Cortical mechanisms of colour vision (original) (raw)

• Young, T. The Bakerian lecture: on the theory of light and colours. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 92, 12–48 (1802).
  Article Google Scholar
• Helmholtz, H. L. F. Über die Theorie der zusammengesetzten Farben. Ann. Phys. Leipzig 887, 45–66 (1852).
  Article Google Scholar
• Stockman, A. & Sharpe, L. T. The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive cones derived from measurements in observers of known genotype. Vision Res. 40, 1711–1737 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nathans, J. The evolution and physiology of human color vision: insights from molecular genetic studies of visual pigments. Neuron 24, 299–312 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mollon, J. D. & Jordan, G. “Tho' she kneel'd in that place where they grew...” — the uses and origins of primate colour vision. J. Exp. Biol. 146, 21–38 (1988).
  Google Scholar
• Rushton, W. A. H. in Handbook of Sensory Physiology Vol VII/1. Photochemistry of Vision (ed. Dartnall, H. J. A.) 364–394 (Springer, New York, 1972).
  Google Scholar
• DeValois, R. L., Abramov, I. & Jacobs, G. H. Analysis of response patterns of LGN cells. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 56, 966–977 (1966).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Derrington, A. M., Krauskopf, J. & Lennie, P. Chromatic mechanisms in the lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 357, 241–265 (1984).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Krauskopf, J., Williams, D. R. & Heeley, D. W. Cardinal directions of color space. Vision Res. 22, 1123–1131 (1982).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Buchsbaum, G. & Gottschalk, A. Trichromacy, opponent colours coding and optimum colour information transmission in the retina. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 220, 89–113 (1983).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zeki, S. M. Functional organization of a visual area in the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus of the rhesus monkey. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 236, 549–573 (1974).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zeki, S. M. Colour coding in the superior temporal sulcus of rhesus monkey visual cortex. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 197, 195–223 (1977).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Liebmann, S. Über das Verhalten farbiger Formen bei Helligkeitsgleichheit von Figur und Grund. Psychol. Forschung 9, 300–353 (1927).
  Article Google Scholar
• Ramachandran, V. S. & Gregory, R. L. Does colour provide an input to human motion perception? Nature 275, 55–56 (1978).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Livingstone, M. S. & Hubel, D. H. Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, color, movement, and depth. J. Neurosci. 7, 3416–3468 (1987).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Krauskopf, J. in Color Vision: From Genes to Perception (eds Gegenfurtner, K. R. & Sharpe, L. T.) 303–316 (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1999).
  Google Scholar
• Hawken, M. J. & Gegenfurtner, K. R. in Color Vision: From Genes to Perception (eds Gegenfurtner, K. R. & Sharpe, L. T.) 283–299 (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1999).
  Google Scholar
• Albrecht, D. G. & Hamilton, D. B. Striate cortex of monkey and cat: contrast response function. J. Neurophysiol. 48, 217–237 (1982).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chaparro, A., Stromeyer, C. F., Huang, E. P., Kronauer, R. E. & Eskew, R. T. Jr. Colour is what the eye sees best. Nature 361, 348–350 (1993). A psychophysical study showing the extremely high sensitivity of the red–green colour vision system.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gegenfurtner, K. R. & Hawken, M. J. Temporal and chromatic properties of motion mechanisms. Vision Res. 35, 1547–1563 (1995).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gegenfurtner, K. R. & Rieger, J. Sensory and cognitive contributions of color to the recognition of natural scenes. Curr. Biol. 10, 805–808 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wichmann, F. A., Sharpe, L. T. & Gegenfurtner, K. R. The contributions of color to recognition memory for natural scenes. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 28, 509–520 (2002).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Kirschmann, A. Ueber die quantitativen Verhaeltnisse des simultanen Helligkeits- und Farben-Contrastes. Philos. Stud. 6, 417–491 (1891).
  Google Scholar
• Hurlbert, A. in Perceptual Constancy: Why Things Look As They Do (eds Walsh, V. & Kulikowski, J.) 283–321 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1998).
  Google Scholar
• Hubel, D. H. & Wiesel, T. N. Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 195, 215–243 (1968).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Conway, B. R., Hubel, D. H. & Livingstone, M. S. Color contrast in macaque V1. Cereb. Cortex 12, 915–925 (2002).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Lee, B. B., Martin, P. R. & Valberg, A. The physiological basis of heterochromatic flicker photometry demonstrated in the ganglion cells of the macaque retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 404, 323–347 (1988).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Shapley, R. Visual sensitivity and parallel retinocortical channels. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 41, 635–658 (1990).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gegenfurtner, K. R. et al. Chromatic properties of neurons in macaque MT. Vis. Neurosci. 11, 455–466 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dobkins, K. R. & Albright, T. D. Behavioral and neural effects of chromatic isoluminance in the primate visual motion system. Vis. Neurosci. 12, 321–332 (1995).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dow, B. M. & Gouras, P. Color and spatial specificity of single units in Rhesus monkey foveal striate cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 36, 79–100 (1973).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gouras, P. Opponent-colour cells in different layers of foveal striate cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 199, 533–547 (1974).
  Article Google Scholar
• Yates, J. T. Chromatic information processing in the foveal projection (area striata) of unanesthetized primate. Vision Res. 14, 163–173 (1974).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Thorell, L. G., DeValois, R. L. & Albrecht, D. G. Spatial mapping of monkey V1 cells with pure color and luminance stimuli. Vision Res. 24, 751–769 (1984). The first study to show that most cells in area V1 of macaques respond to luminance and colour stimuli. The authors also observed a large number of cells that show spatial tuning to isoluminant stimuli.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Johnson, E. N., Hawken, M. J. & Shapley, R. The spatial transformation of color in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey. Nature Neurosci. 4, 409–416 (2001). The authors present single unit recordings from area V1 of macaque monkeys showing that most neurons respond to colour and luminance, many of them with an oriented double-opponent receptive field organization.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kiper, D. C., Fenstemaker, S. B. & Gegenfurtner, K. R. Chromatic properties of neurons in macaque area V2. Vis. Neurosci. 14, 1061–1072 (1997). An investigation into the chromatic tuning properties of neurons in area V2 of macaque monkeys. About a third of the neurons in this study show a highly selective response to particular colours.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shipp, S. & Zeki, S. The functional organization of area V2, I: specialization across stripes and layers. Vis. Neurosci. 19, 187–210 (2002).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Friedmann, S., Zhou, H. & von der Heydt, R. The coding of uniform color figures in monkey visual cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 548, 593–613 (2003). For the first time, the responses to colour and form are investigated in a large population of neurons in V1 and V2 of awake behaving monkeys. The authors find no correlation between colour and form responses.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kleinschmidt, A., Lee, B. B., Requart, M. & Frahm, J. Functional mapping of color processing by magnetic resonance imaging of responses to selective p- and m-pathway stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. 110, 279–288 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Engel, S. A., Zhang, X. & Wandell, B. A. Color tuning in human visual cortex measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nature 388, 68–71 (1997). These authors use functional neuroimaging to show that visual cortical areas V1 and V2 give a strong colour-opponent response.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lennie, P., Krauskopf, J. & Sclar, G. Chromatic mechanisms in striate cortex of macaque. J. Neurosci. 10, 649–669 (1990). This was the first study to show that the chromatic tuning of neurons in area V1 of macaque monkeys is not restricted to the three colour-opponent mechanisms of the LGN.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Wachtler, T., Sejnowski, T. J. & Albright, T. D. Representation of color stimuli in awake macaque primary visual cortex. Neuron 37, 681–691 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Shapley, R. M. & Hawken, M. J. Neural mechanisms for color perception in the primary visual cortex. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (in the press).
• Yoshioka, T., Dow, B. M. & Vautin, R. G. Neuronal mechanisms of color categorization in areas V1, V2 and V4 of macaque monkey visual cortex. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 51–70 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Levitt, J. B., Kiper, D. C. & Movshon, J. A. Receptive fields and functional architecture of macaque V2. J. Neurophysiol. 71, 2517–2542 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cottaris, N. P. & DeValois, R. L. Temporal dynamics of chromatic tuning in macaque primary visual cortex. Nature 395, 896–900 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gegenfurtner, K. R. & Kiper, D. C. Contrast detection in luminance and chromatic noise. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 9, 1880–1888 (1992).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Healey, G. Using color for geometry-insensitive segmentation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 6, 920–937 (1989).
  Article Google Scholar
• Kraft, J. M. & Brainard, D. H. Mechanisms of color constancy under nearly natural viewing. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 307–312 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• von Kries, J. Chromatic Adaptation. Selection translated and reprinted in Sources of Color Science (ed. MacAdam, D. L.) 109–119 (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1970).
  Google Scholar
• Foster, G. H. & Nascimento, S. M. Relational colour constancy from invariant cone-excitation ratios. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 257, 115–121 (1994).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Daw, N. W. Goldfish retina: organization for simultaneous color contrast. Science 158, 942–944 (1967).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Michael, C. R. Color vision mechanisms in monkey striate cortex: dual-opponent cells with concentric receptive fields. J. Neurophysiol. 41, 572–588 (1978).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Michael, C. R. Color vision mechanisms in monkey striate cortex: simple cells with dual opponent-color concentric receptive fields. J. Neurophysiol. 41, 1233–1249 (1978).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Michael, C. R. Color-sensitive complex cells in monkey striate cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 41, 1250–1266 (1978).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Conway, B. R. Spatial structure of cone inputs to color cells in alert macaque primary visual cortex (V-1). J. Neurosci. 21, 2768–2783 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zeki, S. Color coding in the cerebral cortex: the reaction of cells in monkey visual cortex to wavelengths and colors. Neuroscience 9, 741–765 (1983).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zeki, S. Color coding in the cerebral cortex: the responses of wavelength-selective and color-coded cells in monkey visual cortex to changes in wavelength composition. Neuroscience 9, 767–781 (1983).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schein, S. J. & Desimone, R. Spectral properties of V4 neurons in the macaque. J. Neurosci. 10, 3369–3389 (1990).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Salzman, C. D., Britten, K. H. & Newsome, W. T. Cortical microstimulation influences perceptual judgements of motion direction. Nature 346, 174–177 (1990).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Xiao, Y., Wang, Y. & Felleman, D. J. A spatially organized representation of colour in macaque cortical area V2. Nature 421, 535–539 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Landisman, C. E. & Ts'o, D. Y. Color processing in macaque striate cortex: relationships to ocular dominance, cytochrome oxidase, and orientation. J. Neurophysiol. 87, 3126–3317 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Landisman, C. E. & Ts'o, D. Y. Color processing in macaque striate cortex: electrophysiological properties. J. Neurophysiol. 87, 3138–3151 (2002).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Roe, A. W. & Ts'o, D. Y. Visual topography in primate V2: multiple representation across functional stripes. J. Neurosci. 15, 3689–3715 (1995).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ungerleider, L. G. & Mishkin, M. in Analysis of Visual Behavior (eds Ingle, D. J., Goodale, M. A. & Mansfeld, R. J. W.) 549–586 (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1982).
  Google Scholar
• Zeki, S. Functional specialisation in the visual cortex of the rhesus monkey. Nature 274, 423–428 (1978).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Livingstone, M. S. & Hubel, D. H. Anatomy and physiology of a color system in the primate visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 4, 309–356 (1984).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• DeYoe, A. & Van Essen, D. C. Segregation of efferent connections and receptive field properties in visual area V2 of the macaque. Nature 317, 58–61 (1985).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hubel, D. H. & Livingstone, M. S. Segregation of form, color, and stereopsis in primate area 18. J. Neurosci. 7, 3378–3415 (1987).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Livingstone, M. S. & Hubel, D. H. Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception. Science 240, 740–749 (1988).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shipp, S. & Zeki, S. Segregation of pathways leading from area V2 to areas V4 and V5 of macaque monkey visual cortex. Nature 315, 322–325 (1985).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Livingstone, M. S. & Hubel, D. H. Connections between layer 4B of area 17 and the thick cytochrome oxidase stripes of area 18 in the squirrel monkey. J. Neurosci. 7, 3371–3377 (1987).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ts'o, D. Y. & Gilbert, C. D. The organization of chromatic and spatial interactions in the primate striate cortex. J. Neurosci. 8, 1712–1727 (1988).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Roe, A. W. & Ts'o, D. Y. Specificity of color connectivity between primate V1 and V2. J. Neurophysiol. 82, 2719–2730 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Peterhans, E. & von der Heydt, R. Functional organization of area V2 in the alert macaque. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5, 509–524 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gegenfurtner, K. R., Kiper, D. C. & Fenstemaker, S. B. Processing of color, form, and motion in macaque area V2. Visual Neurosci. 13, 161–172 (1996).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Albright, T. D. & Stoner, G. R. Contextual influences on visual processing. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 25, 339–379 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Spillmann, L. & Werner, S. Long-range interactions in visual perception. Trends Neurosci. 19, 428–434 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rockland, K. S. A reticular pattern of intrinsic connections in primate area V2 (area 18). J. Comp. Neurol. 235, 467–478 (1985).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Levitt, J. B., Yoshioka, T. & Lund, J. S. Intrinsic cortical connections in macaque visual area V2: evidence for interaction between different functional streams. J. Comp. Neurol. 342, 551–570 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Levitt, J. B., Lund, J. S. & Yoshioka, T. Anatomical substrates for early stages in cortical processing of visual information in the macaque monkey. Behav Brain Res. 76, 5–19 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Leventhal, A. G., Thompson, K. G., Liu, D., Zhou, Y. & Ault, S. J. Concomitant sensitivity to orientation, direction, and color of cells in layers 2, 3, and 4 of monkey striate cortex. J. Neurosci. 15, 1808–1818 (1995). This study shows that colour and form processing are not correlated in area V1. The authors observe numerous cells that are selective for colour and orientation, even in the CO-blobs of V1.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Sincich, L. H. & Horton, J. C. Divided by cytochrome oxidase: a map of the projections from V1 to V2 in macaques. Science 295, 1734–1737 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Webster, M. A., DeValois, K. K. & Switkes, E. Orientation and spatial-frequency discrimination for luminance and chromatic gratings. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7, 1034–1049 (1990).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hess, R. F., Sharpe, L. T. & Nordby, K. (eds) Night Vision (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990).
  Google Scholar
• Meadows, J. C. Disturbed perception of colours associated with localized cerebral lesions. Brain 97, 615–632 (1974).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zeki, S. A century of cerebral achromatopsia. Brain 113, 1721–1777 (1990). A thorough and entertaining description of the history of the investigation of colour blindness.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Schiller, P. H., Logothetis, N. K. & Charles, E. R. Role of the color-opponent and broad-band channels in vision. Vis. Neurosci. 5, 321–346 (1990).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Page, W. K., King, W. M., Merigan, W. & Maunsell, J. Magnocellular or parvocellular lesions in the lateral geniculate nucleus of monkeys cause minor deficits of smooth pursuit eye movements. Vision Res. 34, 223–239 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Merigan, W. H. & Maunsell, J. H. How parallel are the primate visual pathways? Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 369–402 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lueck, C. J. et al. The colour centre in the cerebral cortex of man. Nature 340, 386–389 (1989).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McKeefry, D. & Zeki, S. The position and topography of the human colour centre as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain 120, 2229–2242 (1997). A detailed neuroimaging study of chromatic responses in the visual cortex of 12 human subjects.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Engel, S. A. & Furmanski, C. S. Selective adaptation to color contrast in human primary visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 21, 3949–3954 (2001). This study demonstrates selective adaptation of different populations of neurons in V1, in line with behavioural measurements.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hadjikhani, N., Liu, A. K., Dale, A. M., Cavanagh, P. & Tootell, R. B. Retinotopy and color sensitivity in human visual cortical area V8. Nature Neurosci. 1, 235–241 (1998). In this highly controversial article, the authors present evidence that a visual area other than hV4 gives strong and selective responses to colour.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wade, A. R., Brewer, A. A., Rieger, J. W. & Wandell, B. A. Functional measurements of human ventral occipital cortex: retinotopy and color. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 357, 963–973 (2002). An extensive neuroimaging investigation into the representation of visual stimuli in different cortical areas.
  Article Google Scholar
• Chelazzi, L., Miller, E. K., Duncan, J. & Desimone, R. Responses of neurons in macaque area V4 during memory-guided visual search. Cereb. Cortex 11, 761–772 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sacks, O. & Wasserman, R. The case of the colorblind painter. NY Rev. Books 34, November 19 (1987).
• Zihl, J. & von Cramon, D. Zerebrale Sehstörungen (Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, 1986).
  Google Scholar
• Victor, J. D., Maiese, K., Shapley, R., Sidtis, J. & Gazzaniga, M. S. Acquired central dyschromatopsia: analysis of a case with preservation of color discrimination. Clin. Vision Sci. 4, 183–196 (1989).
  Google Scholar
• Heywood, C. A., Kentridge, R. W. & Cowey, A. Form and motion from colour in cerebral achromatopsia. Exp. Brain Res. 123, 145–153 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cowey, A. & Heywood, C. A. Cerebral achromatopsia: colour blindness despite wavelength processing. Trends Cogn. Sci. 1, 133–139 (1997). A review article that presents evidence for intact processing of colour stimuli at the early stages of the visual system in cerebral achromatopsia.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Heywood, C. A., Cowey, A. & Newcombe, F. Chromatic discrimination in a cortically colour blind observer. Eur. J. Neurosci. 3, 802–812 (1991).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Heywood, C. A., Nicholas, J. J. & Cowey, A. Behavioural and electrophysiological chromatic and achromatic contrast sensitivity in an achromatopsic patient. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 60, 638–643 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Troscianko, T. et al. Human colour discrimination based on a non-parvocellular pathway. Curr. Biol. 6, 200–210 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cavanagh, P. et al. Complete sparing of high-contrast color input to motion perception in cortical color blindness. Nature Neurosci. 1, 242–247 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Heywood, C. A. & Cowey, A. On the role of cortical area V4 in the discrimination of hue and pattern in macaque monkeys. J. Neurosci. 7, 2601–2617 (1987).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Walsh, V., Kulikowski, J. J., Butler, S. R. & Carden, D. The effects of lesions of area V4 on the visual abilities of macaques: colour categorization. Behav. Brain Res. 52, 81–89 (1992).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schiller, P. H. The effects of V4 and middle temporal (MT) area lesions on visual performance in the rhesus monkey. Vis. Neurosci. 10, 717–746 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cowey, A., Heywood, C. A. & Irving-Bell, L. The regional cortical basis of achromatopsia: a study on macaque monkeys and an achromatopsic patient. Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 1555–1566 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Merigan, W. H. Human V4? Curr. Biol. 3, 226–229 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Heywood, C. A., Kentridge, R. W. & Cowey, A. Cortical color blindness is not 'blindsight for color'. Conscious. Cogn. 7, 410–423 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Heywood, C. A. & Cowey, A. With color in mind. Nature Neurosci. 1, 171–173 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zeki, S., McKeefry, D. J., Bartels, A. & Frackowiak, R. S. J. Has a new color area been discovered? Nature Neurosci. 1, 335 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tootell, R. B. & Hadjikhani, N. Where is 'dorsal V4' in human visual cortex? Retinotopic, topographic and functional evidence. Cereb. Cortex 11, 298–311 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zeki, S. Improbable areas in the visual brain. Trends Neurosci. 26, 23–26 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Allison, T. et al. Electrophysiological studies of color processing in human visual cortex. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 88, 343–355 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Clarke, S., Walsh, V., Schoppig, A., Assal, G. & Cowey, A. Colour constancy impairments in patients with lesions of the prestriate cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 123, 154–158 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rüttiger, L. et al. Selective color constancy deficits after circumscribed unilateral brain lesions. J. Neurosci. 19, 3094–3106 (1999).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Schoppig, A. et al. Short-term memory for colour following posterior hemispheric lesions in man. Neuroreport 10, 1379–1384 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Reid, R. C. & Shapley, R. M. Spatial structure of cone inputs to receptive fields in primate lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature 356, 716–718 (1992).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Brewer, A. A., Press, W. A., Logothetis, N. K. & Wandell, B. A. Visual areas in macaque cortex measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci. 22, 10416–10426 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Logothetis, N. K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T. & Oeltermann, A. Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal. Nature 412, 150–157 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar