scott, P. Natural killer cells are a source of interferon γ that drives differentiation of CD4+ T cell subsets and induces early resistance to Leishmania major in mice. J. Exp. Med. 178, 567–577 (1993).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ogasawara, K. et al. Requirement for IRF-1 in the microenvironment supporting development of natural killer cells. Nature 391, 700–703 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hida, S. et al. CD8+ T cell-mediated skin disease in mice lacking IRF-2, the transcriptional attenuator of interferon-α/β signaling. Immunity 13, 643–655 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Honda, K., Mizutani, T. & Taniguchi, T. Negative regulation of IFN-α/β signaling by IFN regulatory factor 2 for homeostatic development of dendritic cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 2416–2421 (2004).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ichikawa, E. et al. Defective development of splenic and epidermal CD4+ dendritic cells in mice deficient for IFN regulatory factor-2. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 3909–3914 (2004). References 83 and 84 are the first reports to describe the effects of IRF2 on the generation of the B220 − CD8α − subset of DCs.
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Lohoff, M. et al. Deficiency in the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-2 leads to severely compromised development of natural killer and T helper type 1 cells. J. Exp. Med. 192, 325–336 (2000). This paper describes the T H 2-response-prone phenotype of Irf2 −/− mice. It also describes the dysregulated maturation of NK cells in these mice.
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Wang, I. M. et al. An IFN-γ-inducible transcription factor, IFN consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP), stimulates IL-12 p40 expression in macrophages. J. Immunol. 165, 271–279 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bovolenta, C. et al. Molecular interactions between interferon consensus sequence binding protein and members of the interferon regulatory factor family. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5046–5050 (1994).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Salkowski, C. A., Barber, S. A., Detore, G. R. & Vogel, S. N. Differential dysregulation of nitric oxide production in macrophages with targeted disruptions in IFN regulatory factor-1 and -2 genes. J. Immunol. 156, 3107–3110 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lohoff, M. et al. Dysregulated T helper cell differentiation in the absence of interferon regulatory factor 4. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 11808–11812 (2002).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Rengarajan, J. et al. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) interacts with NFATc2 to modulate interleukin 4 gene expression. J. Exp. Med. 195, 1003–1012 (2002). References 89 and 90 are the first descriptions of the requirement for IRF4 in mouse T H 2-cell development. Reference 89 also shows that IRF4 upregulates the expression of GATA3. Reference 90 also indicates that an IRF4–NFAT1 interaction might be the underlying molecular mechanism.
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Tominaga, N. et al. Development of TH1 and not TH2 immune responses in mice lacking IFN-regulatory factor-4. Int. Immunol. 15, 1–10 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hu, C. M., Jang, S. Y., Fanzo, J. C. & Pernis, A. B. Modulation of T cell cytokine production by interferon regulatory factor-4. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 49238–49246 (2002). This paper shows the relevance of IRF4 for the production of human T H 2 cells.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lohoff, M. et al. Enhanced TCR-induced apoptosis in interferon regulatory factor 4-deficient CD4+ TH cells. J. Exp. Med. 200, 247–253 (2004).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Serfling, E. et al. The role of NF-AT transcription factors in T cell activation and differentiation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1498, 1–18 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zhu, J. et al. Growth factor independent-1 induced by IL-4 regulates TH2 cell proliferation. Immunity 16, 733–744 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dent, A. L., Hu-Li, J., Paul, W. E. & Staudt, L. M. T helper type 2 inflammatory disease in the absence of interleukin 4 and transcription factor STAT6. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 13823–13828 (1998).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Rosenbauer, F. et al. Interferon consensus sequence binding protein and interferon regulatory factor-4/Pip form a complex that represses the expression of the interferon-stimulated gene-15 in macrophages. Blood 94, 4274–4281 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mittrucker, H. W. et al. Requirement for the transcription factor LSIRF/IRF4 for mature B and T lymphocyte function. Science 275, 540–543 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fanzo, J. C., Hu, C. M., Jang, S. Y. & Pernis, A. B. Regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis by interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4). J. Exp. Med. 197, 303–314 (2003).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Suzuki, S. et al. Critical roles of interferon regulatory factor 4 in CD11bhighCD8α− dendritic cell development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 8981–8986 (2004).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Fehr, T. et al. Crucial role of interferon consensus sequence binding protein, but neither of interferon regulatory factor 1 nor of nitric oxide synthesis for protection against murine listeriosis. J. Exp. Med. 185, 921–931 (1997).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Giese, N. A. et al. Interferon (IFN) consensus sequence-binding protein, a transcription factor of the IFN regulatory factor family, regulates immune responses in vivo through control of interleukin 12 expression. J. Exp. Med. 186, 1535–1546 (1997). This paper and reference 104 are the first reports to describe the T H 2-response-prone phenotype of Irf8 −/− mice. This paper also describes the susceptibility of these mice to infection with L. major and their deficit in IL-12 production. Reference 104 also describes the susceptibility of these mice to infection with Toxoplasma gondii and their deficit in IL-12 production.
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hein, J. et al. Interferon consensus sequence binding protein confers resistance against Yersinia enterocolitica. Infect. Immun. 68, 1408–1417 (2000).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Scharton, K. T., Contursi, C., Masumi, A., Sher, A. & Ozato, K. Interferon consensus sequence binding protein-deficient mice display impaired resistance to intracellular infection due to a primary defect in interleukin 12 p40 induction. J. Exp. Med. 186, 1523–1534 (1997).
  Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. M. et al. Roles of IFN consensus sequence binding protein and PU.1 in regulating IL-18 gene expression. J. Immunol. 163, 2000–2007 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wu, C. Y., Maeda, H., Contursi, C., Ozato, K. & Seder, R. A. Differential requirement of IFN consensus sequence binding protein for the production of IL-12 and induction of TH1-type cells in response to IFN-γ. J. Immunol. 162, 807–812 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Doyle, S. et al. IRF3 mediates a TLR3/TLR4-specific antiviral gene program. Immunity 17, 251–263 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, K. A. et al. LPS–TLR4 signaling to IRF-3/7 and NF-κB involves the Toll adapters TRAM and TRIF. J. Exp. Med. 198, 1043–1055 (2003).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, M. et al. A novel Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adapter that preferentially activates the IFN-β promoter in the Toll-like receptor signaling. J. Immunol. 169, 6668–6672 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, M. et al. Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Science 301, 640–643 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barnes, B. J. et al. Global and distinct targets of IRF-5 and IRF-7 during innate response to viral infection. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 45194–45207 (2004).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fujita, T., Kimura, Y., Miyamoto, M., Barsoumian, E. L. & Taniguchi, T. Induction of endogenous IFN-α and IFN-β genes by a regulatory transcription factor, IRF-1. Nature 337, 270–272 (1989).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wathelet, M. G. et al. Virus infection induces the assembly of coordinately activated transcription factors on the IFN-β enhancer in vivo. Mol. Cell 1, 507–518 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sasaki, S., Amara, R. R., Yeow, W. S., Pitha, P. M. & Robinson, H. L. Regulation of DNA-raised immune responses by cotransfected interferon regulatory factors. J. Virol. 76, 6652–6659 (2002).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Nakao, F. et al. Association of IFN-γ and IFN regulatory factor 1 polymorphisms with childhood atopic asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107, 499–504 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cherwinski, H. M., Schumacher, J. H., Brown, K. D. & Mosmann, T. R. Two types of mouse helper T cell clone. III. Further differences in lymphokine synthesis between TH1 and TH2 clones revealed by RNA hybridization, functionally monospecific bioassays, and monoclonal antibodies. J. Exp. Med. 166, 1229–1244 (1987).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fiorentino, D. F., Bond, M. W. & Mosmann, T. R. Two types of mouse T helper cell. IV. TH2 clones secrete a factor that inhibits cytokine production by TH1 clones. J. Exp. Med. 170, 2081–2095 (1989).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mosmann, T. R., Cherwinski, H., Bond, M. W., Giedlin, M. A. & Coffman, R. L. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J. Immunol. 136, 2348–2357 (1986).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sacks, D. & Noben-Trauth, N. The immunology of susceptibility and resistance to Leishmania major in mice. Nature Rev. Immunol. 2, 845–858 (2002).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Murphy, K. M. & Reiner, S. L. The lineage decisions of helper T cells. Nature Rev. Immunol. 2, 933–944 (2002).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Zheng, W. & Flavell, R. A. The transcription factor GATA-3 is necessary and sufficient for TH2 cytokine gene expression in CD4 T cells. Cell 89, 587–596 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ouyang, W. et al. Stat6-independent GATA-3 autoactivation directs IL-4-independent TH2 development and commitment. Immunity 12, 27–37 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Takemoto, N. et al. Chromatin remodeling at the IL-4/IL-13 intergenic regulatory region for TH2-specific cytokine gene cluster. J. Immunol. 165, 6687–6691 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Noben-Trauth, N. et al. An interleukin 4 (IL-4)-independent pathway for CD4+ T cell IL-4 production is revealed in IL-4 receptor-deficient mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 10838–10843 (1997).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kim, J. I., Ho, I. C., Grusby, M. J. & Glimcher, L. H. The transcription factor c-Maf controls the production of interleukin-4 but not other TH2 cytokines. Immunity 10, 745–751 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lighvani, A. A. et al. T-bet is rapidly induced by interferon-γ in lymphoid and myeloid cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 15137–15142 (2001).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Szabo, S. J. et al. A novel transcription factor, T-bet, directs TH1 lineage commitment. Cell 100, 655–669 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Afkarian, M. et al. T-bet is a STAT1-induced regulator of IL-12R expression in naive CD4+ T cells. Nature Immunol. 3, 549–557 (2002).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Mullen, A. C. et al. Hlx is induced by and genetically interacts with T-bet to promote heritable TH1 gene induction. Nature Immunol. 3, 652–658 (2002).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Pflanz, S. et al. IL-27, a heterodimeric cytokine composed of EBI3 and p28 protein, induces proliferation of naive CD4+ T cells. Immunity 16, 779–790 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Smeltz, R. B., Chen, J., Ehrhardt, R. & Shevach, E. M. Role of IFN-γ in TH1 differentiation: IFN-γ regulates IL-18Rα expression by preventing the negative effects of IL-4 and by inducing/maintaining IL-12 receptor β2 expression. J. Immunol. 168, 6165–6172 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bradley, L. M., Dalton, D. K. & Croft, M. A direct role for IFN-γ in regulation of TH1 cell development. J. Immunol. 157, 1350–1358 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Farrar, J. D. et al. Selective loss of type I interferon-induced STAT4 activation caused by a minisatellite insertion in mouse Stat2. Nature Immunol. 1, 65–69 (2000).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Rogge, L. et al. The role of Stat4 in species-specific regulation of TH cell development by type I IFNs. J. Immunol. 161, 6567–6574 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cella, M. et al. Plasmacytoid monocytes migrate to inflamed lymph nodes and produce large amounts of type I interferon. Nature Med. 5, 919–923 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Maldonado-Lopez, R. et al. CD8α+ and CD8α− subclasses of dendritic cells direct the development of distinct T helper cells in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 189, 587–592 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Sato, M. et al. Distinct and essential roles of transcription factors IRF-3 and IRF-7 in response to viruses for IFN-α/β gene induction. Immunity 13, 539–548 (2000). This paper provides clear evidence of the interplay of IRF3, -7 and -9 in the production of type I IFNs in response to viral infection. It describes the susceptibility of Irf3 −/− mice to viral infection.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kimura, T. et al. Essential and non-redundant roles of p48 (ISGF3 γ) and IRF-1 in both type I and type II interferon responses, as revealed by gene targeting studies. Genes Cells 1, 115–124 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar