The evolution of chronic infection strategies in the α-proteobacteria (original) (raw)

• La Scola, B., Barassi, L. & Raoult, D. A novel α-proteobacterium, Nordella oligomobilis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated by using amoebal co-culture. Res. Microbiol. 155, 47–51 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Venter, J. C. et al. Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea. Science 304, 66–74 (2004). Environmental sequencing of water samples from the Sargasso Sea reveals a predominance of α-proteobacterial species.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Andersson, S. G. E. et al. The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii and the origin of mitochondria. Nature 396, 133–140 (1998). The first publication of an α-proteobacterial genome. One of the first studies to show the presence of pseudogenes and high contents of non-coding DNA in bacterial genomes.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ogata, S. et al. Mechanisms of evolution in Rickettsia conorii and R. prowazekii. Science 293, 2093–2098 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wu, M. et al. Phylogenomics of the reproductive parasite Wolbachia pipientis wMel, a streamlined genome overrun by mobile genetic elements. PLoS Biol. 2, 327–341 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Alsmark, C. M. et al. The louse-borne human pathogen Bartonella quintana is a genomic derivative of the zoonotic agent Bartonella henselae. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 9716–9721 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Paulsen, I. T. et al. The Brucella suis genome reveals fundamental similarities between animal and plant pathogens and symbionts. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 13148–13153 (2002). Describes the Brucella suis genome and highlights similarities between the genomes of animal pathogens and plant symbionts.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• DelVecchio, V. G. et al. The genome sequence of the facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella melitensis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 443–448 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nierman, W. C. et al. Complete genome sequence of Caulobacter crescentus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4136–4141 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Goodner, B. et al. Pathogen sequence of the plant pathogen and biotechnology agent Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. Science 294, 2323–2328 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wood, D. W. et al. The genome of the natural genetic engineer Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. Science 294, 2317–2322 (2001). References 10 and 11 present the genome sequence of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Galibert, F. et al. The composite genome of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Science 293, 668–672 (2001). Presents a genomic analysis of the plant symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kaneko, T. et al. Complete genome structure of the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Mesorhizobium loti. DNA Res. 7, 331–338 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kaneko, T. et al. Complete genome sequence of nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria Bradyrhizobium meliloti. DNA Res. 9, 189–197 (2002).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Olsen, G. J., Woese, C. R. & Overbeek, R. The winds of evolutionary change, breathing new life into microbiology. J. Bacteriol. 176, 1–6 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Boussau, B., Karlberg, O., Frank, C., Legault, B. & Andersson, S. G. E. Computational inference of scenarios for α-proteobacterial genome evolution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 9722–9727 (2004). The first quantitative analysis of the flux of genes during the evolution of the α-proteobacterial genomes.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Andersson, J. O. & Andersson, S. G. E. Genome degradation is an ongoing process in Rickettsia. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16, 1178–1191 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Amiri, H., Davids, W. & Andersson, S. G. E. Birth and death of orphan genes in Rickettsia. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20, 1575–1587 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Michaux-Charachon, S. et al. The Brucella genome at the beginning of the post-genomic era. Vet. Microbiol. 90, 581–585 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, J. E. & Marketon, M. M. Quorum sensing in nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 67, 574–592 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Streit, W. R. et al. An evolutionary hot spot, the pNGR234b replicon of Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234. J. Bacteriol. 186, 535–542 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Wong, K. & Golding, G. B. A phylogenetic analysis of the pSymB replicon from the Sinorhizobium meliloti genome reveals a complex evolutionary history. Can. J. Microbiol. 49, 269–280 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Freiberg, C. et al. Molecular basis of symbiosis between Rhizobium legumes. Nature 387, 394–401 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barnett, M. J. et al. Nucleotide sequence and predicted functions of the entire Sinorhizobium meliloti pSymA megaplasmid. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 9883–9888 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Uchiumi, T. et al. Expression islands clustered on the symbiosis island of the Mesorhizobium loti genome. J. Bacteriol. 186, 2439–2448 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Sullivan, J. T. & Ronson, C. W. Evolution of rhizobia by acquisition of a 500-kb symbiosis island that integrates into a phe-tRNA gene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 5145–5149 (1998). A landmark paper in the discovery of symbiotic islands in rhizobia.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gottfert, M. et al. Potential symbiosis-specific genes uncovered by sequencing a 410-kilobase DNA region of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum chromosome. J. Bacteriol. 183, 1405–1412 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kaneko, T. et al. Complete genome structure of the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Mesorhizobium loti. DNA Res. 7, 331–338 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Guo, X. et al. Natural genomic design in Sinorhizobium meliloti, novel genomic architectures. Genome Res. 13, 1810–1817 (2003).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Karlberg, E. O. & Andersson, S. G. E. Mitochondrial history and mRNA localization: is there a correlation? Nature Rev. Genet. 4, 391–397 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Goormachtig, S., Capoen, W., James, E. K. & Holsters, M. Switch from intracellular to intercellular invasion during water stress-tolerant legume nodulation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 6303–6308 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gage, D. J. Infection and invasion of roots by symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia during nodulation of temperate legumes. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68, 280–300 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Smit, G., Swart, S., Lugtenberg, B. J. & Kijne, J. W. Molecular mechanisms of attachment of Rhizobium bacteria to plant roots. Mol. Microbiol. 6, 2897–2903 (1992).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Timmers, A. C., Auriac, M. C. & Truchet, G. Refined analysis of early symbiotic steps of the Rhizobium_–_Medicago interaction in relationship with microtubular cytoskeleton rearrangements. Development 126, 3617–3628 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Robertson, J. G., Lyttleton, P., Bullivant, S. & Grayston, G. F. Membranes in lupin root nodules. I. The role of Golgi bodies in the biogenesis of infection threads and peribacteroid membranes. J. Cell. Sci. 30, 129–149 (1978).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Oke, V. & Long, S. R. Bacteroid formation in the _Rhizobium_–legume symbiosis. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2, 641–646 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ardourel, M. et al. Rhizobium meliloti lipooligosaccharide nodulation factors, different structural requirements for bacterial entry into target root hair cells and induction of plant symbiotic developmental responses. Plant Cell 6, 1357–1374 (1994). Provides some of the earliest evidence that Nod factors are key to infection, together with the prediction of distinct Nod factor receptors for nodule organogenesis and bacterial entry.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Walker, S. A. & Downie, J. A. Entry of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae into root hairs requires minimal Nod factor specificity, but subsequent infection thread growth requires nodO or nodE. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 13, 54–62 (2000).
  Article Google Scholar
• Limpens, E. et al. LysM domain receptor kinases regulating rhizobial Nod factor-induced infection. Science 302, 630–633 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Madsen, E. B. et al. A receptor kinase gene of the LysM type is involved in legume perception of rhizobial signals. Nature 425, 637–640 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Radutoiu, S. et al. Plant recognition of symbiotic bacteria requires two LysM receptor-like kinases. Nature 425, 585–592 (2003). References 39–41 describe the long-awaited identification of nod factor receptors.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cullimore, J. & Denarie, J. How legumes select their sweet talking symbionts. Science 302, 575–578 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Parniske, M. & Downie, J. A. Locks, keys and symbioses. Nature 425, 569–570 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fraysse, N., Couderc, F. & Poinsot, V. Surface polysaccharide involvement in establishing the _Rhizobium_–legume symbiosis. Eur. J. Biochem. 270, 1365–1380 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pellock, B. J., Cheng, H. P. & Walker, G. C. Alfalfa root nodule invasion efficiency is dependent on Sinorhizobium meliloti polysaccharides. J. Bacteriol. 182, 4310–4318 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dehio, C. Bartonella interactions with endothelial cells and erythrocytes. Trends Microbiol. 9, 279–285 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dehio, C. Recent progress in understanding _Bartonella_-induced vascular proliferation. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 6, 61–65 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schulein, R. et al. Invasion and persistent intracellular colonization of erythrocytes. A unique parasitic strategy of the emerging pathogen Bartonella. J. Exp. Med. 193, 1077–1086 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mitchell, S. J. & Minnick, M. F. Characterization of a two-gene locus from Bartonella bacilliformis associated with the ability to invade human erythrocytes. Infect. Immun. 63, 1552–1562 (1995).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dehio, C., Meyer, M., Berger, J., Schwarz, H. & Lanz, C. Interaction of Bartonella henselae with endothelial cells results in bacterial aggregation on the cell surface and the subsequent engulfment and internalisation of the bacterial aggregate by a unique structure, the invasome. J. Cell Sci. 110, 2141–2154 (1997). Description of the 'invasome', a novel mechanism used by Bartonella to enter endothelial cells.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Verma, A., Davis, G. E. & Ihler, G. M. Infection of human endothelial cells with Bartonella bacilliformis is dependent on Rho and results in activation of Rho. Infect. Immun. 68, 5960–5969 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Verma, A., Davis, G. E. & Ihler, G. M. Formation of stress fibres in human endothelial cells infected with Bartonella bacilliformis is associated with altered morphology, impaired migration and defects in cell morphogenesis. Cell. Microbiol. 3, 169–180 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Verma, A. & Ihler, G. M. Activation of Rac, Cdc42 and other downstream signalling molecules by Bartonella bacilliformis during entry into human endothelial cells. Cell. Microbiol. 4, 557–569 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Merz, A. J. & So, M. Interactions of pathogenic neisseriae with epithelial cell membranes. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16, 423–457 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schmid, M. C. et al. The VirB type IV secretion system of Bartonella henselae mediates invasion, proinflammatory activation and antiapoptotic protection of endothelial cells. Mol. Microbiol. 52, 81–92 (2004). Describes the multiple roles of the Bartonella VirB T4SS in the interaction with endothelial cells.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kusumawati, A. et al. Early events and implication of F-actin and annexin I associated structures in the phagocytic uptake of Brucella suis by the J-774A.1 murine cell line and human monocytes. Microb. Pathog. 28, 343–352 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kim, S., Watarai, M., Makino, S. & Shirahata, T. Membrane sorting during swimming internalization of Brucella is required for phagosome trafficking decisions. Microb. Pathog. 33, 225–237 (2002).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Naroeni, A. & Porte, F. Role of cholesterol and the ganglioside GM1 in entry and short-term survival of Brucella suis in murine macrophages. Infect. Immun. 70, 1640–1644 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Watarai, M., Makino, S., Fujii, Y., Okamoto, K. & Shirahata, T. Modulation of _Brucella_-induced macropinocytosis by lipid rafts mediates intracellular replication. Cell. Microbiol. 4, 341–355 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Porte, F., Naroeni, A., Ouahrani-Bettache, S. & Liautard, J. P. Role of the Brucella suis lipopolysaccharide O antigen in phagosomal genesis and in inhibition of phagosome–lysosome fusion in murine macrophages. Infect. Immun. 71, 1481–1490 (2003). First description of the role of lipid rafts in the entry of Brucella into macrophages.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Watarai, M. et al. Macrophage plasma membrane cholesterol contributes to Brucella abortus infection of mice. Infect. Immun. 70, 4818–4825 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Manes, S., del Real, G. & Martinez, A. C. Pathogens, raft hijackers. Nature Rev. Immunol. 3, 557–568 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Castaneda-Roldan, E. I. et al. Adherence of Brucella to human epithelial cells and macrophages is mediated by sialic acid residues. Cell. Microbiol. 6, 435–445 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Watarai, M. et al. Cellular prion protein promotes Brucella infection into macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 198, 5–17 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Celli, J. & Gorvel, J. P. Organelle robbery, Brucella interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 7, 93–97 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Caron, E. et al. Live Brucella spp. fail to induce tumor necrosis factor-α excretion upon infection of U937-derived phagocytes. Infect. Immun. 62, 5267–5274 (1994).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Caron, E., Gross, A., Liautard, J. P. & Dornand, J. Brucella species release a specific, protease-sensitive, inhibitor of TNF-α expression, active on human macrophage-like cells. J. Immunol. 156, 2885–2893 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jubier-Maurin, V. et al. Major outer membrane protein Omp25 of Brucella suis is involved in inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α production during infection of human macrophages. Infect. Immun. 69, 4823–4830 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Sola-Landa, A. et al. A two-component regulatory system playing a critical role in plant pathogens and endosymbionts is present in Brucella abortus and controls cell invasion and virulence. Mol. Microbiol. 29, 125–138 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Guzman-Verri, C. et al. The two-component system BvrR/BvrS essential for Brucella abortus virulence regulates the expression of outer membrane proteins with counterparts in members of the Rhizobiaceae. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 12375–12380 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hackstadt, T. Redirection of host vesicle trafficking pathways by intracellular parasites. Traffic 1, 93–99 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Meresse, S. et al. Controlling the maturation of pathogen-containing vacuoles, a matter of life and death. Nature Cell Biol. 1, 183–188 (1999).
  Article Google Scholar
• Caron, E., Liautard, J. P. & Kohler, S. Differentiated U937 cells exhibit increased bactericidal activity upon LPS activation and discriminate between virulent and avirulent Listeria and Brucella species. J. Leukoc. Biol. 56, 174–181 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Porte, F., Liautard, J. P. & Kohler, S. Early acidification of phagosomes containing Brucella suis is essential for intracellular survival in murine macrophages. Infect. Immun. 67, 4041–4047 (1999). Shows how phagosome acidification is essential for Brucella to survive in macrophages.
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Boschiroli, M. L. et al. The Brucella suis virB operon is induced intracellularly in macrophages. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 1544–1549 (2002). The B. suis VirB T4SS is one of the virulence factors induced by phagosome acidification.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Naroeni, A., Jouy, N., Ouahrani-Bettache, S., Liautard, J. P. & Porte, F. _Brucella suis_-impaired specific recognition of phagosomes by lysosomes due to phagosomal membrane modifications. Infect. Immun. 69, 486–493 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Arenas, G. N., Staskevich, A. S., Aballay, A. & Mayorga, L. S. Intracellular trafficking of Brucella abortus in J774 macrophages. Infect. Immun. 68, 4255–4263 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Celli, J. et al. Brucella evades macrophage killing via VirB-dependent sustained interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Exp. Med. 198, 545–556 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Pizarro-Cerda, J., Moreno, E., Sanguedolce, V., Mege, J. L. & Gorvel, J. P. Virulent Brucella abortus prevents lysosome fusion and is distributed within autophagosome-like compartments. Infect. Immun. 66, 2387–2392 (1998).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Pizarro-Cerda, J. et al. Brucella abortus transits through the autophagic pathway and replicates in the endoplasmic reticulum of nonprofessional phagocytes. Infect. Immun. 66, 5711–5724 (1998).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Chaves-Olarte, E. et al. Activation of Rho and Rab GTPases dissociates Brucella abortus internalization from intracellular trafficking. Cell. Microbiol. 4, 663–676 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Samartino, L. E. & Enright, F. M. Pathogenesis of abortion of bovine brucellosis. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 16, 95–101 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cheon, C. I., Lee, N. G., Siddique, A. B., Bal, A. K. & Verma, D. P. Roles of plant homologs of Rab1p and Rab7p in the biogenesis of the peribacteroid membrane, a subcellular compartment formed de novo during root nodule symbiosis. EMBO J. 12, 4125–4135 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bartsev, A. V. et al. NopL, an effector protein of Rhizobium sp. NGR234, thwarts activation of plant defense reactions. Plant Physiol. 134, 871–879 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gouin, E. et al. A comparative study of the actin-based motilities of the pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri and Rickettsia conorii. J. Cell Sci. 112, 1697–1708 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gouin, E. et al. The RickA protein of Rickettsia conorii activates the Arp2/3 complex. Nature 427, 457–461 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Weinrauch, Y. & Zychlinsky, A. The induction of apoptosis by bacterial pathogens. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 53, 155–187 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• DeLeo, F. R. Modulation of phagocyte apoptosis by bacterial pathogens. Apoptosis 9, 399–413 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Clifton, D. R. et al. NF-κB-dependent inhibition of apoptosis is essential for host cell survival during Rickettsia rickettsii infection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 4646–4651 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Joshi, S. G., Francis, C. W., Silverman, D. J. & Sahni, S. K. Nuclear factor κB protects against host cell apoptosis during Rickettsia rickettsii infection by inhibiting activation of apical and effector caspases and maintaining mitochondrial integrity. Infect. Immun. 71, 4127–4136 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gross, A., Terraza, A., Ouahrani-Bettache, S., Liautard, J. P. & Dornand, J. In vitro Brucella suis infection prevents the programmed cell death of human monocytic cells. Infect. Immun. 68, 342–351 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kirby, J. E. & Nekorchuk, D. M. _Bartonella_-associated endothelial proliferation depends on inhibition of apoptosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 4656–4661 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Liberto, M. C. et al. In vitro Bartonella quintana infection modulates the programmed cell death and inflammatory reaction of endothelial cells. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 45, 107–115 (2003).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zhu, J. et al. The bases of crown gall tumorigenesis. J. Bacteriol. 182, 3885–3895 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Binns, A. N. & Castantino, P. in The Rhizobiaceae, Molecular Biology of Model Plant-Associated Bacteria. (eds Spaink, H. P., Kondorosi, A. & Hooykaas, P. J. J.) 251–266 (Kluwer, The Netherlands, 1998).
  Google Scholar
• Endre, G. et al. A receptor kinase gene regulating symbiotic nodule development. Nature 417, 962–966 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Levy, J. et al. A putative Ca2+ and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase required for bacterial and fungal symbioses. Science 303, 1361–1364 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ane, J. M. et al. Medicago truncatula DMI1 required for bacterial and fungal symbioses in legumes. Science 303, 1364–1367 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Conley, T., Slater, L. & Hamilton, K. Rochalimaea species stimulate human endothelial cell proliferation and migration in vitro. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 124, 521–528 (1994). References 98 and 99 describe the cloning of one of the legume genes that are required for both rhizobial and AM fungi infection. The possible evolution of rhizobial association from more ancient mycorrhizal associations is suggested.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kempf, V. A. et al. Interaction of Bartonella henselae with endothelial cells results in rapid bacterial rRNA synthesis and replication. Cell. Microbiol. 2, 431–441 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kempf, V. A. et al. Evidence of a leading role for VEGF in _Bartonella henselae_-induced endothelial cell proliferations. Cell. Microbiol. 3, 623–632 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kempf, V. A., Hitziger, N., Riess, T. & Autenrieth, I. B. Do plant and human pathogens have a common pathogenicity strategy? Trends Microbiol. 10, 269–275 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Martin, G., Juchault, P. & Legrand, J. J. Mise en évidence d'un microorganisme intracytoplasmique symbiote de l'Oniscoïde Armadillidium vulgare Latr dont la présence accompagne l'intersexualité ou la féminisation totale des mâles génétiques de la lignée thélygène. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris (série D) 276, 2313–2316 (1973) (in French).
  Google Scholar
• Martin, G. et al. The structure of a glycosylated protein hormone responsible for sex determination in the isopod, Armadillidium vulgare. Eur. J. Biochem. 262, 727–736 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nagai, H., Kagan, J. C., Zhu, X., Kahn, R. A. & Roy, C. R. A bacterial guanine nucleotide exchange factor activates ARF on Legionella phagosomes. Science 295, 679–682 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ohashi, N., Zhi, N., Lin, Q. & Rikihisa, Y. Characterization and transcriptional analysis of gene clusters for a type IV secretion machinery in human granulocytic and monocytic ehrlichiosis agents. Infect. Immun. 70, 2128–2138 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Felek, S., Huang, H. & Rikihisa, Y. Sequence and expression analysis of virB9 of the type IV secretion system of Ehrlichia canis strains in ticks, dogs, and cultured cells. Infect. Immun. 71, 6063–6067 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Cascales, E. & Christie, P. J. The versatile bacterial type IV secretion systems. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 1, 137–149 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Llosa, M. & O'Callaghan, D. Euroconference on the biology of type IV secretion processes: bacterial gates into the outer world. Mol. Microbiol. 53, 1–8 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vergunst, A. C. et al. VirB/D4-dependent protein translocation from Agrobacterium into plant cells. Science 290, 979–982 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vergunst, A. C., van Lier, M. C., den Dulk-Ras, A. & Hooykaas, P. J. Recognition of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirE2 translocation signal by the VirB/D4 transport system does not require VirE1. Plant Physiol. 133, 978–988 (2003). Use of the Cre recombinase as a reporter to demonstrate translocation of the Agrobacterium virulence proteins VirF and VirE2 through the VirB T4SS in the absence of T-DNA.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Schrammeijer, B., den Dulk-Ras, A., Vergunst, A. C., Jurado Jacome, E. & Hooykaas, P. J. Analysis of Vir protein translocation from Agrobacterium tumefaciens using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model, evidence for transport of a novel effector protein VirE3. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 860–868 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Schrammeijer, B. et al. Interaction of the virulence protein VirF of Agrobacterium tumefaciens with plant homologs of the yeast Skp1 protein. Curr. Biol. 11, 258–262 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• O'Callaghan, D. et al. A homologue of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB and Bordetella pertussis Ptl type IV secretion systems is essential for intracellular survival of Brucella suis. Mol. Microbiol. 33, 1210–1220 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Seira, R., Comerci, D. J., Sanchez, D. O. & Ugalde, R. A. A homologue of an operon required for DNA transfer in Agrobacterium is required in Brucella abortus for virulence and intracellular multiplication. J. Bacteriol. 182, 4849–4855 (2000).
  Article Google Scholar
• Comerci, D. J., Martinez-Lorenzo, M. J., Sieira, R., Gorvel, J. P. & Ugalde, R. A. Essential role of the VirB machinery in the maturation of the _Brucella abortus_-containing vacuole. Cell. Microbiol. 3, 159–168 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Delrue, R. M. et al. Identification of Brucella spp. genes involved in intracellular trafficking. Cell. Microbiol. 3, 487–497 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Boschiroli, M. L. et al. Type IV secretion and Brucella virulence. Vet. Microbiol. 90, 341–348 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schulein, R. & Dehio, C. The VirB/VirD4 type IV secretion system of Bartonella is essential for establishing intraerythrocytic infection. Mol. Microbiol. 46, 1053–1067 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Seubert, A., Hiestand, R., de la Cruz, F. & Dehio, C. A bacterial conjugation machinery recruited for pathogenesis. Mol. Microbiol. 49, 1253–1266 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dehio, C. Molecular and cellular basis of Bartonella pathogenesis Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 58, 365–390 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hubber, A., Vergunst, A. C., Sullivan, J. T., Hooykaas, P. J. & Ronson, C. W. Symbiotic phenotypes and translocated effector proteins of the Mesorhizobium loti strain R7A VirB/D4 type IV secretion system. Mol. Microbiol. 54, 561–574 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tzfira, T., Vaidya, M. & Citovsky, V. Involvement of targeted proteolysis in plant genetic transformation by Agrobacterium. Nature 431, 87–92 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hotson, A., Chosed, R., Shu, H., Orth, K. & Mudgett, M. B. Xanthomonas type III effector XopD targets SUMO-conjugated proteins in planta. Mol. Microbiol. 50, 377–389 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chen, L., Chen, Y., Wood, D. W. & Nester, E. W. A new type IV secretion system promotes conjugal transfer in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J. Bacteriol. 184, 4838–4845 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Lopez-Goni, I. et al. Regulation of Brucella virulence by the two-component system BvrR/BvrS. Vet. Microbiol. 329–339 (2002).
• Li, L. et al. A global pH sensor, Agrobacterium sensor protein ChvG regulates acid-inducible genes on its two chromosomes and Ti plasmid. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 12369–12374 (2002). References 70 and 127 decribe how a conserved two-component regulatory system regulates the expression of virulence factors involved in the interaction with mammalian and plant hosts.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bhat, U. R., Carlson, R. W., Busch, M. & Mayer, H. Distribution and phylogenetic significance of 27-hydroxy-octacosanoic acid in lipopolysaccharides from bacteria belonging to the α-2 subgroup of Proteobacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41, 213–217 (1991).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vedam, V., Haynes, J. G., Kannenberg, E. L., Carlson, R. W. & Sherrier, D. J. A Rhizobium leguminosarum lipopolysaccharide lipid-A mutant induces nitrogen-fixing nodules with delayed and defective bacteroid formation. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 17, 283–291 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• LeVier, K., Phillips, R. W., Grippe, V. K., Roop, R. M. & Walker, G. C. Similar requirements of a plant symbiont and a mammalian pathogen for prolonged intracellular survival. Science. 287, 2492–2493 (2000). Shows that BacA is essential for both Brucella and Sinorhizobium maintenance in their host cells. Some of the clearest evidence for common symbiotic and pathogenic determinants.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ferguson, G. P. et al. Similarity to peroxisomal-membrane protein family reveals that Sinorhizobium and Brucella BacA affect lipid-A fatty acids. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 101, 5012–5017 (2004). Shows that the BacA protein is required for the incorperation of VLCFAs into the lipid A of Brucella and Sinorhizobium.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Takeda, K. & Akira, S. Toll receptors and pathogen resistance. Cell. Microbiol. 5, 143–153 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Matera, G. et al. Bartonella quintana lipopolysaccharide effects on leukocytes, CXC chemokines and apoptosis, a study on the human whole blood and a rat model. Int. Immunopharmacol. 3, 853–864 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zahringer, U. et al. Structure and biological activity of the short-chain lipopolysaccharide from Bartonella henselae ATCC 49882T. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 21046–21054 (2004).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Campos, M. A. et al. Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in induction of cell-mediated immunity and resistance to Brucella abortus infection in mice. Infect. Immun. 72, 176–186 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kannenberg, E. L. & Carlson, R. W. Lipid A and O-chain modifications cause Rhizobium lipopolysaccharides to become hydrophobic during bacteroid development. Mol. Microbiol. 39, 379–391 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Prada, C. M. et al. Interactions between Brucella melitensis and human phagocytes, bacterial surface O-polysaccharide inhibits phagocytosis, bacterial killing, and subsequent host cell apoptosis. Infect. Immun. 71, 2110–2119 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Jarvis, B. W., Harris, T. H., Qureshi, N. & Splitter, G. A. Rough lipopolysaccharide from Brucella abortus and Escherichia coli differentially activates the same mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways for tumor necrosis factor alpha in RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells. Infect. Immun. 70, 7165–7168 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Jimenez de Bagues, M. P., Terraza, A., Gross, A. & Dornand, J. Different responses of macrophages to smooth and rough Brucella spp., relationship to virulence. Infect. Immun. 72, 2429–2433 (2004).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Breedveld, M. W. & Miller, K. J. Cyclic β-glucans of members of the family Rhizobiaceae. Microbiol. Rev. 58, 145–161 (1994).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dylan, T. et al. Rhizobium meliloti genes required for nodule development are related to chromosomal virulence genes in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83, 4403–4407 (1986).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Briones, G. et al. Brucella abortus cyclic β-1,2-glucan mutants have reduced virulence in mice and are defective in intracellular replication in HeLa cells. Infect. Immun. 69, 4528–4535 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Roset, M. S., Ciocchini, A. E., Ugalde, R. A. & Inon de Iannino, N. Molecular cloning and characterization of cgt, the Brucella abortus cyclic β-1,2-glucan transporter gene, and its role in virulence. Infect. Immun. 72, 2263–2271 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mah, T. F. et al. A genetic basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm antibiotic resistance. Nature 426, 306–310 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Deng, W. et al. Agrobacterium VirD2 protein interacts with plant host cyclophilins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 7040–7045 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gage, D. J. & Margolin, W. Hanging by a thread: invasion of legume plants by rhizobia. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 3, 613–617 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Oldroyd, G. E. & Downie, J. A. Calcium, kinases and nodulation signalling in legumes. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 5, 566–576 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Bako, L., Umeda, M., Tiburcio, A. F., Schell, J. & Koncz, C. The VirD2 pilot protein of _Agrobacterium_-transferred DNA interacts with the TATA box-binding protein and a nuclear protein kinase in plants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 10108–10113 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Duckely, M. & Hohn, B. The VirE2 protein of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: the Yin and Yang of T-DNA transfer. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 223, 1–6 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tzfira, T. & Citovsky, V. The _Agrobacterium_–plant cell interaction. Taking biology lessons from a bug. Plant Physiol. 133, 943–947 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Citovsky, V. et al. Protein interactions involved in nuclear import of the Agrobacterium VirE2 protein in vivo and in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 29528–29533 (2004)
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ausmees, N. et al. Characterization of NopP, a type III secreted effector of Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234. J. Bacteriol. 186, 4774–4780 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar